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Douglas P. Heller is the author of Visualizing Everyday Chemistry, published by Wiley.
Carl H. Snyder is the author of Visualizing Everyday Chemistry, published by Wiley.
1 Chemistry in Our World 2
1.1 The Chemistry in Our Lives 4
Energy 4
Cleaning 5
Clothing and Polymers 5
Food 5
Medicines 5
WHAT A CHEMIST SEES: The Chemistry of Cars 7
1.2 Benefits Versus Risks 8
Three Common Chemicals with Known Benefits and Known Risks 8
BPA––A Chemical with Known Benefits but Uncertain Risks 9
1.3 Resources and Sustainability 10
Our Limited Resources 10
How Chemistry Improves Sustainability 10
1.4 The Science of Chemistry 12
Collaborative Research 13
The Scientific Method 14
1.5 Working with Scientific Units 15
SI Units and the Metric System 15
SI Prefixes as Multipliers 16
DID YOU KNOW?: Forensic Chemists are Unlikely to Set Foot in a Crime Scene as a Routine Part of their Work 18
Converting Units Using Unit Cancellation 19
2 Atoms and Elements 26
2.1 Atomic Structure 28
Questioning the Nature of Matter 28
Early Atomic Models 28
Nuclear Models of the Atom 30
Later Atomic Models 35
2.2 The Nucleus 37
Atomic Number 37
Mass Number 38
2.3 Isotopes and Atomic Mass 40
Isotopes 40
Mass and Weight 41
Atomic Mass 42
2.4 The Periodic Table 43
The Elements of Our Environment 47
The Elements of Living Things 48
3 Chemical Compounds 54
3.1 Periodicity and Valence Electrons 56
Valence Electrons 56
Lewis Structures 58
3.2 Ionic and Covalent Bonding 58
Ionic Bonds 59
Covalent Bonds 60
Ions and Electrical Conductivity 64
Temperature Effects on Water and Salt 64
3.3 Ionic Compounds 68
How Ionic Compounds Form 68
Ionic Compound Formulas and Names 69
Formula Mass 71
3.4 Covalent Compounds 71
Visualizing Molecules 72
Molecular Formulas and Names 74
Covalent Versus Ionic Compounds 75
WHAT A CHEMIST SEES: Everyday Products Containing Polyatomic Ions 76
3.5 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 77
Defining Organic Chemistry 77
Naming Organic Compounds 77
4 Energy and Society 88
4.1 Energy and Its Uses 90
Defining Energy 90
Uses of Energy 92
4.2 Fossil Fuels 93
Type of Fossil Fuels 93
Combustion of Fossil Fuels 97
4.3 Petroleum Refining and Gasoline 98
The Internal Combustion Engine 98
Petroleum Refining 99
Gasoline 103
WHAT A CHEMIST SEES: At the Pump 105
4.4 Fossil Fuels and the Carbon Cycle 106
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 106
The Carbon Cycle 106
4.5 Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change 108
The Greenhouse Effect 108
Climate Change 109
4.6 Energy for the Future 113
Alternative Energies 114
Carbon-Based Fuels 116
DID YOU KNOW?: Biofuels Are Not a New Technology 117
5 Energy of Foods 124
5.1 The Energy Equation and Metabolism 126
Energy, Heat, and Work 126
The Human Body and the Energy Equation 127
5.2 Fats and Oils 132
Structures of Fats and Oils 132
Fats and Oils in Our Diets 137
5.3 Carbohydrates 141
Classes of Carbohydrates 141
Carbohydrates and Diet 143
5.4 Proteins 148
Structures of Proteins 149
Proteins and Diet 152
WHAT A CHEMIST SEES: Protein Denaturation 153
DID YOU KNOW?: Designer Molecules in Some of the Very Foods We Eat 155
6 Physical and Chemical Changes 162
6.1 States of Matter and Their Changes 164
States of Matter 164
WHAT A CHEMIST SEES: States of Matter at the Molecular Level 165
Density 169
DID YOU KNOW?: Smarter clothes depend on intermolecular forces 170
6.2 Gas Behavior 172
The Gas We Live In 173
Gas Laws 174
Gas Compression and Expansion 180
6.3 Chemical Changes 183
The Nature of Chemical Reactions 183
Balancing Chemical Equations 184
6.4 Counting Atoms and Molecules 187
Chemical Accounting 189
Quantities and Chemical Reactions 191
The Energy of Chemical Reactions 192
7 Water and Other Solutions 200
7.1 Solutions and Other Mixtures 202
Types of Solutions 202
Solubility 203
Colloids and Dispersions 206
7.2 Dissolved Gases 209
Henry’s Law of Dissolved Gases 209
Other Common Examples of Dissolved Gases 211
WHAT A CHEMIST SEES: Blood Alcohol Testing Using a Breath Analyzer 213
7.3 Solution Concentrations 214
Molarity 214
Percentage Concentrations 215
Concentrations of Solutes within Blood 216
Expressing Exceedingly Small Concentrations 217
7.4 Water in Our World 219
The Relative Scarcity of Fresh Water 219
Does Pure Water Exist? 220
Defining Polluted Water 222
Meeting Water Needs 222
DID YOU KNOW? Bottled Water Can Cost Over 100 Times as Much as Tap Water, Yet Is Not Necessarily Any Safer or Healthier 226
8 Acids and Bases 232
8.1 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization 234
Acids and Bases—Preliminary Observations 234
Neutralization Reactions 236
Acids and Bases at the Molecular Level 237
WHAT A CHEMIST SEES: Common Uses of Oxygen-Containing Acids 238
8.2 The pH Scale 241
Amphoteric Water 241
pH: The Measure of Acidity 243
Strong Versus Weak Acids 246
8.3 Acids and Bases in Everyday Life 249
Bodies, Foods, and Consumer Products 249
Acids in Our Environment 252
DID YOU KNOW? A Variety of Common Expressions Get Their Meanings from Chemistry 256
9 Nuclear Chemistry 264
9.1 Radioactivity 266
Discovery of Radioactive Decay 267
Types of Radioactive Decay 268
9.2 Ionizing Radiation: Effects and Applications 270
Ionizing Radiation and Its Effects on Health 270
Half-life and Radiocarbon Dating 275
Medical and Safety Applications of Radioisotopes 277
9.3 Mass Defect and Binding Energy 279
Mass and Energy 279
Converting Mass to Energy within the Nucleus 281
9.4 Unleashing the Power of the Nucleus 281
Nuclear Fission 281
Nuclear Power 287
Nuclear Fusion 291
10 Energy from Electron Transfer 298
10.1 Oxidation and Reduction 300
Electron Transfer in Oxidation and Reduction 300
Oxidation and Reduction in Everyday Life 301
WHAT A CHEMIST SEES: Rusting 306
10.2 Redox Reactions and Electrical Current 307
Oxidation States 307
Putting Oxidation and Reduction to Work 307
Battery Design 312
Electrolysis 316
10.3 Fuel Cells and Solar Cells 320
Fuel Cells 320
Solar Cells 321
DID YOU KNOW? Electric Cars Were at One Time More Popular than Gasoline-Powered Vehicles 322
11 Cleaning Agents, Personal Care, and Cosmetics 330
11.1 Soaps and Surfactants 332
Surface Tension 332
Soaps and Detergents 333
Other Surfactants 337
Hard Water 339
DID YOU KNOW? “Green” Cleaners May Offer Environmental or Safety Benefits, but Are Not Chemical Free 342
11.2 Cosmetics and Skin Care 343
Cosmetics: Then and Now 343
Skin Care 345
WHAT A CHEMIST SEES: Cosmetics That Add Color 347
11.3 Oral Care and Hair Care 352
Oral Care 352
Hair Care 353
12 Genes, Medicines, and Drugs 364
12.1 Nonprescription Medicines 366
Aspirin and Other Nonprescription Pain Relievers 366
Cold and Allergy Medicines 370
12.2 Prescription Medicines 370
Drug Development 371
Therapeutic Classes of Drugs 372
12.3 Recreational, Illicit, and Abused Drugs 377
Alcohol and Marijuana 378
Alkaloids 379
Other Abused Drugs 383
12.4 Chemistry of Genetics 386
The Molecular Basis of Heredity 386
Genetic Factors in Health And Disease 395
Genetic Technologies 395
DID YOU KNOW? Genetically Engineered Plants and Animals Can Yield Medications and Other Valuable Materials 400
13 Plastics, Pollution, and Sustainability 408
13.1 Polymer Uses and Structures 410
Plastics and Society 410
Polymer Formation 411
WHAT A CHEMIST SEES: Low-Density and High-Density Polyethylene 415
Properties of Polymers 415
13.2 The Development and Future of Polymers 417
Polymer Discovery 417
WHAT A CHEMIST SEES: Advanced Polymers 421
Plastics and Sustainability 422
13.3 Pollution and Wastes 424
Defining Pollution 425
Types of Pollution 426
Solid and Hazardous Waste 433
14 Micronutrients, Food Additives, and Food Safety 444
14.1 Micronutrients 446
Vitamins 446
Minerals 449
WHAT A CHEMIST SEES: Dietary Minerals and the Periodic Table 451
14.2 Food Additives 452
The Need for Federal Supervision 452
Defining Food Additives 453
Functions of Additives 454
14.3 Food Safety 458
Toxicity 459
Safety, A Matter of Personal and Societal Judgment 461
Appendix A SI Units and Conversion Factors 472
Appendix B Answers 473
Glossary 515
Index 519
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