Understanding Evidence

by Giannelli, Paul C.

• ISBN13: 9780820553030
• ISBN10: 0820553034
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-12-01
• Publisher: Lexis Nexis Matthew Bender

Table of Contents

Overview of Evidence Law	1	(16)
Introduction	1	(1)
Proof at Trial	1	(3)
Law of Evidence	4	(4)
Rules Governing the Content of Evidence	4	(1)
Relevance Rules	4	(1)
Competence Rules	5	(1)
Rules Based on Reliability Concerns	5	(1)
Rules Based on External Policies	5	(1)
Rules Governing Witnesses	5	(1)
Competency of Witnesses	5	(1)
Examination of Witnesses	6	(1)
Types of Witnesses	6	(1)
Lay Witnesses	6	(1)
Expert Witnesses	6	(1)
Credibility	7	(1)
Substitutes for Evidence	8	(1)
Federal Rules of Evidence	8	(2)
Drafting the Rules	8	(1)
Congressional Intervention	9	(1)
Amendment of the Rules	9	(1)
Structure of Federal Rules	9	(1)
State Adoptions of the Federal Rules	10	(1)
Interpreting the Federal Rules: The ``Plain Meaning'' Debate	11	(2)
Themes in the Federal Rules	13	(1)
Criminal & Civil Trials	14	(1)
Key Points	15	(2)
Roles of Judge & Jury: FRE 614	17	(6)
Introduction	17	(1)
Role of the Judge	17	(1)
Court-Called Witnesses	18	(1)
Court Questioning of Witnesses	19	(1)
Judicial Commenting on Evidence	20	(1)
Jury Questioning of Witnesses	21	(1)
Key Points	22	(1)
Part A: Procedural Framework of Trial
Stages of Trial	23	(20)
Introduction	23	(1)
Pretrial Stages: Civil Cases	23	(6)
Pleadings	23	(1)
Pretrial Conference	24	(1)
Discovery	25	(1)
Depositions	26	(1)
Experts	27	(1)
Requests for Admissions	28	(1)
Summary Judgment	28	(1)
Pretrial Stages: Criminal Cases	29	(5)
Charging Instruments	29	(1)
Preliminary Hearing	30	(1)
Grand Jury	31	(2)
Discovery	33	(1)
Jury Selection & Voir Dire	34	(1)
Order of Trial Proceedings	35	(6)
Opening Statement	36	(1)
Case-in-Chief	36	(1)
Rebuttal & Surrebuttal	37	(1)
Closing Argument	38	(3)
Jury Instructions	41	(1)
Jury Deliberation, Verdicts & Postrial Motions	41	(1)
Exhibits in Jury Room	41	(1)
Post-Verdict Hearings & Motions	42	(1)
Key Points	42	(1)
Burdens of Proof	43	(10)
Introduction	43	(1)
Allocation of Burdens	43	(1)
Burden of Persuasion	44	(5)
``Preponderance of Evidence'' Standard	44	(1)
``Clear & Convincing Evidence'' Standard	45	(1)
``Beyond a Reasonable Doubt'' Standard	46	(2)
Affirmative Defenses	48	(1)
Burden of Production	49	(3)
Directed Verdicts in Civil Cases	49	(1)
Directed Verdicts in Criminal Cases	50	(1)
Affirmative Defenses	51	(1)
Key Points	52	(1)
Presumptions & Inferences: Fre 301	53	(14)
Introduction	53	(1)
Definitions of Presumptions & Inferences	53	(1)
Rationale for Presumptions	54	(1)
Effect of Presumptions	55	(2)
Thayer Theory of Presumptions	55	(1)
Morgan Theory of Presumptions	56	(1)
Other Approaches	57	(1)
Federal Rule 301	57	(1)
Conflicting Presumptions	58	(1)
State Presumptions in Federal Civil Cases	58	(1)
Selected Presumptions	59	(1)
Criminal Presumptions	60	(4)
Criminal Presumptions Defined	60	(1)
Constitutionality of Criminal Presumptions	61	(3)
Key Points	64	(3)
Objections & Offers of Proof: FRE 103	67	(20)
Introduction	67	(1)
Objections: Rule 103(a)(1)	67	(5)
Specificity: Grounds	68	(1)
Specificity: Parts of Documents	69	(1)
``Continuing'' or ``Running'' Objections	70	(1)
Timeliness of Objections	70	(1)
Motions to Strike	71	(1)
``Connecting up''	71	(1)
Motions to Suppress	72	(1)
Depositions	72	(1)
Offers of Proof: Rule 103(a)(2)	72	(2)
Form of Offer of Proof	73	(1)
Exceptions to Offer-of-Proof Requirement	74	(1)
Motions in Limine	74	(2)
``Definitive'' Rulings	75	(1)
Motions to Suppress Compared	76	(1)
Required Testimony: Luce v. United States	76	(1)
``Drawing the Sting'': Ohler v. United States	77	(1)
Invited Error Rule	78	(1)
Meeting ``Fire with Fire''	79	(1)
Record of Offer & Ruling: FRE 103(b)	79	(1)
Hearings Out of the Jury's Presence: FRE 103(c)	80	(1)
Plain Error Rule: FRE 103(d)	80	(1)
Harmless Error	81	(1)
Appellate Review of Admissibility Decisions	82	(1)
Bench Trials	83	(1)
Common Law ``Exceptions'' to Evidence	84	(1)
Key Points	84	(3)
Preliminary Questions of Admissibility: FRE 104	87	(10)
Introduction	87	(1)
Preliminary Questions: General Rule: FRE 104(a)	87	(2)
Application of Evidence Rules	88	(1)
Burden of Proof on Preliminary Issues	89	(1)
Conditional Relevancy: FRE 104(b)	89	(3)
Hearing of Jury: FRE 104(c)	92	(1)
Confessions	92	(1)
Other Preliminary Matters	92	(1)
Testimony by Accused: FRE 104(d)	92	(1)
Scope of Cross-examination	92	(1)
Trial Use	92	(1)
Weight & Credibility: FRE 104(e)	93	(1)
Key Points	94	(3)
Limited Admissibility: FRE 105	97	(8)
Introduction	97	(1)
Evidence Admissible for One Purpose	97	(1)
Evidence Admissible Against One Party	98	(3)
Severance	99	(1)
Redaction	99	(1)
Codefendant's Testimony	100	(1)
Recognized Hearsay Exception	100	(1)
Other Bruton Issues	101	(1)
Restricting Evidence to its ``Proper Scope''	101	(1)
Procedural Issues	102	(1)
Mandatory & Discretionary Instructions	102	(1)
Timing of Instructions	102	(1)
Failure to Request Instructions	102	(1)
Effectiveness of Limiting Instructions	103	(1)
Key Points	104	(1)
Part B: Relevancy
Relevancy & Its Counterparts: FRE 401-403	105	(32)
Overview of Relevancy Rules	105	(1)
Consequential (``material'') Facts Defined	106	(2)
``Relevancy'' Defined	108	(6)
Admissibility vs. Sufficiency	110	(1)
Basis for Relevancy Determination	111	(1)
Direct & Circumstantial Evidence	111	(2)
``Inference upon Inference'' Rule	113	(1)
``Background'' Evidence	113	(1)
Admissibility of Relevant Evidence: Rule 402	114	(3)
United States Constitution	115	(1)
Federal Statutes	116	(1)
Other Procedural Rules	117	(1)
Rule 403 ``Balancing''	117	(8)
Estimating Probative Value	118	(1)
Rule 403 ``Dangers''	118	(1)
Unfair Prejudice	118	(1)
Confusion of Issues	119	(1)
Misleading the Jury	120	(1)
Surprise	121	(1)
Rule 403 ``Considerations''	121	(1)
Probative Value vs. Dangers & Considerations	122	(1)
Jury Instructions	122	(1)
Alternative Proof	123	(1)
Stipulations	123	(2)
Appellate Review	125	(1)
Similar Happenings; Other Accidents	125	(2)
Adverse Inferences	127	(3)
Admissions by Conduct --- Flight, Alias, etc.	127	(2)
Destruction of Evidence (spoliation)	129	(1)
Failure to Produce Evidence	129	(1)
``Missing Witness'' Rule	130	(1)
Out-of-Court Experiments	130	(1)
Demonstrative Evidence	131	(1)
Key Points	131	(6)
Character Evidence: FRE 404, 405, 412-15	137	(22)
Introduction	137	(1)
Rationale for Prohibiting Character Evidence	138	(1)
Methods of Proof: FRE 405	138	(2)
Reputation Evidence	139	(1)
Opinion Evidence	139	(1)
Specific Instances Reflecting Untruthful Conduct	140	(1)
Accused's Character: FRE 404(a)(1)	140	(5)
Pertinent Trait	142	(1)
Prosecution Rebuttal Character Evidence	142	(1)
Prosecution Cross-Examination	142	(2)
Self-Defense Cases	144	(1)
Accused's Character in Sex Offense Cases: FRE 413--15	145	(3)
Sex Offense Cases	145	(2)
Child Molestation Cases	147	(1)
Civil Suits	148	(1)
Victim's Character in Self-Defense Cases: FRE 404(a)(2)	148	(2)
Special Rule in Homicide Cases	149	(1)
``Communicated'' Character Distinguished	149	(1)
Rape Shield Law: FRE 412	150	(6)
Exception: Origin of Semen, Pregnancy or Disease	151	(1)
Exception: Past Sexual Activity with Accused	152	(1)
Exception: Constitutionally-Required	152	(3)
Procedure	155	(1)
Civil Cases	155	(1)
Character Evidence in Civil Cases	156	(1)
Character as Element of a Cause of Action or Defense	156	(1)
Key Points	157	(2)
Other Acts Evidence: FRE 404(b)	159	(16)
Introduction	159	(1)
Common Misconceptions	159	(1)
Rule 404(b) Analysis	160	(1)
Determining ``Materiality'' Under Rule 401	161	(4)
Proof of Identity; Modus Operandi	162	(1)
Proof of Mens Rea: Intent, Knowledge	163	(1)
Proof of Corpus Delicti	163	(1)
Interrelated Acts (``Res gestae'')	164	(1)
Determining Admissibility Under Rule 403	165	(2)
Disputed Issues	165	(1)
Stipulations	166	(1)
Jury Instructions	166	(1)
Accused's Participation in Other Act: FRE 104(b)	167	(1)
Others-act Evidence Offered by the Accused	168	(1)
Entrapment Cases	168	(1)
Notice Requirement	169	(1)
Double Jeopardy & Collateral Estoppel	170	(1)
Due Process	171	(1)
Other-acts Evidence in Civil Cases	172	(1)
Related Issues	172	(1)
Key Issues	172	(3)
Habit Evidence: FRE 406	175	(6)
Introduction	175	(1)
Habit & Character Distinguished	175	(2)
Routine Business Practices	177	(1)
Custom to Establish Standard of Care	178	(1)
Determining Admissibility under Rule 403	178	(1)
Methods of Proof	179	(1)
Key Points	179	(2)
Subsequent Remedial Measures: FRE 407	181	(8)
Introduction	181	(1)
Rationale	181	(1)
``Remedial Measures'' Defined	182	(1)
Timing of Remedial Measures	183	(1)
Third-Party Remedial Measures	183	(1)
Required Remedial Measures	184	(1)
Strict Liability Cases	184	(2)
Admissibility for Other Purposes	186	(2)
Ownership & Control	186	(1)
Feasibility of Precautionary Measures	187	(1)
Impeachment	187	(1)
Key Points	188	(1)
Compromises & Offers: FRE 408	189	(8)
Introduction	189	(1)
Rationale	189	(1)
Scope of Rule 408	190	(1)
Statements	190	(1)
Criminal Cases	190	(1)
``Dispute'' Requirement	191	(1)
Third-Party Compromises	192	(1)
Admissibility for Other Purposes	193	(1)
Bias	193	(1)
Obstruction of Justice	193	(1)
Prior Inconsistent Statements	194	(1)
Discovery	194	(1)
Key Points	195	(2)
Medical Payments: FRE 409	197	(2)
Introduction	197	(1)
Rationale	197	(1)
Admissibility for Other Purposes	198	(1)
Key Point	198	(1)
Criminal Pleas & Offers: FRE 410	199	(8)
Introduction	199	(1)
Withdrawn Guilty Pleas	199	(1)
Nolo Contendere Pleas	200	(1)
Criminal Rule 11 ``Voluntariness'' Statements	200	(1)
Plea Discussions	201	(2)
Statements to Police	201	(1)
Broken Agreements	202	(1)
Offered Against Prosecution	202	(1)
Admissibility Against Third Parties	203	(1)
Exceptions	203	(2)
Rule of Completeness	204	(1)
Perjury & False Statement Prosecutions	204	(1)
Impeachment	204	(1)
Waiver	205	(1)
Key Points	205	(2)
Insurance: FRE 411	207	(4)
Introduction	207	(1)
Rationale	207	(1)
Admissibility for Other Purposes	208	(1)
Ownership & Agency	208	(1)
Bias	208	(1)
Key Points	209	(2)
Part C: Witnesses
Witness Competency: FRE 601, 603, 605, 606	211	(14)
Introduction	211	(1)
Oath Requirement: FRE 603	212	(1)
Mental Competency	213	(1)
Ability to Communicate	214	(1)
Child Competency & Testimony	214	(3)
Close-Circuit Testimony	216	(1)
Videotape Depositions	217	(1)
Dead Man Statutes	217	(1)
Competency of Judge: FRE 605	218	(1)
Competency of Jurors: FRE 606	219	(2)
Juror as Witness	219	(1)
Impeachment of Verdicts & Indictments	219	(2)
Competency of Attorneys	221	(1)
Choice of Law	221	(1)
Key Points	222	(3)
Sequestration of Witnesses: FRE 615	225	(8)
Introduction	225	(1)
Exception: Parties	225	(1)
Exception: Designated Officers & Employees	226	(1)
Exception: Essential Persons	227	(1)
Exception: Crime Victims	228	(1)
Out-of-Court Separation of Witnesses	228	(1)
Out-of-Court Separation of Attorney & Client	229	(1)
Sanctions	229	(1)
Key Points	230	(3)
Examination of Witnesses: FRE 611	233	(10)
Introduction	233	(1)
Judicial Control of Trial	233	(2)
Harassment & Undue Embarrassment	234	(1)
Testimony in Narrative Form	235	(1)
Continuances	235	(1)
Leading Questions	235	(3)
Direct Examination	235	(1)
Exceptions	236	(1)
Cross-Examination	237	(1)
Scope of Cross-Examination	238	(1)
Redirect & Recross-Examination	239	(1)
Other Common Objections	239	(1)
Preparation (``Coaching'') of Witnesses	240	(1)
Key Points	240	(3)
Refreshing Recollection: FRE 612	243	(6)
Introduction	243	(1)
Rationale	243	(2)
Right of Inspection	245	(1)
Pretrial Refreshment	245	(1)
Jencks Act	245	(1)
Privileged Material; Work Product	246	(1)
Sanctions	246	(1)
Recorded Recollection Distinguished	247	(1)
Key Points	247	(2)
Witness Credibility: FRE 607-609, 613	249	(36)
Introduction	249	(2)
Stages of Credibility	249	(1)
Types of Impeachment	249	(1)
Extrinsic Evidence (``collateral matters'')	250	(1)
Prohibition on Bolstering	251	(2)
General Rule	251	(1)
Exceptions	251	(1)
Line-ups, Showups & Photo Displays	251	(1)
Fresh Complaints	251	(1)
Cooperation (Plea) Agreements	252	(1)
Impeachment of Own Witness: FRE 607	253	(1)
Problem: Prior Inconsistent Statements	254	(1)
Bias Impeachment	254	(4)
Right of Confrontation	256	(1)
Foundational Requirement	257	(1)
Extrinsic Evidence	257	(1)
Impeachment: Sensory & Mental Defects	258	(1)
Untruthful Character Impeachment: Overview	259	(1)
Untruthful Character --- Reputation & Opinion: FRE 608(a)	259	(1)
Untruthful Character --- Prior Conviction: FRE 609	260	(9)
Overview	260	(1)
Conviction Defined; Arrests; No-Contest Pleas	261	(1)
Rationale	261	(1)
Prior ``Felony'' Convictions of the Accused	262	(1)
Relevant Factors	263	(1)
Balancing of Factors	264	(1)
``Felony'' Convictions: Other Witnesses	264	(1)
Crimes of Dishonesty & False Statement (``crimen falsi'')	265	(1)
Ten-year Limit, FRE 609(b)	266	(1)
Pardon & Annulment, FRE 609(c)	267	(1)
Juvenile Adjudications, FRE 609(d)	267	(1)
Pendency of Appeal, FRE 609(e)	268	(1)
Methods of Proof	268	(1)
Motions in limine; Appeals	269	(1)
Unconstitutional Convictions	269	(1)
Untruthful Character --- Prior Acts: FRE 608(b)	269	(2)
Prior Inconsistent Statements: FRE 613	271	(6)
Hearsay Rule & Inconsistent Statements	271	(1)
Inconsistency Requirement	272	(1)
Foundational Requirements	273	(1)
Extrinsic Evidence; ``collateral matters''	274	(1)
Statements in Opinion Form	275	(1)
Prior Inconsistent Conduct	275	(1)
Impeachment by Silence	275	(1)
Constitutional Issues	276	(1)
Specific Contradiction	277	(1)
Learned Treatise	278	(1)
Religious Belief: FRE 610	278	(1)
Rehabilitation	278	(1)
Untruthful Character: FRE 608(a)(2)	279	(1)
Prior Consistent Statements	279	(1)
Key Points	279	(6)
Lay Witnesses: FRE 602 & 701	285	(10)
Introduction	285	(1)
Firsthand Knowledge Rule: FRE 602	285	(2)
Standard of Proof: Prima Facie	286	(1)
Relationship to Hearsay Rule	286	(1)
Opinion Rule: FRE 701	287	(6)
Overview	287	(2)
Common Law ``Fact-Opinion'' Formulation	289	(1)
Rule 701	290	(2)
Overlap Between Lay & Expert Opinions	292	(1)
Application to Out-of-Court Statements	292	(1)
Key Points	293	(2)
Expert Testimony: FRE 702, 704 & 706	295	(44)
Introduction	295	(1)
Subject Matter Requirement: An Overview	295	(1)
Subject Matter: Expertise Not Needed	296	(2)
Subject Matter: Reliability of Expert Evidence	298	(12)
Frye ``General Acceptance'' Test	300	(2)
Relevancy Approach	302	(1)
Daubert Reliability Test	302	(1)
Daubert Factors	303	(3)
Appellate Review	306	(1)
Technical Expertise	307	(1)
Procedural Issues	308	(1)
Impact of Daubert	309	(1)
Qualifications Requirement	310	(1)
Court-Appointed Experts: FRE 706	311	(1)
Right to Defense Experts	312	(2)
Polygraph Evidence	314	(2)
Hypnotic Evidence	316	(3)
Out-of-Court Hypnotic Statements	316	(1)
Hypnotically-Refreshed Testimony	316	(2)
Mental Condition Testimony	318	(1)
Fingerprint Evidence	319	(2)
Questioned Documents; Handwriting	321	(1)
DNA Profiling	322	(2)
DNA Technology	323	(1)
Admissibility	324	(1)
Eyewitness Identifications	324	(2)
Battered Woman Syndrome	326	(2)
Research	326	(1)
Admissibility	327	(1)
Rape Trauma Syndrome	328	(3)
Research	328	(1)
Admissibility	329	(2)
Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome	331	(2)
Research	331	(1)
Admissibility	332	(1)
Ultimate Issue Rule: FRE 704	333	(3)
Mental States	334	(2)
Key Points	336	(3)
Bases of Expert Testimony: FRE 703 & 705	339	(12)
Introduction	339	(1)
Opinion Based on Personal Knowledge	340	(1)
Opinion Based on Admitted Evidence (``record facts'')	340	(3)
Hypothetical Questions	341	(2)
``Modified'' Hypothetical Questions	343	(1)
Opinion Based on Nonrecord Facts: ``Reasonable Reliance'' Requirement	343	(3)
Determining Admissibility: Judge's Role	344	(1)
Hearsay Use	345	(1)
Right of Confrontation	346	(1)
Expert Opinions & ``Background'' Hearsay	346	(1)
Opinion Based Upon Opinion	347	(1)
Key Points	348	(3)
Part D: Real & Demonstrative Evidence
Real & Demonstrative Evidence	351	(10)
Introduction	351	(1)
Real Evidence	351	(5)
Condition of Object	351	(1)
Readily Identifiable Objects: FRE 901(b)(4)	351	(1)
Chain of Custody: FRE 901(b)(1)	352	(1)
Length of Chain of Custody	353	(1)
Links in Chain of Custody	354	(1)
Standard of Proof	355	(1)
Charts, Models & Maps	356	(1)
In-Court Exhibitions	356	(1)
In-Court Demonstrations	357	(1)
Jury Views	357	(1)
Key Points	358	(3)
Photographs, Tapes & Voice Identifications	361	(14)
Introduction	361	(1)
Photographs	361	(3)
``Pictorial Communication'' Theory	361	(1)
``Silent Witness'' Theory	362	(1)
Posed Scenes	362	(1)
Digital Enhancement	363	(1)
Internet Downloading	363	(1)
Gruesome Photographs	363	(1)
Videotapes & Movies	364	(1)
Videotape Evidence	365	(1)
``Day-in-the-life'' Videotapes	365	(1)
Computer Animations & Simulations	365	(3)
Computer Animations	366	(1)
Computer Simulations	367	(1)
Voice Identification: FRE 901(b)(5)	368	(2)
Telephone Conversations: FRE 901(b)(6)	370	(1)
Outgoing Calls	370	(1)
Incoming Calls	370	(1)
Sound Recordings	371	(1)
Inaudibility	371	(1)
Transcripts	371	(1)
Key Points	372	(3)
Part E: Writings
Authentication of Writings: FRE 901-903	375	(12)
Introduction	375	(1)
General Rule	375	(1)
Standard of Proof: Prima Facie	376	(1)
Relationship with Civil Rules	376	(1)
Witness with Knowledge: FRE 901(b)(1)	376	(1)
Nonexpert Opinion on Handwriting: FRE 901(b)(2)	376	(1)
Comparison by Trier or Expert: FRE 901(b)(3)	377	(1)
Distinctive Characteristics: FRE 901(b)(4)	378	(1)
Reply Rule	378	(1)
Public Records & Reports: FRE 901(b)(7)	379	(1)
Ancient Documents: FRE 901(b)(8)	379	(1)
Process or System: FRE 901(b)(9)	380	(1)
Statute or Rule Methods: FRE 901(b)(10)	380	(1)
Self-Authenticating Documents: FRE 902	380	(5)
General Rule	380	(1)
Domestic Public Documents with Seal	380	(1)
Domestic Public Documents Without Seal	381	(1)
Foreign Public Documents	381	(1)
Certified Copies of Public Records	382	(1)
Official Publications	382	(1)
Newspapers & Periodicals	383	(1)
Trade Inscriptions & the Like	383	(1)
Acknowledged Documents	383	(1)
Commercial Paper & Related Documents	384	(1)
Presumptions Created by Law	384	(1)
Certified Domestic Business Records	384	(1)
Certified Foreign Business Records	384	(1)
Subscribing Witnesses: FRE 903	385	(1)
Key Points	385	(2)
Rule of Completeness: FRE 106	387	(4)
Introduction	387	(1)
Rationale	387	(1)
Oral Conversations	387	(1)
``Ought in fairness'' Standard	388	(1)
``Inadmissible Evidence'' Problem	389	(1)
Key Points	390	(1)
``Best Evidence'' Rule: FRE 1001-1008	391	(14)
Introduction	391	(1)
Rationale	391	(1)
Proving Contents	392	(2)
Written Events; Independent Events	392	(1)
Written Method of Proof	393	(1)
Related Issues	393	(1)
Definition of ``Writing'' & ``Original''	394	(2)
``Writings'' Defined	394	(1)
``Originals'' Defined	395	(1)
Exception --- Duplicates: FRE 1003 (``Xerox'' Rule)	396	(1)
``Duplicates'' Defined	396	(1)
Exceptions to Duplicate Rule	396	(1)
Exception --- Original Lost or Destroyed: FRE 1004(1)	397	(1)
Exception --- Original Not Obtainable: FRE 1004(2)	398	(1)
Exception --- Original in Opponent's Possession: FRE 1004(3)	398	(1)
Exception --- Collateral Matters: FRE 1004(4)	399	(1)
Exception --- Public Records: FRE 1005	399	(1)
Exception --- Summaries: FRE 1006	400	(1)
Exception --- Opponent Admission: FRE 1007	401	(1)
Function of Judge & Jury: FRE 1008	402	(1)
Degrees of Secondary Evidence	402	(1)
Key Points	403	(2)
Part F: Hearsay
Hearsay Rule: FRE 801(a)-(c), 805, 806	405	(24)
Overview of Article VIII	405	(1)
Rationale for Hearsay Rule	406	(1)
Hearsay Definitions	407	(1)
Declarant-focused Definition	407	(1)
Assertion-focused Definition	407	(1)
``Declarant'' Defined: FRE 801(b)	408	(1)
``Out-of-Court'' (extrajudicial) Requirement	408	(1)
Statements Offered for Their Truth	409	(6)
To Show Effect on Listener	409	(2)
Verbal Acts	411	(1)
Verbal Parts of Acts	412	(1)
Prior Inconsistent Statements for Impeachment	413	(1)
To Circumstantially Prove Declarant's State of Mind	413	(1)
To Prove Personal Knowledge	414	(1)
``Statement'' Defined; ``Implied Assertions'' --- FRE 801(a)	415	(5)
Assertive Conduct	415	(1)
Nonassertive Conduct	415	(2)
Nonverbal & Verbal Conduct	417	(1)
Intent-Based Definition	418	(1)
Silence	419	(1)
Questions	419	(1)
Constitutional Issues	420	(1)
Procedural Issues	420	(1)
Double Hearsay: FRE 805	421	(1)
Calling Hearsay Declarants: FRE 806	421	(1)
Impeachment of Declarants: FRE 806	422	(2)
``Res Gestae''	424	(1)
Key Points	424	(5)
Hearsay Exemptions: FRE 801(d)	429	(22)
Introduction	429	(1)
Prior Inconsistent Statements: FRE 801(d)(1)(A)	429	(1)
Prior Consistent Statements: FRE 801(d)(1)(B)	430	(2)
``Premotive'' Requirement	431	(1)
Rehabilitation	431	(1)
Statements of Identification: FRE 801(d)(1)(C)	432	(1)
Cross-examination Requirement	433	(1)
Constitutional Requirements	433	(1)
Admissions of Party-Opponents: Overview	433	(2)
Rationale	434	(1)
Evidential & Judicial Admissions Distinguished	434	(1)
Firsthand Knowledge & Opinion Rules	435	(1)
Individual Admissions: FRE 801(d)(2)(A)	435	(2)
Pleas of Guilty	435	(1)
Confessions	436	(1)
``Privity'' Admissions	436	(1)
``Declarations Against Interest'' Distinguished	436	(1)
Adoptive Admissions: FRE 801(d)(2)(B)	437	(2)
Adoption by Use	437	(1)
Adoption by Silence	438	(1)
Correspondence	438	(1)
Authorized Admissions: FRE 801(d)(2)(C)	439	(1)
Agent Admissions: FRE 801(d)(2)(D)	440	(3)
Admissions by Police	441	(1)
Admissions by Attorneys	441	(2)
Admissions by Experts	443	(1)
Coconspirator Admissions: FRE 801(d)(2)(E)	443	(4)
Proof of Conspiracy	444	(1)
``During the Course'' Requirement	445	(1)
``In Furtherance'' Requirement	446	(1)
Procedure Issues	446	(1)
Key Points	447	(4)
Hearsay Exceptions: FRE 803	451	(40)
Introduction	451	(1)
Rationale for Hearsay Exceptions	451	(1)
Firsthand Knowledge & Opinion Rules	452	(1)
Present Sense Impressions: FRE 803(1)	452	(2)
Time Requirement	453	(1)
Subject Matter Requirement	454	(1)
Verification	454	(1)
Excited Utterances: FRE 803(2)	454	(5)
``Startling Event'' Requirement	455	(1)
``Under Stress'' Requirement	456	(1)
Declarants; ``Unidentified'' Declarants	457	(1)
Subject Matter Requirement	458	(1)
Present Sense Impressions Distinguished	458	(1)
Present Mental Condition: FRE 803(3)	459	(5)
To Prove a State of Mind that is a Material Fact	460	(1)
To Prove Future Conduct: Hillmon Doctrine	460	(2)
To Prove Past Conduct, Shepard v. United States	462	(1)
Exception for Will Cases	463	(1)
Present Physical Condition: FRE 803(3)	464	(1)
Medical Treatment-Diagnosis: FRE 803(4)	464	(3)
Subject Matter Requirement	465	(2)
Statements to Nonphysicians	467	(1)
Recorded Recollection: FRE 803(5)	467	(2)
Time Requirement	468	(1)
Preparation Requirement; Joint Records	468	(1)
Accuracy Requirement	469	(1)
Memory Lapse Requirement	469	(1)
Trial Use	469	(1)
Business Records: FRE 803(6)	469	(6)
Regular Practice; ``Routine'' Records	471	(1)
Events, Opinions & Diagnoses	471	(1)
Time Requirement	471	(1)
Firsthand Knowledge	471	(1)
Business Duty Requirement	472	(1)
Lack of Trustworthiness Clause	473	(1)
Foundation Requirements for Business Records	474	(1)
Absence of Business Records: FRE 803(7)	475	(1)
Public Records: FRE 803(8)	475	(5)
Activities of Agency	476	(1)
Matters Observed Per Legal Duty	476	(1)
Police Records Exclusion	477	(1)
Business Records	478	(1)
Offered by Defense	478	(1)
Investigative Reports	479	(1)
Trustworthiness Clause	480	(1)
Business Records Compared	480	(1)
Absence of Public Records: FRE 803(10)	480	(1)
Ancient Documents: FRE 803(16)	480	(1)
Market Reports; Commercial Lists: FRE 803(17)	481	(1)
Learned Treatises: FRE 803(18)	481	(1)
Judgment of Previous Conviction: FRE 803(22)	482	(1)
Other Exceptions	483	(1)
Key Points	484	(7)
Hearsay Exceptions --- Unavailable Declarant: FRE 804	491	(22)
Introduction	491	(1)
Unavailability	491	(3)
Claim of Privilege: FRE 804(a)(1)	492	(1)
Refusal to Testify: FRE 804(a)(2)	492	(1)
Lack of Memory: FRE 804(a)(3)	492	(1)
Death or Illness: FRE 804(a)(4)	493	(1)
Unable to Procure Testimony: FRE 804(a)(5)	493	(1)
Former Testimony: FRE 804(b)(1)	494	(6)
Type of Proceeding	495	(1)
Opportunity to Examine	495	(1)
``Against Whom'' Requirement	496	(1)
``Predecessor in Interest''	496	(2)
Similar Motive Requirement	498	(2)
Method of Proof	500	(1)
Dying Declarations: FRE 804(b)(2)	500	(2)
``Imminent Expectation of Death'' Requirement	501	(1)
Subject Matter Requirement	501	(1)
Type of Case	502	(1)
Statements Against Interest: FRE 804(b)(3)	502	(5)
``Against Interest'' Requirement	503	(1)
Declarations Against Penal Interests	503	(1)
Corroboration Requirement	504	(1)
Collateral Statements	505	(2)
Right of Confrontation	507	(1)
Forfeiture by Wrongdoing: FRE 804(b)(6)	507	(2)
Key Points	509	(4)
Residual Exception: FRE 807	513	(6)
Introduction	513	(1)
Rationale	513	(1)
``Equivalent Guarantee of Trustworthiness'' Requirement	514	(2)
``Near Miss'' Issue	515	(1)
Grand Jury Testimony	515	(1)
Reliability Factors	516	(1)
Key Points	516	(3)
Right of Confrontation	519	(18)
Introduction	519	(1)
Right to be Present at Trial	519	(2)
Forfeiture by Disruptive Behavior	520	(1)
Forfeiture by Voluntary Absence	521	(1)
Right to ``Face-to-Face'' Confrontation	521	(1)
Right to Cross-Examination	522	(3)
Supreme Court Cases	523	(2)
Fifth Amendment Conflicts	525	(1)
Confrontation & Hearsay	525	(9)
Available Declarant: Cross-Examination at Trial	527	(1)
Unavailable Declarants: Two-pronged Test	528	(1)
Reliability Requirement	528	(1)
``Firmly Rooted'' Exceptions	528	(2)
Particularized Guarantees of Trustworthiness	530	(1)
Unavailability Requirement	531	(2)
Summary	533	(1)
Key Points	534	(3)
Privileges: FRE 501	537	(12)
Introduction	537	(1)
Federal Rule 501	537	(3)
Rationale for Privileges	540	(4)
Instrumental Justification	541	(2)
Privacy Rationale	543	(1)
Source of Privileges	544	(1)
Procedural Issues	544	(2)
Standing to Assert & Waive Privileges	544	(1)
Appeals	545	(1)
Burden of Proof	545	(1)
In Camera Inspection	545	(1)
Comment on Exercise of a Privilege	546	(1)
Choice of Law	546	(1)
Key Points	547	(2)
Part G: Privileges
Attorney-Client Privilege	549	(24)
Introduction	549	(1)
Professional Responsibility Distinguished	550	(1)
Holder	551	(1)
Professional Relationship Requirement	551	(1)
Communications Defined	552	(3)
Documents	553	(1)
Client Identity; Fee Arrangements	553	(1)
Physical Evidence	554	(1)
Confidentiality Requirement	555	(1)
Presence of Third-Parties	555	(1)
Eavesdroppers	556	(1)
Attorneys & Their Agents Defined	556	(3)
Clients & Their Agents Defined	559	(2)
Joint Defense Agreements	561	(1)
Duration of the Privilege	561	(1)
Exceptions	562	(2)
Crime-Fraud Exception	562	(1)
Joint Clients	563	(1)
Breach of Duty by Attorney or Client	563	(1)
Claimant Through Same Deceased Client	564	(1)
Document Attested by Lawyer	564	(1)
Waiver	564	(3)
Client's or Attorney's Testimony	565	(1)
Putting the Communication in Issue	565	(1)
Voluntary Disclosure	565	(1)
Inadvertent Waiver	566	(1)
Procedural Issues	567	(1)
Burden of Proof	567	(1)
In Camera Hearings	567	(1)
Work Product Privilege	567	(1)
Key Points	568	(5)
Spousal & Family Privileges	573	(10)
Introduction	573	(1)
Spousal Testimonial Privilege	573	(4)
Type of Case	574	(1)
Scope & Duration of Privilege	574	(1)
Holder	575	(1)
Exceptions	576	(1)
Crimes Against Spouse or Child	576	(1)
Joint Participation in Crime	576	(1)
Waiver	577	(1)
Procedural Issues	577	(1)
Spousal Communication Privilege	577	(4)
Type of Case	578	(1)
Scope & Duration of Privilege	578	(1)
Holder	579	(1)
Communications & Acts	579	(1)
Confidentiality	580	(1)
Exceptions	580	(1)
Crimes Against Spouse or Child	580	(1)
Joint Participation in Crime	581	(1)
Waiver	581	(1)
Parent-Child Privilege	581	(1)
Key Points	582	(1)
Doctor & Psychotherapist Privileges	583	(12)
Introduction	583	(1)
Physician-Patient Privilege	583	(4)
Holder	584	(1)
Physician Defined	585	(1)
Professional Relationship Requirement	585	(1)
Communications	585	(1)
Confidentiality	586	(1)
Exceptions	586	(1)
Waiver	586	(1)
Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege	587	(5)
Holder	588	(1)
Psychotherapist Defined	588	(1)
Professional Relationship Requirement	589	(1)
Communications	589	(1)
Confidentiality	590	(1)
Exceptions	590	(1)
Waiver	591	(1)
Procedural Issues	592	(1)
Key Points	592	(3)
Other Private Privileges	595	(6)
Introduction	595	(1)
Clergy-Penitent Privilege	595	(3)
Journalist's Privilege	598	(2)
Miscellaneous Privileges	600	(1)
Key Points	600	(1)
Governmental Privileges	601	(10)
Introduction	601	(1)
Informant's Privilege	601	(5)
Holder	602	(1)
Scope of Privilege	602	(1)
Exceptions	602	(2)
In Camera Proceedings	604	(1)
Burden of Proof	605	(1)
Suppression Hearings	605	(1)
Surveillance Location Privilege	606	(1)
State Secrets & Executive Privilege	607	(1)
Miscellaneous Governmental Privileges	608	(1)
Key Points	608	(3)
Privilege Against Self-Incrimination	611	(10)
Introduction	611	(1)
``Compulsion'' Requirement	611	(1)
``Criminal Liability'' Requirement	611	(3)
Civil Trials & Other Proceedings	612	(1)
Immunity	612	(1)
Scope of Immunity	612	(1)
Trial Use	613	(1)
``Testimonial-Real'' Evidence Distinction	614	(2)
Accused's Privilege at Trial	616	(2)
Comment Upon Failure to Testify	617	(1)
Jury Instructions	618	(1)
Other Witness's Privilege	618	(1)
Key Points	619	(2)
Part H: Substitutes for Evidence
Judicial Notice: FRE 201	621	(14)
Introduction	621	(1)
Adjudicative & Legislative Facts: FRE 201(a)	621	(2)
Types of Facts Subject to Notice: FRE 201(b)	623	(5)
Indisputability Requirement	624	(1)
``Generally Known Facts''	625	(2)
``Accurately & Readily Determinable'' Facts	627	(1)
Procedural Issues	628	(3)
Discretionary & Mandatory Notice: FRE 201(c) & (d)	628	(1)
Opportunity to be Heard: FRE 201(e)	629	(1)
Time of Taking Judicial Notice: FRE 201(f)	630	(1)
Jury Instructions: FRE 201(g)	630	(1)
Criminal Cases	631	(1)
Judicial Notice of Law	632	(1)
Key Points	633	(2)
Stipulations	635	(6)
Introduction	635	(1)
Stipulations of Fact	636	(2)
Stipulations of Expected Testimony	638	(1)
Stipulations Concerning Procedural & Evidentiary Rules	638	(1)
Enforceability of Stipulations	639	(1)
Key Points	640	(1)
Appendix A Federal Rules of Evidence	641	(32)
Rule 101. Scope	641	(1)
Rule 102. Purpose and Construction	641	(1)
Rule 103. Rulings on Evidence	641	(1)
Rule 104. Preliminary Questions	642	(1)
Rule 105. Limited Admissibility	642	(1)
Rule 106. Remainder of or Related Writings or Recorded Statements	642	(1)
Rule 201. Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts	643	(1)
Rule 301. Presumptions in General in Civil Actions and Proceedings	643	(1)
Rule 302. Applicability of State Law in Civil Actions and Proceedings	644	(1)
Rule 401. Definition of ``Relevant Evidence''	644	(1)
Rule 402. Relevant Evidence Generally Admissible; Irrelevant Evidence Inadmissible	644	(1)
Rule 403. Exclusion of Relevant Evidence on Grounds of Prejudice, Confusion, or Waste of Time	644	(1)
Rule 404. Character Evidence Not Admissible To Prove Conduct; Exceptions; Other Crimes	644	(1)
Rule 405. Methods of Proving Character	645	(1)
Rule 406. Habit; Routine Practice	645	(1)
Rule 407. Subsequent Remedial Measures	645	(1)
Rule 408. Compromise and Offers to Compromise	646	(1)
Rule 409. Payment of Medical and Similar Expenses	646	(1)
Rule 410. Inadmissibility of Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements	646	(1)
Rule 411. Liability Insurance	647	(1)
Rule 412. Sex Offense Cases; Relevance of Alleged Victim's Past Sexual Behavior or Alleged Sexual Predisposition	647	(1)
Rule 413. Evidence of Similar Crimes in Sexual Assault Cases	648	(1)
Rule 414. Evidence of Similar Crimes in Child Molestation Cases	648	(1)
Rule 415. Evidence of Similar Acts in Civil Cases Concerning Sexual Assault or Child Molestation	649	(1)
Rule 501. General Rule	650	(1)
Rule 601. General Rule of Competency	650	(1)
Rule 602. Lack of Personal Knowledge	650	(1)
Rule 603. Oath or Affirmation	650	(1)
Rule 604. Interpreters	650	(1)
Rule 605. Competency of Judge as Witness	651	(1)
Rule 606. Competency of Juror as Witness	651	(1)
Rule 607. Who May Impeach	651	(1)
Rule 608. Evidence of Character and Conduct of Witness	651	(1)
Rule 609. Impeachment by Evidence of Conviction of Crime	652	(1)
Rule 610. Religious Beliefs or Opinions	653	(1)
Rule 611. Mode and Order of Interrogation and Presentation	653	(1)
Rule 612. Writing Used To Refresh Memory	653	(1)
Rule 613. Prior Statements of Witnesses	654	(1)
Rule 614. Calling and Interrogation of Witnesses by Court	654	(1)
Rule 615. Exclusion of Witnesses	655	(1)
Rule 701. Opinion Testimony by Lay Witnesses	655	(1)
Rule 702. Testimony by Experts	655	(1)
Rule 703. Bases of Opinion Testimony by Experts	655	(1)
Rule 704. Opinion on Ultimate Issue	656	(1)
Rule 705. Disclosure of Facts or Data Underlying Expert Opinion	656	(1)
Rule 706. Court Appointed Experts	656	(1)
Rule 801. Definitions	657	(1)
Rule 802. Hearsay Rule	658	(1)
Rule 803. Hearsay Exceptions; Availability of Declarant Immaterial	658	(3)
Rule 804. Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant Unavailable	661	(1)
Rule 805. Hearsay Within Hearsay	662	(1)
Rule 806. Attacking and Supporting Credibility of Declarant	662	(1)
Rule 807. Residual Exception	663	(1)
Rule 901. Requirement of Authentication or Identification	663	(1)
Rule 902. Self-authentication	664	(2)
Rule 903. Subscribing Witness' Testimony Unnecessary	666	(1)
Rule 1001. Definitions	666	(1)
Rule 1002. Requirement of Original	667	(1)
Rule 1003. Admissibility of Duplicates	667	(1)
Rule 1004. Admissibility of Other Evidence of Contents	667	(1)
Rule 1005. Public Records	668	(1)
Rule 1006. Summaries	668	(1)
Rule 1007. Testimony or Written Admission of Party	668	(1)
Rule 1008. Functions of Court and Jury	668	(1)
Rule 1101. Applicability of Rules	668	(2)
Rule 1102. Amendments	670	(1)
Rule 1103. Title	670	(1)
§ 2072. Rules of procedure and evidence; power to prescribe	670	(1)
§ 2073 Rules of procedure and evidence; method of prescribing	671	(1)
§ 2074 Rules of procedure and evidence; submission to Congress; effective date	672	(1)
Appendix B Title 18 U.S.C. § 3509	673	(10)
§ 3509 Child victims' and child witnesses' rights	673	(10)
Appendix C TITLE 18 U.S.C. § 3510	683	(2)
§ 3510 Rights of victims to attend and observe trial	683	(2)
Appendix D Title 42 U.S.C. § 10606	685	(1)
§ 10606 Victims' rights	685
Table of Cases	1	(1)
Index	1