Violence and Culture A Cross-Cultural and Interdisciplinary Approach

by Eller, Jack David

• ISBN13: 9780534522797
• ISBN10: 0534522793
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-04-05
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

VIOLENCE AND CULTURE: A CROSS-CULTURAL AND INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH brings together in a single readable volume the widest possible range of material on violence as a modern and international cultural problem. It uniquely combines comprehensive theoretical discussion with rich empirical description and analysis in a global approach. Violence, if not more prevalent, is definitely attracting more attention than ever before in academic arenas as well as the public arena. It has become a central feature of the 21st century and students and the American public are hungry to know and understand the roots of violence.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xi
Chapter 1 Cross-Cultural Approaches to Violence: The Problem of Definition and Research	1	(30)
Defining Violence	4	(9)
Force	5	(1)
Intention	5	(1)
Personhood	6	(1)
Rationality	6	(2)
Legitimacy	8	(1)
Perspective	9	(4)
Analyzing Violence: Further Issues	13	(8)
General Factors in the Creation of Violence	13	(2)
The Group Effect	15	(1)
The Will to Differentiate	16	(2)
Cognitive Dissonance	18	(1)
Desensitization	19	(1)
Self-Esteem	20	(1)
Studying Violence: Opportunities and Challenges	21	(8)
Definition and Operationalization	22	(1)
Issues in Cross-Cultural Studies	23	(4)
Methodological Issues in Large-Survey Research	27	(2)
Retrospect and Prospect	29	(2)
Chapter 2 Theoretical Approaches to Violence: Biological, Psychological, and Social	31	(30)
Supernatural Theories	32	(2)
Being(s) or Force(s) of Evil	32	(1)
Human Nature, or Human Will	33	(1)
Scientific Theories	34	(19)
Biological Theories	34	(5)
Psychological Theories	39	(6)
Psychoanalysis	40	(1)
Behaviorism	41	(2)
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis	43	(1)
Social Learning Theory	43	(1)
Rational Choice Theory	44	(1)
Social Theories	45	(8)
Functionalism	46	(2)
Functional Conflict: Simmel and Coser	48	(1)
Conflict and Cultural Integration	49	(1)
Conflict Theory	50	(2)
The Value of Violence: Georges Sorel	52	(1)
Further Social Theories of Violence	53	(6)
Socialization and Development of the Self	53	(2)
Anomie Theory	55	(1)
Labeling Theory	56	(1)
Cultural Materialism	57	(1)
Process Theory	58	(1)
Retrospect and Prospect	59	(2)
Chapter 3 Violence in Cross-Cultural Context: Introduction and Nonviolent Societies	61	(26)
The Social Grounds of Violence and Nonviolence	62	(8)
Cooperation and Competition in Peaceful Societies	70	(16)
Case Study 1: NONVIOLENCE IN THE SEMAI OF MALAYSIA	74	(3)
Case Study 2: THE EVEN-TEMPERED UTKU OF NORTHERN CANADA	77	(3)
Case Study 3: JAINISM A RELIGION OF NONVIOLENCE	80	(2)
Case Study 4: INVISIBLE VIOLENCE IN THE PIAROA OF VENEZUELA	82	(2)
Case Study 5: THE FRIENDLY HEADHUNTING ILONGOT OF THE PHILIPPINES	84	(2)
Retrospect and Prospect	86	(1)
Chapter 4 Violence in Cross-Cultural Context: Traditional and Complex Violent Societies	87	(28)
Violent Traditional Societies	87	(12)
Case Study 1: SYSTEMIC VIOLENCE IN THE YANOMAMO OF VENEZUELA	88	(3)
Case Study 2: AMBIVALENT VIOLENCE IN THE GISU OF UGANDA	91	(1)
Case Study 3: VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE VIOLENCE IN THE MKAKO OF CAMEROON	92	(2)
Case Study 4: THE WARRIOR CULTURE OF THE CHEYENNE IN NORTH AMERICA	94	(3)
Case Study 5: VIOLENCE AND CULTURE CHANGE IN THE SURI OF ETHIOPIA	97	(2)
Violent Complex Societies	99	(14)
Case Study 1: SOCIETY AS ARMED CAMP IN ANCIENT SPARTA	99	(4)
Case Study 2: VIOLENCE, TRADITION, AND IDENTITY IN MODERN ALBANIA	103	(2)
Case Study 3: THE RITUAL OF THE BULLFIGHT IN SPAIN	105	(1)
Case Study 4: SOCCER HOOLIGANISM IN BRITAIN	106	(2)
Case Study 5: THE BEAUTY OF VIOLENCE IN TRADITIONAL (AND MODERN) JAPAN	108	(5)
Retrospect and Prospect	113	(2)
Chapter 5 Gender and Intimate Violence	115	(33)
Conceptualizing Gender and Family Violence	116	(4)
Definition and Operationalization	116	(1)
Model and Theory	117	(3)
Gender Violence in Cross-Cultural Perspective	120	(12)
Violence against Women in Non-Western Societies	120	(10)
Case Study 1: BRIDES ARE BURNING-VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA	125	(5)
Violence against Women in Western Societies	130	(2)
Child-Directed Violence	132	(7)
Exceptional Forms of Child Abuse	133	(2)
The Major Categories of Child Abuse	135	(4)
The Most Intimate Violence: Suicide	139	(1)
Hurting without Hitting: Structural Violence	140	(7)
Case Study 2: STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE AND THE ORDINARY LIVES OF THE POOR IN BRAZIL	142	(5)
Retrospect and Prospect	147	(1)
Chapter 6 Religious Violence: Introduction	148	(28)
Groups and Believers	150	(4)
Religious Beliefs and Violence	154	(17)
Religion as Explanation of Evil	154	(7)
Religion as justification of Evil	161	(10)
Sacrifice and Martyrdom	171	(3)
Retrospect and Prospect	174	(2)
Chapter 7 Religious Violence: Case Studies	176	(29)
Case Study 1: THE PERSECUTION OF HERETICS IN CHRISTIANITY	177	(5)
Case Study 2: TERRORISM AND SEPTEMBER 11	182	(5)
Case Study 3: APOCALYPSE SOON-POISON GAS, MOTHER-SHIPS, AND SOLDIERS FOR CHRIST	187	(12)
Aum Shinrikyo: Apocalypse in Japan	188	(2)
Heaven's Gate: Self-Destruction for the Next Level	190	(4)
Soldiers for Christ	194	(5)
Case Study 4: SIKHISM-SAINT SOLDIERS	199	(2)
Case Study 5: WARRIOR CULTS-THUGS AND ASSASSINS	201	(2)
Retrospect and Prospect	203	(2)
Chapter 8 Political Violence: Introduction	205	(32)
Politics as a Macrosocial Factor in Violence	206	(3)
Understanding Political Violence	209	(4)
A Typology of Political Violence	213	(22)
Polity versus Polity	214	(3)
People versus Polity	217	(12)
Polity versus People	229	(4)
People versus People	233	(2)
Retrospect and Prospect	235	(2)
Chapter 9 Political Violence: Case Studies	237	(30)
Case Study 1: THE "REIGN OF TERROR" IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION	238	(8)
Case Study 2: "THEORETICAL REVOLUTION"-BOLSHEVISM IN RUSSIA	246	(7)
Case Study 3: AT WAR WITH HISTORY IN BOSNIA	253	(7)
Case Study 4: "TRIBAL" GENOCIDE IN RWANDA	260	(6)
Retrospect and Prospect	266	(1)
Chapter 10 Violence in American Society: Introduction	267	(26)
The Scope of Violence in the United States	268	(5)
The Uniform Crime Report	268	(2)
The National Crime Victimization Survey	270	(3)
Explaining American Violence	273	(19)
The Psychocultural Dimension	274	(6)
The Macrosocial Dimension	280	(5)
Urbanization	281	(1)
Race and Ethnic Stratification and Competition	282	(1)
Gender Relations	283	(1)
History and Geography	284	(1)
The Microsocial Dimension: Family	285	(10)
Parenting and Child Abuse	286	(2)
Domestic Violence and Spouse Abuse	288	(4)
Retrospect and Prospect	292	(1)
Chapter 11 Violence in American Society: Case Studies	293	(34)
Case Study 1: WORKPLACE VIOLENCE	294	(5)
Type 1: INTRUSIVE VIOLENCE	295	(1)
Type 2: CONSUMER-RELATED VIOLENCE	295	(1)
Type 3: RELATIONSHIP VIOLENCE	296	(1)
Type 4: ORGANIZATIONAL VIOLENCE	297	(2)
Case Study 2: SCHOOLVIOLENCE	299	(6)
Case Study 3: GANG VIOLENCE	305	(8)
Case Study 4: RIGHT-WING/MILITIA VIOLENCE	313	(8)
Case Study 5: AMERICAN PSYCHO-SERIAL KILLERS AND PSYCHOPATHS	321	(4)
Retrospect and Prospect	325	(2)
Glossary	327	(2)
Bibliography	329	(10)
Index	339