Volcanic Processes : Mechanisms in Material Transport

by Dobran, Flavio

• ISBN13: 9780306466250
• ISBN10: 0306466252
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-11-01
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Table of Contents

List of Symbols	xxi
Overview of Volcanic Processes	1	(40)
Basic Concepts and Definitions	1	(13)
The Volcanic System	14	(6)
The Geodynamic Problem	20	(1)
Volcanic Activity on the Earth	21	(13)
Volcanic Risk Mitigation	34	(5)
Closure	39	(2)
Foundations of Transport Theory	41	(127)
Introduction	41	(2)
Equilibrium Thermodynamics	43	(9)
Quasi-Equilibrium	52	(3)
Single-Phase Multicomponent Mixtures	55	(39)
Kinematics	56	(2)
Mass Balance	58	(1)
Linear Momentum	59	(4)
Angular Momentum	63	(1)
Energy	64	(2)
Constitutive Theory and Entropy	66	(2)
Constitutive Equations	68	(8)
Summary of Transport Equations	76	(1)
Single-Component Fluid	77	(1)
Integral Transport Laws	78	(2)
Control Volume Conservation of Mass	80	(2)
Control Volume Linear and Angular Momenta	82	(2)
Control Volume Energy and Entropy	84	(4)
Applications of Integral Analysis	88	(6)
Multiphase Mixtures	94	(20)
Preliminary Results	95	(5)
Kinematics	100	(1)
Mass	101	(1)
Linear and Angular Momenta	101	(1)
Energy and Entropy	102	(2)
Structural Effects and Constitutive Equations	104	(5)
Mixture Jump Conditions	109	(1)
Representative Applications	110	(4)
Elastic and Inelastic Stress Analysis	114	(52)
Principal Stresses and Stress Deviator	115	(3)
Strain	118	(4)
Stress-Strain Behavior of Materials	122	(7)
Elasticity and Thermoelasticity	129	(5)
Viscoelasticity	134	(5)
Plasticity and Viscoplasticity	139	(1)
Yield Criteria	140	(5)
Plastic and Viscoplastic Stress and Strain	145	(4)
Deformation of Rocks	149	(1)
Rock Deformation Properties	150	(6)
Crack Propagation	156	(5)
Three-Dimensional Mohr's Circle	161	(1)
Rock Fracture Criteria	161	(5)
Closure	166	(2)
APPENDIX 2.A: BASIC MATHEMATICAL TOOLS	168	(369)
2.A.1 Definitions and Results from Algebra and Calculus	168	(7)
2.A.2 Integral Theorems	175	(3)
2.A.3 Differential Quantities in Different Coordinate Systems	178	(3)
Properties of Igneous Materials	181	(76)
Introduction	181	(2)
Classification of Volcanic Rocks	183	(6)
Mineralogical Phase Diagrams	189	(19)
Steady-State Mixing of Binary Mixtures	190	(1)
Binary Systems	191	(4)
Ternary and Quaternary Systems	195	(8)
Pressure and Dissolved Gas Effects	203	(2)
Oxygen Fugacity and Magma Temperatures	205	(1)
Thermodynamic Modeling	206	(2)
Multicomponent Melts	208	(21)
Physical Properties	209	(7)
Equations of State	216	(1)
Mantle Equations of State	217	(1)
Fluids Equations of State	218	(2)
Volatile Concentrations	220	(9)
Rheological Properties	229	(10)
Low-Melt-Fraction Rheology	229	(3)
High-Melt-Fraction Rheology	232	(7)
Properties of Rocks and Minerals	239	(6)
Porosity and Permeability	240	(2)
Thermoelastic Properties	242	(3)
Trace Element Distribution and Isotope Geochemistry	245	(8)
Closure	253	(4)
Mantile Convection and Melt Segregation	257	(70)
Introduction	257	(3)
Mantile Gradients	260	(5)
Geothermal Gradient	260	(2)
Adiabatic Gradient	262	(3)
Constitution of the Mantle	265	(7)
Mantle Convection	272	(14)
Convection Parameters	272	(12)
Numerical Modeling	284	(2)
Melt Segregation	286	(38)
Melt Segregation Parameters	288	(7)
Melt Extraction	295	(3)
Melt Compaction without Phase Change	298	(5)
Spreading Centers and Subduction Zones	303	(7)
Mantle Plumes	310	(3)
Melting and Trace Element Distribution	313	(11)
Closure	324	(3)
Magma Chambers	327	(84)
Introduction	327	(3)
Evolution of Magma Bodies	330	(26)
Considerations from Fracture Mechanics	330	(4)
Fracture Propagation	334	(9)
Mechanical and Thermal Constraints	343	(1)
Mechanical Effects	344	(5)
Thermal Effects	349	(7)
Magmatic Processes	356	(39)
Evidence from Intrusions	356	(3)
Crystallization Concepts	359	(4)
Convection	363	(1)
Laboratory Experiments	363	(2)
Physical Modeling Strategies	365	(6)
Double-Diffusive Convection	371	(11)
Crystallization	382	(1)
Crystallization Kinetics	383	(4)
Heat and Mass Transfer with Phase Change	387	(8)
Magma Chamber Dynamics	395	(15)
Thermomechanical Model	396	(8)
Vesuvius Eruption Forecasting	404	(1)
Initial Conditions	404	(1)
Modeling Parameters	405	(2)
Results	407	(3)
Closure	410	(1)
Magma Ascent in Conduits	411	(76)
Introduction	411	(3)
Opening of Volcanic Conduits	414	(16)
Stability Considerations	415	(4)
Constraints from Melting and Solidification	419	(11)
Conduit Processes	430	(31)
Bubble Nucleation and Growth	430	(8)
Magma Fragmentation	438	(3)
Magma-Water Interaction	441	(1)
Nonexplosive Magma-Water Interaction	442	(8)
Explosive Magma-Water Interaction	450	(11)
Magma Ascent Dynamics	461	(23)
Homogeneous Flow	462	(9)
Two-Phase Nonequilibrium Flow	471	(8)
Crater Effects	479	(1)
Conduit Erosion	480	(4)
Closure	484	(3)
Pyroclastic Dispersions	487	(50)
Introduction	487	(6)
Eruption Columns	493	(22)
Jet Thrust Region	493	(10)
Fountains and Material Recycling	503	(4)
Buoyant and Buoyant/Collapsing Columns	507	(4)
Collapsing Columns and Pyroclastic Flows	511	(4)
Pyroclastic Deposits	515	(9)
Plinian Columns	517	(4)
Pyroclastic Flows and Surges	521	(3)
Eruption Mitigation at Vesuvius	524	(11)
Decision Theory	526	(4)
Pyroclastic Flow Mitigation	530	(3)
VESUVIUS 2000	533	(2)
Closure	535	(2)
References	537	(40)
Index	577