Uninterruptible Power Supplies and Active Filters

by Emadi; Ali

• ISBN13: 9780849330353
• ISBN10: 0849330351
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-10-28
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

As industry power demands become increasingly sensitive, power quality distortion becomes a critical issue. The recent increase in nonlinear loads drawing non-sinusoidal currents has seen the introduction of various tools to manage the clean delivery of power. Power demands of medical facilities, data storage and information systems, emergency equipment, etc. require uninterrupted, high quality power. Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) and active filters provide this delivery.The first to treat these power management tools together in a comprehensive discussion, Uninterruptible Power Supplies and Active Filters compares the similarities of UPS, active filters, and unified power quality conditioners. The book features a description of low-cost and reduced-parts configurations presented for the first time in any publication, along with a presentation of advanced digital controllers. These configurations are vital as industries seek to reduce the cost of power management in their operations.As this field of power management technology continues to grow, industry and academia will come to rely upon the comprehensive treatment found within this book. Industrial engineers in power quality, circuits and devices, and aerospace engineers as well as graduate students will find this a complete and insightful resource for studying and applying the tools of this rapidly developing field.

Table of Contents

Uninterruptible Power Supplies	p. 1
Classification	p. 3
Static UPS	p. 3
On-Line UPS	p. 4
Normal Mode of Operation	p. 4
Stored-Energy Mode of Operation	p. 5
Bypass Mode of Operation	p. 5
Off-Line UPS	p. 6
Normal Mode of Operation	p. 7
Stored-Energy Mode of Operation	p. 7
Line-Interactive UPS	p. 8
Normal Mode of Operation	p. 10
Stored-Energy Mode of Operation	p. 11
Rotary UPS	p. 12
Hybrid Static/Rotary UPS	p. 13
Batteries for UPS Applications	p. 14
History	p. 14
Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries	p. 14
UPS Battery Features	p. 15
Problems	p. 15
Charging Strategies	p. 17
Failure Category	p. 18
Monitoring	p. 18
Flywheels for UPS Applications	p. 19
Fundamentals	p. 19
Classification	p. 22
Low-Speed Flywheel Systems	p. 22
High-Speed Flywheel Systems	p. 22
UPS Applications of Flywheels	p. 23
Comparative Analysis of Flywheels and Electrochemical Batteries	p. 26
Applications of UPS Systems	p. 27
Distributed Approach	p. 28
Centralized Approach	p. 29
Parallel Operation	p. 30
Configurations	p. 31
Fundamental Principles of Parallel Operation	p. 35
Control Strategies in UPS Parallel Operation	p. 36
Concentrated Control	p. 36
Master-Slave Control	p. 36
Distributed Control	p. 37
Wireless Independent Control	p. 37
Performance Evaluation of UPS Systems	p. 38
Power Factor Correction in UPS Systems	p. 39
Passive PFC Techniques	p. 40
Active PFC Techniques	p. 40
Control of UPS Systems	p. 43
Single-Voltage Control Loop Strategy	p. 43
Multiple Control Loops	p. 44
Hysteresis Current Control	p. 45
SPWM Current Control	p. 45
Predictive Current Control	p. 46
Converters for UPS Systems	p. 46
Rectifiers	p. 47
Uncontrolled Rectifiers	p. 47
Controlled Rectifiers	p. 48
Inverters	p. 52
Basic Principles of Operation	p. 52
Pulse Width-Modulated Switching Scheme	p. 53
Battery Charger/Discharger	p. 56
References	p. 58
Active Filters	p. 63
Harmonic Definition	p. 65
Harmonic Sources in Electrical Systems	p. 66
Fluorescent Lamps	p. 66
Switching Power Supplies	p. 67
Electric Furnace	p. 67
High-Voltage DC Systems	p. 67
Adjustable Speed Drives	p. 68
AC/DC Converters/Inverters	p. 69
Other Harmonic-Producing Loads	p. 69
Effects of Harmonics	p. 70
Disturbance to Electric and Electronic Devices	p. 70
Higher Losses	p. 70
Extra Neutral Current	p. 71
Improper Working of Metering Devices	p. 71
De-Rating of Distribution Equipment	p. 72
Resonance Problem	p. 72
Harmonic Mitigation Methods	p. 72
Harmonic Production Prevention	p. 73
Passive Filters	p. 73
Active Filters	p. 73
Applications	p. 75
Adjustable Speed Drives	p. 76
DC Capacitor Cancellation	p. 76
HVDC Systems	p. 76
High-Power Locomotives	p. 77
Remote Generations	p. 77
Commercial Loads	p. 77
Other Applications	p. 77
Classification of Active Filters	p. 78
Current Source Active Filters	p. 78
Voltage Source Active Filters	p. 80
Shunt Active Filters	p. 82
Series Active Filters	p. 84
Hybrid Active Filters	p. 86
Unified Power Quality Conditioners	p. 88
Active Filters for DC/DC Converters	p. 90
Active EMI Filters	p. 90
Active Ripple Filters	p. 92
Configurations	p. 92
Modeling and Analysis	p. 95
Switching Function Model	p. 95
DC Model	p. 96
Analytical Model	p. 97
Basic Equations	p. 97
Time Delay for Extraction of Reference Current	p. 99
Time Delay of Response for Current	p. 100
Control of DC Bus Voltage	p. 100
Control Strategies	p. 100
Reference Current/Voltage Detection Method	p. 100
Time Domain Analysis	p. 101
High-Pass Filter Method	p. 101
Low-Pass Filter Method	p. 101
Instantaneous Reactive Power Algorithm	p. 101
Modified Instantaneous Reactive Power Algorithm	p. 103
Synchronous Reference Frame Method	p. 103
Modified Synchronous Reference Frame Method	p. 104
Unity Power Factor Method	p. 105
Sliding Mode Control	p. 105
Passivity-Based Control	p. 105
PI Controller	p. 105
Flux-Based Controller	p. 106
Sine Multiplication Method	p. 106
Frequency Domain Analysis	p. 106
Derivation of Switching Scheme	p. 107
Stability Assessment	p. 107
Conclusion	p. 110
References	p. 111
Unified Power Quality Conditioners	p. 117
Series-Parallel Configuration	p. 119
Current Control	p. 120
Voltage Control	p. 123
Power Flow and Characteristic Power	p. 126
References	p. 131
Reduced-Parts Uninterruptible Power Supplies	p. 133
Concept of Reduced-Parts Converters Applied to Single-Phase On-Line UPS Systems	p. 134
New On-Line UPS Systems Based on Half-Bridge Converters	p. 137
Reduced-Parts Single-Phase On-Line UPS System	p. 137
Description of the Proposed UPS System	p. 137
Basic Principles of Operation	p. 138
Design of a 1 kVA UPS System	p. 144
Simulation Results	p. 149
Single-Phase to Two-Phase On-Line UPS System	p. 151
Basic Principles of Operation	p. 151
Simulation Results	p. 156
Single-Phase to Three-Phase On-Line UPS System	p. 157
Basic Principles of Operation	p. 157
Simulation Results	p. 158
Performance Analyses and Cost Evaluation	p. 160
Conclusions	p. 163
New On-Line UPS Systems Based on a Novel AC/DC Rectifier	p. 164
Reduced-Parts Single-Phase On-Line UPS System	p. 164
System Description	p. 164
Basic Principles of Operation	p. 165
Simulation Results	p. 170
Single-Phase to Two-Phase On-Line UPS System	p. 175
Basic Principles of Operation	p. 175
Simulation Results	p. 178
Single-Phase to Three-Phase On-Line UPS System	p. 179
Basic Principles of Operation	p. 180
Simulation Results	p. 180
Performance Analyses and Cost Evaluation	p. 180
Conclusions	p. 181
New Three-Phase On-Line UPS System with Reduced Number of Switches	p. 183
System Description	p. 185
Basic Principles of Operation	p. 186
Simulation Results	p. 188
Performance Analyses and Cost Evaluation	p. 194
Conclusions	p. 195
New Single-Phase to Three-Phase Hybrid Line-Interactive/On-Line UPS System	p. 195
System Description	p. 196
Basic Principles of Operation	p. 197
Simulation Results	p. 200
Performance Analyses and Cost Evaluation	p. 203
Conclusions	p. 206
References	p. 209
Reduced-Parts Active Filters	p. 211
Reduced-Parts Single-Phase and Three-Phase Active Filters	p. 212
Reduced-Parts Single-Phase Unified Power Quality Conditioners	p. 212
Single-Phase UPQC with Two Full-Bridge Converters	p. 213
Voltage Control	p. 215
Current Control	p. 217
Single-Phase UPQC with Two Half-Bridge Converters	p. 218
Single-Phase UPQC with Three Legs	p. 219
Reduced-Parts Single-Phase Series-Parallel Configurations	p. 222
Single-Phase Configuration Based on Two Full-Bridge Bidirectional Converters	p. 227
Bypass Mode	p. 227
Voltage Control	p. 228
Current Control	p. 229
Backup Mode	p. 229
Single-Phase Configuration Based on Two Half-Bridge Bidirectional Converters	p. 230
Single-Phase Configuration Based on the Three-Leg Topology	p. 231
Reduced-Parts Three-Phase Series-Parallel Configurations	p. 233
Bypass Mode	p. 234
Voltage Control	p. 235
Current Control	p. 237
Backup Mode	p. 241
References	p. 242
Modeling, Analysis, and Digital Control	p. 245
Systems Modeling Using the Generalized State Space Averaging Method	p. 246
Fundamental Equations	p. 246
Generalized State Space Averaging Method	p. 249
Modeling of Single-Phase Active Filter System	p. 249
Simulation Results	p. 251
Other Examples	p. 253
Digital Control	p. 259
Deadbeat Control Technique for a Single-Phase Shunt Active Filter	p. 260
Deadbeat Control Technique for Series-Parallel UPS System	p. 261
System Equations	p. 261
Series Converter	p. 263
Parallel Converter	p. 264
Control of a Parallel Converter in Backup Mode	p. 265
Digital Controller Implementation	p. 266
Analysis of Controller	p. 267
References	p. 271
Index	p. 273
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