Visual Messages : Integrating Imagery into Instruction

by Considine, David M.

• ISBN13: 9781563085758
• ISBN10: 1563085755
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-04-15
• Publisher: Libraries Unltd Inc

Summary

The authors provide effective media literacy strategies, activities, and resources that help students learn the critical-viewing skills necessary in our media-dominated world. Various media and types of programs are addressed, including motion pictures, television news, and advertising. Activities are coded by grade level and curriculum area.

Author Biography

DAVID M. CONSIDINE is Associate Professor and Media Studies Coordinator, Department of Curriculum and Instruction, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina.GAIL E. HALEY, an artist and Author in Residence at the same institution, has received both the Caldecott Medal and the Kate Greenaway Medal for her children's books.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Acknowledgments	xxiii
1---Media Literacy Gains Momentum: From Television to Telling Vision	1	(20)
Toward a Critical Pedagogy	8	(3)
Student-Centered Learning: Putting the ME in MEdia and MEaning	11	(1)
Media Attitudes: Advocates, Accomplices, and Adversaries	12	(2)
Partners in Progress: KNOW-TV and Other Initiatives	14	(3)
References	17	(4)
2---Media Literacy: The Purposes, Principles, and Curriculum Connections	21	(38)
Purpose of Media Literacy	22	(6)
Purpose 1: Preparation	23	(1)
Purpose 2: Protection	24	(2)
Purpose 3: Pleasure	26	(2)
Principles of Media Literacy	28	(5)
Principle 1: Media Are Constructions	28	(1)
Principle 2: Media Representations Construct Reality	28	(1)
Principle 3: Media Constructions Have Commerical Purposes	29	(2)
Principle 4: Audiences Negotiate Meaning	31	(1)
Principle 5: Each Medium Has Its Own Conventions and Forms	31	(1)
Principle 6: The Media Contain and Convey Values and Ideologies	32	(1)
Principle 7: Media Messages May Have Social Consequences	33	(1)
Content and Consequences: From Image to Influence	33	(8)
The Catholic Church	36	(1)
Adolescents and Youth	36	(1)
School and Teachers	36	(1)
Appalachia and the Mountains	37	(1)
Women	37	(1)
Monkey See, Monkey Do? The Issue of Influence	37	(2)
Types of Influence	39	(2)
Smoke Screens: Cigarettes, Tobacco, and Principles of Media Literacy	41	(9)
Principle 1: Media Are Constructions	43	(1)
Principle 2: Media Representations Construct Reality	43	(1)
Principle 3: Media Constructions Have Commercial Purposes	44	(2)
Principle 4: Audiences Negotiate Meaning	46	(1)
Principle 5: Each Medium Has Its Own Conventions and Forms	47	(1)
Principle 6: The Media Contain and Convey Values and Ideologies	48	(1)
Principle 7: Media Messages Have Social Consequences	48	(2)
Media Literacy and the Curriculum Connections: Isolation or Integration?	50	(6)
References	56	(3)
3---The News Blues: From Information to Infotainment	59	(60)
Access Isn't Success: News, Citizenship, and Critical Thinking Skills	62	(1)
Special Note for Teachers	63	(1)
Getting Started: The Nature of News	63	(1)
News Formats	64	(1)
What News We Use	64	(1)
Newspapers	64	(2)
Content and Discontent	65	(1)
Viewpoint and Opinion	65	(1)
Writing Headlines	66	(1)
The McPapering of the United States	66	(1)
Newsmagazines	66	(13)
Time Out: Pictorial Prejudice and Newsmagazine Covers	67	(2)
Narrowing of News	69	(1)
Minorities Matter: Stereotyping, Distortion, and Ethnocentricity	69	(1)
From a Distance	70	(2)
Whose Window, Whose World?: Content Analysis of News Coverage	72	(1)
Wrong About the Religious Right	73	(1)
Crime Time: If It Bleeds, It Leads	73	(3)
Welfare Mothers and Battered Women	76	(1)
Just Another Pretty Face?	77	(1)
Women in News	78	(1)
Television News	79	(16)
Local News	79	(1)
Science and Medical News	80	(1)
Gloom and Doom: No News Is Good News	81	(2)
Why We Hate the Media	83	(1)
Who's to Blame? Or, He Who Pays the Piper	84	(2)
Food Lyin'? ABC Versus the Supermarket	86	(1)
Where There's Smoke There's...? NBC Versus General Motors	87	(1)
Industry Guidelines: What's Your Opinion?	88	(1)
Photo Opportunities: A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words	88	(2)
The Persian Gulf War and the News Media	90	(2)
Censorship, Capitulation, and Pentagon Propaganda	92	(3)
Politics, the Presidency, and the Press	95	(18)
Is This Any Way to Choose a Leader?	96	(3)
Restoring the Bond and the Digital Democracy	99	(2)
Covering Clinton	101	(6)
Elements of the Framework for Critically Viewing Broadcast News	107	(6)
References	113	(6)
4---Brought to You Buy: America, Advertising, and the Culture of Conspicuous Consumption	119	(74)
Overview	119	(4)
Some Starting Statistics	123	(1)
Curriculum Connections and Concerns	123	(2)
Defining Advertising	125	(1)
Types of Advertising	125	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising	126	(1)
Targeting and Other Tools and Techniques of the Trade	126	(2)
Psychographics and VALs (Values, Attitudes, and Lifestyles)	127	(1)
Clustering and PRIZM (Potential Rating Index by Zip Markets)	128	(1)
Marketing Research	128	(1)
Hidden Persuaders and Subliminal Seduction	129	(5)
``Baad Sells'': Information, Motivation, and Feelings	131	(2)
The Ideology of Indulgence: Live with Abandon	133	(1)
The Need to Read Advertisements: A Critical Framework	134	(9)
Elements in Understanding Advertising	136	(5)
Decoding Advertising Images: Visual Literacy Techniques	141	(1)
Sample Decoding	142	(1)
Picture This: Social Relationships in Advertising	143	(1)
Get Them While They Are Young: Advertising, Children, and Youth	143	(6)
Purchasing Profile: What I Buy: The When, Where, and Why	145	(1)
Slime Time: Pitching to Kids	145	(2)
Food for Thought: Advertising, Nutrition, and Dieting	147	(2)
What's in This, Anyway? The Need to Read	149	(1)
Dangero U.S. Diets: If Looks Could Kill	150	(2)
Sex Role Stereotypes and Advertising	152	(4)
Back-Handed Compliments	154	(1)
Pieces-Parts	154	(1)
Body Billboards	155	(1)
Androgynous Advertising: Gender Blenders	155	(1)
Women in Advertising: Female Executives	155	(1)
Validating Violence	155	(1)
Condomnation: Selling Safe Sex and Abstinence	156	(1)
Alcohol Advertising: Through a Glass Darkly	157	(5)
Personal Inventory	160	(1)
Battling Billboards and Counter-Advertising	161	(1)
Warning Labels	161	(1)
Sample Slogans and Pitches from Print Ads	161	(1)
Alcohol Advertising on Television	162	(1)
Targeting Minorities	163	(1)
The Sporting Life	164	(1)
Product Placement	164	(1)
Marketing and Minorities: Demographics Is Destiny	164	(2)
Pictures of Pluralism: TV Advertising and Minority Children	165	(1)
National Stereotypes	166	(1)
The Graying of America	166	(1)
The Gay Market	166	(1)
The Packaged President: Advertising and the Political Process	167	(4)
The Campaign Trails: Teacher's Overview of Selected Case Studies	171	(6)
1960: Kennedy Versus Nixon	171	(1)
1964: Johnson Versus Goldwater	172	(1)
1968: Nixon Versus Humphrey	172	(2)
1976: Ford Versus Carter	174	(1)
1980: Carter Versus Reagan	175	(1)
1984: Reagan Versus Mondale	176	(1)
The Clinton Campaigns: Bush and Beyond	177	(5)
Activities	182	(1)
MiscellaneoU.S. Strategies and Activities	182	(4)
And the Winner Is ... Glad Advertising and ``Badvertising''	184	(1)
Clean Dreams	184	(1)
Green Consumerism	184	(1)
Advertising and the Telephone Directory	185	(1)
Looking at Logos	185	(1)
Selling Seasons	185	(1)
``Shelf-Help''	186	(1)
Teach Your Children Well	186	(2)
Food for Thought	186	(1)
``Some Assembly Required''; ``Batteries Not Included''; ``These Parts Sold Separately''	186	(1)
Special Effects and Visual Techniques	186	(1)
Color Counts	187	(1)
Strike a Pose	187	(1)
What's in a Name?	187	(1)
Songs That Sell	188	(1)
Ads as Historical Artifacts	188	(2)
References	190	(3)
5---From Living Room to Classroom: Taking Television Seriously	193	(74)
PAGE Versus SCREEN and Other PROS and CONS	196	(3)
10 Ways to Think About TV	199	(4)
Who Watches What? Age, Race, Class, Gender, and Other Viewing Variables	203	(4)
A Student Television Viewing Survey	206	(1)
TV or Not TV	206	(1)
Turn Off TV Week	206	(1)
It's Not What They Watch, It's How They Watch	207	(1)
Teachers Take ``AIME'' at the Frame	208	(1)
Thoughtful Viewing	208	(1)
Television, Reading, and Literacy	209	(2)
Stories and the Screen	210	(1)
Television as Text	211	(1)
Television Genres	211	(1)
Defining Genre	211	(1)
Critical Viewing and Thinking Skills	212	(4)
Learning to Look: A Visual Vocabulary	213	(2)
Why Bother with Critical Viewing Skills?	215	(1)
Problem Solving from Prime Time	215	(1)
If Looks Could Kill: Television and Stereotyping	216	(5)
Defining Stereotypes	218	(1)
Elements of Stereotyping	218	(1)
Examples of Stereotyping	219	(1)
Content Analysis and Stereotyping	220	(1)
The World of Work on Television	221	(1)
Case Study Activities	222	(2)
The Legal Profession	222	(1)
Teachers on Television	222	(2)
General Hospitals: The World of Doctors and Nurses	224	(1)
A Window on Women: Television's Representation of Females	224	(4)
Women as Main Characters	225	(1)
That Was Then ... This Is Now	226	(1)
Rock and Rule?	226	(1)
Female Characters in Television Cartoons	226	(1)
How Women Are Depicted on Television	227	(1)
Creative Women in Television	227	(1)
Focus on the Family: Is Prime Time a Fine Time?	228	(8)
TV Teens and Tots	233	(1)
Deja View	234	(1)
Our Town	235	(1)
Marvelous Moms and Dumb Dads	236	(1)
Families on Television: Families and Television	236	(1)
Racial Minorities on Television	236	(3)
The Cosby Controversy	237	(2)
Middle-Class Minorities	239	(1)
What's Wrong with This Picture?	239	(1)
Television and Human Health	239	(1)
Television and Sex Education	240	(8)
What the Research Says	241	(2)
Adolescent Sexuality	243	(2)
Fame and Shame	245	(1)
Is Sex Funny?	246	(1)
Sexual Dysfunction	246	(2)
The Mean Screen: Television and Violence	248	(8)
A Look at the Numbers: Violent Content and Context	250	(1)
Looking and Learning: Consequences of Viewing Violence	251	(1)
TV and Violence: Challenging the Mythconceptions	252	(2)
Getting Started: Defining Violence	254	(1)
Content, Consequences, and Causes	254	(1)
Violence and Television Genres	254	(1)
Cartoon Violence: Fantasy and Reality	254	(1)
What If You Acted Like That?	254	(1)
Is Violence Funny?	255	(1)
Sticks and Stones	255	(1)
Women as Victims: Voyeurism and Rape	255	(1)
The Functions of Visual Violence	255	(1)
Rights Versus Responsibilities	256	(1)
Alcohol and Substance Abuse	256	(3)
Television and Tobacco: Emmys and Phlemmys	258	(1)
Eating Disorders: Weighing the Consequences	259	(2)
References	261	(6)
6---Movies as Mentors: Teaching with Motion Pictures	267	(72)
Film, English, and Language Arts	269	(1)
Director as Author: The Auteur Theory	270	(15)
Some Important Academy Award-Winning Directors	272	(1)
The Common Elements of a Novel and Film	273	(1)
Narrators and Voice-Overs	274	(1)
And Then What Happened?: Movies as Motivators and Story Starters	275	(1)
Chain of Events, Sequencing, and Narrative Structure	276	(1)
Chain of Events and Jurassic Park	277	(1)
Excellence in Editing	277	(2)
Genre Studies	279	(1)
In the Beginning	280	(1)
And They All Lived Happily Ever After	281	(4)
Film and Art Education	285	(2)
Mise-en-Scene: Reading Design and Composition in Movies	287	(7)
Types of Shots	287	(1)
The Four P's	288	(3)
Sample Scenes for Teaching Mise-en-Scene	291	(3)
Motifs	294	(6)
The Question of Color	295	(2)
Film Noir	297	(1)
German Expressionism	297	(1)
Art Deco	298	(1)
Cinematography, Art Direction, and Costumes	298	(2)
Reeling in the Years: Film in History and Social Studies	300	(19)
Historical Evidence: Forrest Gump, Independence Dcry, and Others	302	(2)
Historical Authenticity	304	(1)
Cultural Values	304	(1)
Primary and Secondary Evidence	305	(3)
Exploring the 1970s and 1980s	308	(1)
Pictures of the Past	309	(1)
Fashions and Film	310	(1)
Partial List of Academy Award Winners for Best Costumes	311	(1)
What's Wrong with This Picture?	311	(1)
Mirrors, Windows, and Frames	312	(1)
Civil Rights in Cinema and Society: A Case Study	313	(1)
Civil Rights, Cinema, and Society: Timeline	314	(3)
Cinema and Civil Rights Additional Case Studies	317	(2)
Movies, Stereotyping, and Social Studies	319	(11)
Stereotypes, Conventions, Cliches, and Social Attitudes	320	(2)
Image and Influence: Beyond the Blame Game	322	(1)
Alcoholism and Addiction	323	(3)
Disabilities	326	(2)
The South and Applachia	328	(2)
The World of Work: School on the Screen	330	(5)
References	335	(4)
Media Literacy Resources	339	(6)
Media Literacy Organizations, Periodicals, and Websites	339	(2)
Videotapes	341	(4)
Index	345	(26)
About the Authors	371