Twenty Questions An Introduction to Philosophy

by Bowie, G. Lee; Michaels, Meredith W.; Solomon, Robert C.

• ISBN13: 9780495007111
• ISBN10: 0495007110
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-03-06
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

TWENTY QUESTIONS, one of the best selling introductory anthologies available today, presents a proven, well-acclaimed forum for introducing students to the rich variety of philosophical reflection. Animated by some of philosophy's more concrete questions-questions that students are likely to have pondered long before signing up for their first philosophy classes-TWENTY QUESTIONS fosters the creative exploration of many renowned classical and contemporary thinkers' responses to the very same questions.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Introduction	vii
PART I Religion and the Meaning of Life	1	(72)
Does Religion Give My Life Meaning?	2	(37)
Religion Reconsidered	4	(3)
Steven M. Cahn
Some Important Buddhist Doctrines	7	(9)
John Powers
Many Paths to the Same Summit	16	(2)
Ramakrishna
What Is Religion?	18	(2)
Keiji Nishitani
A Taoist View of the World	20	(1)
Lao-Tzu
God Is Dead	21	(1)
Friedrich Nietzsche
The Anti-Christ	22	(2)
Friedrich Nietzsche
Love as the Practice of Freedom	24	(4)
bell hooks
Memorial Service	28	(2)
H. L. Mencken
The Absurd	30	(3)
Albert Camus
The Qualitative Leap Beyond Patriarchal Religion	33	(6)
Mary Daly
How Do I Know Whether God Exists?	39	(34)
Faith and Reason	42	(1)
Saint Augustine
The Ontological Argument	43	(2)
Saint Anselm
Whether God Exists	45	(2)
Saint Thomas Aquinas
The Teleological Argument	47	(3)
William Paley
Why Does God Let People Suffer?	50	(4)
David Hume
Proving the Existence of God by Way of Morality	54	(1)
Immanuel Kant
Rebellion	55	(3)
Fyodor Dostoevsky
The Leap of Faith and the Limits of Reason	58	(3)
Søren Kierkegaard
The Will to Believe	61	(4)
William James
I'm No Believer	65	(2)
Natalie Angier
Gods	67	(1)
John Wisdom
Hymn of Creation	68	(1)
Rg Veda
Can There Be Alternative Concepts of God?	69	(4)
John Bishop
PART 2 Science, Mind, and Nature	73	(128)
What Does Science Tell Me About the World?	74	(40)
The Deductive-Nomological Model of Science	77	(7)
Carl G. Hempel
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions	84	(7)
Thomas Kuhn
Science: Conjectures and Refutations	91	(7)
Karl Popper
Feminism and Science	98	(7)
Evelyn Fox Keller
Seeking New Laws of Nature	105	(6)
Richard Feynman
An Epistemological Problem for Feminism	111	(3)
Sandra Harding
Which Should I Believe: Darwin or Genesis?	114	(45)
Genesis The Bible	118	(2)
The Descent of Man	120	(5)
Charles Darwin
Creationist Science and Education	125	(9)
Duane T. Gish
Against Creationism	134	(10)
Philip Kitcher
Is Evolutionary Theory a Secular Religion?	144	(9)
Michael Ruse
On the ``Fine-Tuning'' Argument	153	(1)
Cory Juhl
Show Me the Science	154	(5)
Daniel C. Dennett
How Is My Mind Connected to My Body?	159	(42)
Mind as Distinct from Body	163	(4)
Rene Descartes
The Concept of Mind	167	(7)
Gilbert Ryle
Robots and Minds	174	(6)
William Lycan
The Myth of the Computer	180	(5)
John R. Searle
Woman as Body	185	(8)
Elizabeth V. Spelman
The Embodied Mind	193	(8)
Francisco Varela
Evan Thompson
Eleanor Rosch
PART 3 Thinking and Knowing	201	(64)
What Do I Know?	202	(25)
The Myth of the Cave	205	(2)
Plato
Meditation	207	(4)
Rene Descartes
Through the Looking Glass	211	(1)
Lewis Carroll
Appearance and Reality	212	(2)
Bertrand Russell
Where Our Ideas Come From	214	(3)
John Locke
To Be Is to Be Perceived	217	(5)
George Berkeley
What Can She Know?	222	(5)
Lorraine Code
Does Language Make Me Think The Way I Do?	227	(38)
Getting Rid of Words	230	(1)
Jonathan Swift
Meaning as Use	231	(6)
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Language, Thought, and Reality	237	(9)
Benjamin Whorf
The Language Instinct	246	(9)
Steven Pinker
How Words Hurt	255	(7)
Stephanie Ross
Humpty Dumpty	262	(3)
Lewis Carroll
PART 4 The Dilemmas of Personhood	265	(190)
Who Am I?	266	(46)
The First Night	269	(14)
John Perry
Of Identity and Diversity	283	(5)
John Locke
Of Personal Identity	288	(3)
David Hume
Persons, Brains, and Bodies	291	(2)
Meredith W. Michaels
How to Build a Person	293	(7)
Justin Leiber
I Am a Woman	300	(5)
Simone De Beauvoir
Genetic Encores: The Ethics of Human Cloning	305	(7)
Robert Wachbroit
Why Are My Emotions Important to Me?	312	(35)
On Anger	315	(3)
Aristotle
The Passions of the Soul	318	(3)
Rene Descartes
On Pride	321	(4)
David Hume
What Is an Emotion?	325	(4)
William James
Feelings That Matter	329	(3)
Annette Baier
Emotions as Transformations of the World	332	(3)
Jean-Paul Sartre
Anger as a Way of Engaging the World	335	(4)
Robert C. Solomon
Two Speeches on Love	339	(3)
Plato
What Love Is	342	(5)
Robert C. Solomon
How Should I Feel about Abortion and Embryo Research?	347	(32)
The Abortion	350	(1)
Susan Tracy
A Defense of Abortion	351	(11)
Judith Jarvis Thomson
Right to Life: What Can the White Man Say to the Black Woman?	362	(2)
Alice Walker
The Moral Duty to the Unborn and Its Significance	364	(5)
Sidney Callahan
Stem Cells, Cloning, and Abortion: Making Careful Distinctions	369	(2)
Dena S. Davis
The Moral Status of the Embryo	371	(1)
The Puzzle of Profound Respect: Human Embryo Research	372	(3)
Daniel Callahan
Embryonic Stem Cell Retrieval and a Possible Ethical Bypass	375	(2)
Mary B. Mahowald
Anthony P. Mahowald
The Feelings of the Unborn	377	(2)
Senator Sam Brownback
What Is the Meaning of Death?	379	(28)
The Death of Socrates	381	(2)
Plato
A Taoist on Death	383	(1)
Chuang-Tzu
Death	384	(5)
Thomas Nagel
Active and Passive Euthanasia	389	(4)
James Rachels
The Intentional Termination of Life	393	(5)
Bonnie Steinbock
Meanings of Death	398	(9)
Patricia Mann
How Should I Respond to War or Terrorism?	407	(26)
Whether It Is Always Sinful to Wage War	410	(2)
Saint Thomas Aquinas
Power and Violence	412	(5)
Hannah Arendt
Address to the Nation, September 11, 2001	417	(1)
George W. Bush
The Experiments of Gandhi: Nonviolence in the Nuclear Age	418	(3)
John Dear
Defining a Just War	421	(5)
Richard Falk
In War Truth Is the First Casualty	426	(2)
Richard Deats
Questions Regarding a War on Terrorism	428	(3)
War Against Terror or War to Govern the World?	431	(2)
Mumia Abu-Jamal
How Does Racism Affect My Life?	433	(22)
Anti-Semite and Jew	435	(2)
Jean-Paul Sartre
What Good Am I?	437	(4)
Laurence Thomas
The Souls of Black Folk	441	(4)
W. E. B. DuBois
``But Would That Still Be Me?''	445	(4)
Anthony Appiah
The Erasure of Black Women	449	(6)
Elizabeth V. Spelman
PART 5 Living a Good Life	455	(132)
Why Shouldn't I Be Selfish?	456	(28)
get it & feel good	460	(1)
Ntozake Shange
The Ring of Gyges	461	(3)
Plato
The Pursuit of Pleasure	464	(2)
Epicurus
People Are Selfish	466	(2)
Thomas Hobbes
Compassion	468	(1)
Adam Smith
The Selfish Gene	469	(3)
Richard Dawkins
The Virtue of Selfishness	472	(2)
Ayn Rand
Individual Rights, Welfare Rights	474	(2)
Tara Smith
Ethical Egoism	476	(4)
James Rachels
The Life of the Saint	480	(4)
Jim Holt
Can There Be Sexual Equality?	484	(32)
The Equality of Women	487	(4)
Plato
The Inequality of Women	491	(1)
Aristotle
The Inequality of Women	491	(1)
Immanuel Kant
The Subjection of Women	492	(7)
John Stuart Mill
Sexism	499	(6)
Marilyn Frye
Monogamy vs. Promiscuity: Putting Evolutionary Psychology on the Couch	505	(8)
Natalie Angier
Selling Out	513	(3)
Sarah Mccarry
What Is the Right Thing for Me to Do?	516	(41)
The Ten Commandments and the Sermon on the Mount The Bible	519	(3)
The Analects Confucius	522	(1)
The Unjust The Koran	523	(1)
Happiness and the Good Life	524	(8)
Aristotle
Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals	532	(4)
Immanuel Kant
Utilitarianism	536	(3)
John Stuart Mill
The Natural History of Morals	539	(3)
Friedrich Nietzsche
Emotivism	542	(3)
A.J. Ayer
Freedom and Morality	545	(1)
Simone De Beauvoir
The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn	546	(3)
Jonathan Bennett
A Feminist View of Ethics	549	(3)
Through the Moral Maze	552	(5)
Robert Kane
I Like It, but Is It Art?	557	(30)
The Nature of Tragedy	560	(1)
Aristotle
Of the Standard of Taste	561	(4)
David Hume
What Is Art?	565	(4)
Leo Tolstoy
The Motion Picture Production Code The Hays Commission	569	(3)
The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception	572	(5)
Theodor Adorno
Max Horkheimer
The Art World	577	(4)
Arthur C. Danto
The Music of Our Lives	581	(3)
Kathleen M. Higgins
The Male Gaze	584	(3)
Mary Devereaux
PART 6 Justice and Responsibility	587
Am I Free to Choose What I Do?	588
Voluntary and Involuntary Action	591
Aristotle
Are We Cogs in the Universe?	593
Baron D'holbach
Twilight of an Error	595
Friedrich Nietzsche
Meaning and Free Will	597
John Hospers
Freedom and Responsibility	604
Jean-Paul Sartre
Freedom and the Control of Men	606
B. F. Skinner
The Significance of Free Will: Old Dispute, New Themes	611
Robert Kane
Oppression	616
Iris Young
What Do I Justly Deserve?	619
Does Might Make Right?	621
Plato
Justice and the Social Contract	624
Thomas Hobbes
A Utilitarian Theory of Justice	628
John Stuart Mill
Justice as Fairness	632
John Rawls
The Principle of Fairness	637
Robert Nozick
The Triumph of Hope Over Self-Interest	642
David Brooks
Rich and Poor	644
Peter Singer
The Myth of Merit	646
Iris Young
Property and Hunger	649
Amartya Sen
Human Rights, Civil Rights	655
Malcolm X
Justice, Care, and Gender Bias	657
Cheshire Calhoun
How Should I Make (and Spend) Money?	660
On Business Confucius Confucius	664
Benefits of the Profit Motive	665
Adam Smith
The Immorality of Capitalism	669
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits	670
Milton Friedman
The Ford Pinto Memo	673
Ivan Boesky's Choice	674
Peter Singer
Crime in the Suites	678
William Greider
Sweat X Is Chic	679
Jim Hightower
On Intellectual Property	681
Downloading in Canada	683
Corey Bergstein
Honest Work	685
Joanne Ciulla
A Bill of Rights for Employees and Employers	688
Patricia H. Werhane
Making Money and the Importance of the Virtues	690
Robert C. Solomon
Follow Your Bliss	696
Joseph Campbell