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Preface | p. x |
What Is Philosophy? | p. 1 |
Making Sense of the World | p. 1 |
The Relationship Between Science and Philosophy | p. 7 |
The Main Branches of Philosophy | p. 11 |
Philosophical Tools | p. 16 |
Logical Consistency | p. 16 |
Logical Possibility | p. 19 |
Definitions | p. 21 |
Counterexamples | p. 25 |
The Basic Structure of Arguments | p. 26 |
Putting Arguments into Standard Form | p. 28 |
Deductive and Inductive Arguments | p. 30 |
Evaluating Deductive Arguments: Validity and Soundness | p. 32 |
Evaluating Deductive Arguments: Logical Form | p. 35 |
Evaluating Inductive Arguments: Probability | p. 38 |
What Do We Know? | p. 44 |
What Is Knowledge? | p. 44 |
Three Different Theories of Knowledge | p. 50 |
Skepticism | p. 51 |
The Case for Skepticism | p. 51 |
Descartes' Quest for Certainty | p. 54 |
Empiricism | p. 61 |
The Case for Empiricism | p. 64 |
Problems with Perception | p. 65 |
The Problem of Induction | p. 70 |
Rationalism | p. 73 |
The Case for Rationalism | p. 77 |
Problems for Rationalism | p. 79 |
Final Remarks on Epistemology | p. 82 |
The Problem of Free Will | p. 84 |
Why Is There a Problem with Free Will? | p. 84 |
The Case for Hard Determinism | p. 89 |
Can Indeterminism Save Free Will? | p. 93 |
Soft Determinism | p. 96 |
Traditional Compatibilism | p. 97 |
Deep Self-Compatibilism | p. 100 |
A Fundamental Problem for Soft Determinism | p. 105 |
Libertarianism | p. 106 |
The Case for Libertarianism | p. 106 |
Problems for Libertarianism | p. 108 |
Final Remarks on the Problem of Free Will | p. 111 |
The Problem of Personal Identity | p. 113 |
Do We Always Remain the Same? | p. 113 |
The Illusion Theory of Personal Identity | p. 118 |
The Case for the Illusion Theory | p. 118 |
Problems for the Illusion Theory | p. 120 |
The Body Theory of Personal Identity | p. 122 |
The Case for the Body Theory | p. 122 |
Problems for the Body Theory | p. 124 |
The Soul Theory of Personal Identity | p. 125 |
The Case for the Soul Theory | p. 125 |
Problems for the Soul Theory | p. 126 |
The Memory Theory of Personal Identity | p. 127 |
The Case for the Memory Theory | p. 127 |
Problems for the Memory Theory | p. 129 |
Final Remarks on Personal Identity | p. 135 |
The Mind/Body Problem | p. 137 |
What Is the Problem? | p. 137 |
Possible Solutions to the Mind/Body Problem | p. 141 |
Substance Dualism | p. 144 |
Arguments for Substance Dualism | p. 144 |
Near-Death Experiences | p. 144 |
The Conceivability Argument | p. 147 |
Intentionality | p. 150 |
Arguments Against Substance Dualism | p. 150 |
The Problem of Interaction | p. 150 |
Do Dualists Commit a Category Mistake? | p. 153 |
Varieties of Physicalism | p. 154 |
Behaviorism | p. 155 |
Logical Behaviorism | p. 156 |
Arguments Against Logical Behaviorism | p. 158 |
The Identity Theory | p. 159 |
Arguments Against the Identity Theory | p. 161 |
Functionalism | p. 162 |
Functional Concepts and "Stuff" Concepts | p. 162 |
Functionalism: Mind as Software | p. 163 |
Functionalism and Artificial Intelligence: The Turing Test | p. 164 |
Arguments Against Functionalism | p. 165 |
The Chinese Room Argument | p. 165 |
Problems with Qualia | p. 167 |
Eliminative Materialism | p. 169 |
Final Remarks on the Mind/Body Problem | p. 170 |
Does God Exist? | p. 173 |
God, Faith, and Reason | p. 173 |
What Do We Mean by the Word "God"? | p. 174 |
Arguments in Defense of Classical Theism | p. 178 |
Arguments from Religious Experiences | p. 178 |
Cosmological Argument | p. 182 |
Design Arguments | p. 187 |
The Ontological Argument | p. 195 |
Pascal's Wager | p. 200 |
What Is the Effect of These Arguments? | p. 204 |
Arguments Against Classical Theism | p. 204 |
The Logical Problem of Evil | p. 205 |
The Evidential Problem of Evil | p. 207 |
Final Remarks on the Problem of God's Existence | p. 211 |
What Ought We to Do? | p. 214 |
Moral Intuitions and Moral Principles | p. 214 |
A Fundamental Challenge: Relativism | p. 216 |
The Case for Subjective Relativism | p. 218 |
Problems for Subjective Relativism | p. 219 |
The Case for Cultural Relativism | p. 221 |
Problems for Cultural Relativism | p. 223 |
Final Remarks on Cultural Relativism | p. 226 |
Some Important Ethical Theories | p. 227 |
Divine Command Theory | p. 228 |
The Case for the Divine Command Theory | p. 229 |
Problems for the Divine Command Theory | p. 229 |
Utilitarianism | p. 231 |
The Basic Idea | p. 231 |
Pleasure and Happiness | p. 234 |
Problems for Utilitarianism | p. 237 |
Duty-Based Theories | p. 240 |
The Importance of a Good Will | p. 240 |
Advantages of Kant's Ethics | p. 246 |
Problems for Kant's Ethics | p. 247 |
Virtue-Based Theories | p. 248 |
The Importance of Moral Character | p. 248 |
Advantages of Virtue Ethics | p. 252 |
Problems for Virtue Ethics | p. 254 |
Final Remarks on the Problem of Morality | p. 255 |
Index | p. 257 |
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