Vertebrate Dissection

by Homberger, Dominique G.; Walker, Warren F.

• ISBN13: 9780030225222
• ISBN10: 0030225221
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Spiral Bound
• Copyright: 2003-04-29
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

VERTEBRATE DISSECTION, Ninth Edition, provides exceptionally thorough and student-tested descriptions of dissection procedures and the steps needed to find all structures. It encourages and facilitates active and self-directed learning by the students so that instructors can teach more effectively and efficiently. The manual emphasizes dissection procedures that preserve as many structures as possible for later review of the entire specimens. This approach is an excellent preparation for students who will subsequently take anatomy courses in the health and animal sciences. Moreover, this manual places the observed material into an evolutionary and functional context. Students will understand the biological role, physiology, and embryonic development of each organ system and its parts, and how the various organ systems have evolved over time and in different animals. Organized by organ systems, this text brings the anatomy alive for students by interspersing narrative text throughout and explaining how the shape and structure of an organ relates to its function, and how evolutionary processes have transformed the form and function of organs. Additionally, the authors introduce a new feature, Anatomy in Action boxes, which contain interesting supplemental material that provides a broader context. Some of these boxes relate to functional anatomy, some make comparisons between different animals, and some address general biological questions that may include comparisons to the anatomy and biology of human beings.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
A Note to the Student: Anatomical Terminology	xv
Basal Chordates and Chordate Relationships	1	(13)
Distinctive Features of Chordates	1	(1)
Chordate Relationships	1	(1)
Phylum Hemichordata	2	(3)
Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Tunicata	5	(2)
External Features	5	(1)
Dissection	5	(2)
Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Cephalochordata	7	(3)
External Features	7	(1)
Whole Mount Slide	8	(3)
Cross Sections	11	(1)
Common Features in the Sections	11	(1)
Section Through the Oral Hood	11	(1)
Section Through the Pharynx	12	(1)
Section Through the Intestine	13	(1)
Section Through the Anus	13
The Notochord of Amphioxus	10	(4)
Anatomy of the Lamprey	14	(11)
Distinctive Features of Craniates	14	(1)
Basal Vertebrates	14	(1)
The Adult Lamprey	15	(7)
External Features	15	(1)
Sagittal and Cross Sections	16	(1)
The Skeletal and Muscular Systems	16	(3)
The Nervous System and Sense Organs	19	(1)
The Digestive and Respiratory Systems	20	(1)
The Circulatory System	20	(1)
The Urogenital System	21	(1)
The Ammocoete	22
Whole Mount Slide	22	(1)
Cross Section Through the Pharynx	23
Feeding and Respiration in Lampreys	20	(5)
The External Anatomy and Integument of Vertebrates	25	(13)
Species to be Studied	25	(2)
Body Shape	27	(1)
The Integument	28	(1)
The Spiny Dogfish	28	(1)
External Features	28	(1)
Accessory Structures of the Integument	29	(1)
Amphibians and Reptiles	29	(4)
External Features	29	(3)
Accessory Structures of the Integument	32	(1)
Mammals	33
External Features	33	(2)
Accessory Structures of the Integument	35
The Scales of Fishes	30	(2)
Posture and Use of Limbs in Early Tetrapods	32	(2)
The Evolution of the Posture and Use of Limbs in Mammals	34	(3)
Horns and Antlers in Mammals	37	(1)
The Cranial Skeleton	38	(42)
Divisions of the Skeleton	38	(1)
Fishes	39	(9)
Chondrocranium	39	(1)
Complete Chondrocranium	40	(2)
Sagittal Section of the Chondrocranium	42	(1)
Visceral Skeleton (Splanchnocranium)	42	(5)
Dermal Bones (Dermatocranium)	47	(1)
Amphibians and Reptiles	48	(1)
The Anthracosauroid Skull	48	(15)
The Necturus Skull	54	(1)
General Features and Entire Skull	54	(2)
The Chondrocranium	56	(1)
The Lower Jaw	56	(1)
The Teeth	56	(1)
The Hyobranchial Apparatus	57	(1)
The Reptile Skull	57	(2)
General Features of the Skull	59	(3)
Composition of the Skull	62	(1)
The Lower Jaw	62	(1)
The Hyobranchial Apparatus	63	(1)
Mammals	63	(1)
Evolution of the Mammal Skull	63
General Features of the Skull	67	(1)
Components of the Skull	67	(5)
Interior of the Skull	72	(1)
Foramina of the Skull	73	(2)
The Lower Jaw	75	(2)
Teeth	77	(2)
The Hyobranchial Apparatus	79
The Lizard Skull	59	(2)
The Alligator Skull	61	(19)
The Axial Skeleton	80	(12)
Fishes	80	(3)
Relationship of the Vertebral Column to the Surrounding Tissues	80	(1)
Caudal Vertebrae	80	(3)
Trunk Vertebrae	83	(1)
Ribs	83	(1)
Median Fin Supports	83	(1)
Amphibians	83	(2)
Vertebral Regions	84	(1)
Trunk Vertebrae	85	(1)
Ribs	85	(1)
Sternum	85	(1)
Mammals	85
Vertebral Groups	86	(1)
Thoracic Vertebrae	86	(1)
Lumbar Vertebrae	87	(1)
Sacral Vertebrae	88	(1)
Caudal Vertebrae	88	(1)
Cervical Vertebrae	89	(1)
Ribs	89	(1)
Sternum	89
Vertebral Development in Fishes	81	(8)
Specializations of the Atlas and Axis	89	(1)
Biomechanics of the Cat Axial Skeleton	90	(2)
The Appendicular Skeleton	92	(23)
Fishes	92	(3)
The Pectoral Girdle and Fin	92	(1)
Squalus	92	(1)
Amia	93	(1)
The Pelvic Girdle and Fin	94	(1)
Amphibians and Reptiles	95	(8)
The Pectoral Girdle and Appendage of Necturus	98	(1)
The Pelvic Girdle and Appendage of Necturus	98	(1)
The Pectoral Girdle and Appendage of the Turtle	99	(2)
The Pelvic Girdle and Appendage of the Turtle	101	(2)
Mammals	103
The Pectoral Girdle and Appendage	103	(5)
The Pelvic Girdle and Appendage	108
Pectoral Girdle Specializations of Turtles	100	(4)
Why Is the Clavicle Sometimes Lost?	104	(8)
Limb Joints in Tetrapods	112	(2)
The Age of Mammal Skeletons	114	(1)
The Muscular System	115	(69)
The Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscles	115	(5)
The Classification of Muscles into Groups	120	(6)
The Study of Muscles	126	(1)
Fishes	127	(9)
Axial Muscles I	127	(1)
Muscles of the Trunk and Tail	127	(3)
Epibranchial Muscles	130	(1)
Hypobranchial Muscles	130	(2)
Extrinsic Eye Muscles	132	(1)
Appendicular Muscles	132	(1)
Muscles of the Pectoral Fin	132	(1)
Muscles of the Pelvic Fin	133	(1)
Axial Muscles II	133	(1)
Branchiomeric Muscles	133	(3)
Amphibians	136	(8)
Axial Muscles I	137	(1)
Muscles of the Trunk	137	(1)
Hypobranchial Muscles	138	(2)
Appendicular Muscles	140	(1)
Pectoral Muscles	140	(2)
Pelvic Muscles	142	(1)
Axial Muscles II	143	(1)
Branchiomeric Muscles	143	(1)
Mammals	144
Cutaneous Muscles	145	(1)
Caudal Trunk Muscles	146	(1)
Hypaxial Muscles	146	(2)
Epaxial Muscles	148	(1)
Pectoral Appendicular Muscles	149	(1)
Pectoral Muscle Complex	149	(1)
Trapezius and Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Complexes	150	(2)
Remaining Superficial Muscles of the Shoulder	152	(1)
Deeper Muscles of the Shoulder	152	(2)
Muscles of the Brachium	154	(3)
Muscles of the Antebrachium	157	(5)
Pelvic Appendicular Muscles	162	(1)
Lateral Thigh and Adjacent Muscles	162	(2)
Gluteal Muscle Complex and Deeper Pelvic Muscles	164	(2)
Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Complex	166	(1)
Caudomedial Thigh Muscles	166	(2)
Iliopsoas Muscle Complex and Adjacent Muscles	168	(1)
Muscles of the Shank	169	(4)
Cranial Trunk Muscles	173	(1)
Hypaxial Muscles	173	(1)
Epaxial Muscles	174	(2)
Hypobranchial Muscles	176	(1)
Posthyoid Hypobranchial Muscles	177	(1)
Prehyoid Hypobranchial Muscles	177	(2)
Branchiomeric Muscles	179	(1)
Mandibular Arch Muscles	179	(1)
Hyoid Arch Muscles	180	(3)
Caudal Branchiomeric Muscles	183
Swimming and Myomere Structure	129	(51)
The Mammalian Tongue	180	(1)
Jaw Mechanics in Carnivores and Herbivores	181	(3)
The Sense Organs	184	(22)
Types of Receptors	184	(1)
The Nose	184	(3)
Fishes	185	(1)
Amphibians	185	(1)
Mammals	186	(1)
The Lateral Line System and Electroreceptors	187	(3)
The Ampullae of Lorenzini	189	(1)
The Lateral Line Canals and Pit Organs	190	(1)
The Eyeball and Associated Structures	190	(7)
Fishes	190	(4)
Mammals	194	(1)
Tear Glands and Extrinsic Muscles of the Eyeball	194	(2)
The Eyeball	196	(1)
The Ear	197	(1)
Fishes	198	(2)
Amphibians and Reptiles	200	(2)
Mammals	202
Accommodation in the Eye of Mammals	198	(3)
Hearing in Sharks	201	(2)
Hearing in Frogs and Salamanders	203	(3)
The Nervous System	206	(43)
Neurons and Glial Cells	206	(1)
Divisions and Components of the Nervous System	206	(2)
Development and Divisions of the Brain	208	(1)
Fishes	209	(13)
The Dorsal Surface of the Brain	210	(2)
Cranial and Occipital Nerves	212	(1)
Terminal Nerve	213	(3)
Olfactory Nerve	216	(1)
Optic Nerve	216	(1)
Oculomotor Nerve	217	(1)
Trochlear Nerve	217	(1)
Abducens Nerve	217	(1)
Trigeminal Nerve	217	(2)
Lateral Line Nerves (unnumbered)	219	(1)
Facial Nerve	219	(1)
Statoacoustic Nerve	220	(1)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve	220	(1)
Vagus Nerve	220	(1)
Occipital and Hypobranchial Nerves	221	(1)
The Ventral Surface of the Brain	221	(1)
The Ventricles of the Brain	222	(1)
The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves	222	(1)
Amphibians	222	(3)
The Dorsal Surface of the Brain	224	(1)
The Cranial and Occipital Nerves	225	(1)
The Ventral Surface of the Brain	225	(1)
Mammals	225
Meninges	227	(1)
External Features of the Brain and the Stumps of the Cranial Nerves	228	(1)
The Telencephalon	228	(1)
The Diencephalon	229	(2)
The Mesencephalon	231	(1)
The Metencephalon	232	(1)
The Myelencephalon	233	(2)
Sagittal Section of the Brain	235	(2)
Dissection of the Cerebrum	237	(1)
The Cerebral Cortex	237	(1)
The Internal Capsule and Striatum	237	(3)
The Rhinencephalon, Limbic System, and Hypothalamus	240	(2)
The Surfaces of the Diencephalon and Mesencephalon	242	(2)
The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves	244	(1)
Nerve Plexuses	244	(1)
The Brachial Plexus	245	(1)
The Lumbosacral Plexus	246
Spinal Cord and Brain Functions in Sharks	223	(8)
Endocrine Glands Associated with the Diencephalon in Mammals	231	(3)
The Functions of the Cerebellum in Mammals	234	(5)
The Somatosensory Pathway of Mammals	239	(1)
Motor Functions of the Mammalian Striatum	240	(3)
The Optic Pathways of Mammals	243	(6)
The Coelom and the Digestive and Respiratory Systems	249	(41)
Structure and Function of the Coelomic Cavity and Its Contents	249	(1)
The Embryonic Development of the Coelom and Its Subdivisions	250	(2)
The Embryonic Development of the Digestive and Respiratory Systems	252	(3)
Fishes	255	(10)
Pleuroperitoneal Cavity and Its Contents	256	(1)
The Body Wall and Pleuroperitoneal Cavity	256	(1)
The Visceral Organs	256	(2)
The Mesenteries	258	(1)
Structure of the Digestive Organs	259	(1)
The Pericardial Cavity	260	(1)
The Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Respiratory Organs	261	(4)
Amphibians	265	(7)
The Pleuroperitoneal Cavity and Its Contents	268	(1)
The Body Wall and Pleuroperitoneal Cavity	268	(1)
The Visceral Organs	268	(1)
The Mesenteries	269	(1)
Structure of the Digestive Organs	270	(1)
The Pericardial Cavity	270	(1)
The Oropharyngeal Cavity and Respiratory Organs	270	(2)
Mammals	272
The Digestive and Respiratory Organs of the Head and Neck	272	(1)
The Salivary Glands	272	(2)
The Oral Cavity	274	(2)
The Pharynx	276	(1)
The Larynx, Trachea, and Esophagus	276	(1)
The Thorax and Its Contents	277	(1)
The Pleural Cavities	277	(3)
The Pericardial Cavity	280	(1)
The Peritoneal Cavity and Its Contents	280	(1)
The Abdominal Wall and Peritoneal Cavity	280	(1)
The Abdominal Viscera and Mesenteries	280	(5)
Specific Structure of Selected Digestive Organs	285
Gill Ventilation, Respiration, and Feeding in Elasmobranch Fishes	264	(2)
Amphibian Ventilation and Feeding in Water and on Land	266	(15)
Visceral Rotations and Formation of the Greater Omentum	281	(3)
Packing the Intestine into the Peritoneal Cavity	284	(3)
Mammalian Digestion of Cellulose	287	(3)
The Cardiovascular and Hemolymphatic Systems	290	(56)
Components of the Hemolymphatic System	290	(1)
Components of the Cardiovascular System	290	(1)
Development of the Cardiovascular System	291	(1)
The Study of Blood Vessels	292	(2)
Fishes	294	(14)
External Structure of the Heart	294	(2)
The Venous System	296	(1)
The Hepatic Portal Venous System and Hepatic Veins	296	(2)
The Renal Portal System	298	(1)
The Systemic Veins	298	(2)
The Arterial System	300	(1)
The Branchial Arteries	300	(2)
The Dorsal Aorta, Its Branches, and Accompanying Veins	302	(4)
The Internal Structure of the Heart	306	(2)
The Pericardioperitoneal Canal	308	(1)
Amphibians	308	(10)
The Heart and Associated Blood Vessels	310	(1)
The Venous System	310	(1)
The Hepatic Portal System	310	(1)
The Ventral Abdominal Vein	311	(2)
The Renal Portal System	313	(1)
The Caudal Systemic Veins	313	(1)
The Cranial Systemic Veins	314	(1)
The Arterial System	314	(1)
The Aortic Arches and Their Branches	314	(2)
The Dorsal Aorta and Its Branches	316	(2)
Mammals	318	(1)
Evolutionary Changes	318	(1)
Mammalian Circulation	318
The Heart and Associated Blood Vessels	322	(3)
Arteries and Veins Cranial to the Heart	325	(1)
The Blood Vessels of the Thorax, Shoulder, Arm, and Neck	325	(3)
The Major Blood Vessels of the Head	328	(5)
Arteries and Veins Caudal to the Heart	333	(1)
The Blood Vessels of the Dorsal Thoracic and Abdominal Walls	333	(5)
The Blood Vessels of the Abdominal Viscera	338	(1)
The Blood Vessels of the Pelvic Region and Hind Leg	339	(2)
The Bronchi and Internal Structure of the Heart	341	(3)
The Lymphatic System	344
Pumping Blood Toward the Heart in a Low-Pressure System	295	(4)
The Renal Portal System of Fishes	299	(4)
Shark Aortic Arches	303	(6)
The Shark Heart	309	(3)
Aortic Arches and Lung Respiration in Necturus	312	(8)
The Embryonic Circulation of Mammals	320	(6)
Mammalian Aortic Arches	326	(4)
The Retia Mirabilia of Cats	330	(6)
The Development of the Mammalian Venous System	336	(10)
The Excretory and Reproductive Systems	346
General Structure and Function of the Excretory System	346	(2)
Embryonic Development and Evolutionary History of the Nephrons and Kidneys	348	(3)
Sex Determination	351	(1)
Embryonic Development and Evolutionary History of the Reproductive System	351	(2)
Study of the Excretory and Reproductive Systems	353	(1)
Fishes	354	(4)
The Kidneys and Their Ducts	355	(1)
The Male Urogenital System	356	(1)
The Female Urogenital System	357	(1)
Reproduction and Embryos	357	(1)
Amphibians	358	(3)
The Kidneys and Their Ducts	359	(1)
The Male Urogenital System	359	(1)
The Female Urogenital System	360	(1)
Mammals	361
The Excretory System	362	(2)
The Male Reproductive System	364	(9)
The Female Reproductive System	373	(4)
Reproduction and Embryos	377
Reproductive Patterns in Sharks	358	(7)
Kidney Architecture in Mammals	365	(4)
The Descent of the Testis	369	(2)
The Divisions of the Cloaca	371
Appendix A: Word Roots	1	(1)
Appendix B: A Note on the Handling of Specimens	1	(1)
Appendix C: References	1	(1)
Index	1