War in the Shadows Vol. I : The Guerrilla in History

by Asprey, Robert B.

• ISBN13: 9780595225934
• ISBN10: 0595225934
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-05-01
• Publisher: Iuniverse Inc

Table of Contents

PART ONE Lenin's Heritage
Chapter 1	3	(10)
Darius bows to Scythian guerrillas
Alexander the Great's tactics against the Asiatic Scythians
Alexander's later guerrilla wars
Hannibal's victory over Alpine guerrillas
Rome's colonial wars
The war of Spartacus
Caesar and Cassivellaunus
Chapter 2	13	(9)
The Roman pacification of Spain
Reasons for the Roman presence
Scipio's campaign
The first uprisings
Cato's reply to the guerrillas
Guerrilla strength and weakness
Roman atrocities
The Roman investment
Rome's continued political and military failures
The reforms of Gracchus and Marcellus
The shame of Lucullus and Galba
The rise and fall of brave Viriathus
Scipio Aemilianus' reforms
The extraordinary rebellion of Quintus Sertorius
Final Roman ``victory''
Chapter 3	22	(14)
Hannibal's cunning
Fabian strategy and tactics
Warfare in early China
The amazing Sun Tzu: The Art of War
Quasi-guerrilla tactics of Goths and Huns
Fridigern and the battle of Adrianople
Political weaknesses of the barbarians
Rise of the Franks
Attila and the Huns
Justinian's campaigns
Belisarius: brain versus brawn
Emperor Maurice's defense against guerrilla tactics
Emperor Leo's great work: Tactics
Emperor Nikephoros Phokas: On Shadowing Warfare
The growing difference in warfare between East and West
Chapter 4	36	(12)
Warfare in the West
The great Mongol invasion of Europe
Vietnam's savior: Marshall Tran Hung Dao
Edward I's pacification of Wales
The English experience in Scotland: William Wallace and Robert Bruce
The guerrilla leader Bertrand du Guesclin
Chapter 5	48	(15)
The decline of guerrilla warfare
Machiavelli and military developments
Turenne, Conde, Martinet: seventeenth-century tactics
The great captains: Maurice of Nassau, Gustavus Adolphus, Charles XII
Marl-borough Frederick the Great and guerrilla warfare
Pasquali Paoli and his Corsican guerrillas
The early colonizing period
North American Indian guerrilla tactics
The rise of orthodoxy in the American colonial army
Braddock's defeat
Colonel Henri Bouquet's reforms
Rogers' scouts
The rise of light infantry
Outbreak of revolution
Chapter 6	63	(9)
Guerrilla warfare in the southern colonies
The background
Clinton's shift in strategy
Capture of Charleston
``Tarleton's Quarters''
Clinton's occupation policy
Conflict with Cornwallis
Cornwallis takes command
The political situation
Colonial guerrilla resistance
Horatio Gates and the Continentals
Cornwallis' victory at Camden
Guerrilla leaders: Marion, Sumter, Pickens
Cornwallis' punitive policy
His decision to invade North Carolina
British defeat at King's Mountain, and Cornwallis' retreat
Marion's guerrilla tactics
Battles of Cowpens and Guilford Courthouse
Cornwallis marches for Virginia
Greene's offensive: final guerrilla operations
Chapter 7	72	(12)
England's colonial wars
Indian guerrilla leaders: Sivaji and Tippu
Wellesley's tactical changes
The Vendee rebellion
Hoche's counterguerrilla tactics: ``overawing'' versus ``exasperating''
Napoleon invades Spain
Spanish army disasters
The rise of guerrilla bands
Wellington's early battles and use of guerrillas
French excesses
Guerrilla offensives
French countertactics
Marshall Bessieres' testament
Chapter 8	84	(8)
Hofer's Tyrolean guerrillas fight the French
The Pugachev rebellion
Napoleon's invasion of Russia
The ``conquest'' of Vitebsk
Kutuzov's strategy
Peasant guerrillas
Denis Davydov and the partisans
The French retreat
The final disaster
Prussia's levee en masse
Chapter 9	92	(18)
Clausewitz and Jomini on guerrilla war
The French land in Algeria
Abd-el-Kader leads the resistance
Clauzel's strategy and defeat
Valee's Great Wall
Bugeaud's tactics
Shamyl and the Caucasus
Guerrilla warfare in Burma
The Seminole war in Florida
Effects of Industrial Revolution on guerrilla warfare
The American Civil War
Forrest, Morgan and Mosby
Sheridan's countertactics
Pope's policy
Chapter 10	110	(12)
The American army's preference for orthodox warfare
Brussels conference of 1874
Indian wars in America
General Custer's disaster
Upton's mission to Europe
Influence of Prussian militarism on the American army
Alfred Mahan and American expansionism
Guerrilla wars in Cuba
General Wyler's tactics
McKinley and American intervention
Chapter 11	122	(13)
Spanish rule of the Philippines
Rizal and the 1896 insurrection
Aguinaldo's rise
Dewey's victory at Manila Bay
The American problem
General Merritt's expeditionary force
The American attitude
The Treaty of Paris
Outbreak of insurrection
American victories in the Philippines
Otis' optimism
MacArthur's expedition
American reverses
Mr. Bass tells the truth
Enemy tactics
MacArthur's pacification program
The Capture of Aguinaldo
Taft establishes civil rule
The Samar massacre
General ``Roaring Jake'' Smith: ``I want no prisoners...''
General Bell's ``solution''
Taft's countersolution
End of insurrection
The tally sheet
Chapter 12	135	(15)
Small-war characteristics
Importance of leadership
Technology and increased weight
British, Russian, and French failures
Charles Callwell's classic work: Small Wars
British operations in Burma
Thibaw's guerrillas
General White's tactics
Sir Charles Crosthwaite's police
The first Boer war
The second Boer war
Conventional opening battles
Buller's errors
Roberts and Kitchener take over
Pretoria falls
Guerrilla war begins
De La Rey and Jan Smuts' commandos
Kitchener's new tactics
British victory
The cost
Chapter 13	150	(9)
Hubert Lyautey
His background
Gallieni's tactics against Indochinese ``pirates''
Origin of the tache d'huile concept
Gallieni's influence on Lyautey
Pacification of Madagascar
Tache d'huile tactics in Algeria
Pacification of Morocco
Lyautey: success or failure?
Chapter 14	159	(13)
Background to the Mexican Revolution
The rebellions of Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos
Santa Anna's dictatorship
Guerrillas and the War of the Reforms
Marshall Bazaine and Mexican guerrillas
The Porfiriate and the 1910 revolution
Early guerrilla actions
The guerrilla armies of Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata
The political, social and economic revolutions
Civil war
American intervention
Zapata's and Villa's deaths
Chapter 15	172	(7)
Guerrillas in World War I
Lettow-Vorbeck in German East Africa
The background
A guerrilla army forms
Lettow-Vorbeck's problems
The Boer campaign against him
His incredible retreat
The cost
Lettow Vorbeck's secret
British weaknesses
Meinertzhagen's prediction
Chapter 16	179	(13)
Thomas Edward Lawrence
His background
The original Arab revolt
Lawrence's first impressions and estimate of the situation
He joins the rebellion
Arab reverses
Lawrence recovers the initiative
His illness
Moment of truth: a new tactical doctrine
His tactics analyzed
The Arab contribution
Chapter 17	192	(10)
The Irish Revolution
Asquith reacts
Rise of Sinn Fein
Michael Collins and the Irish Republican Army
The IRA and terrorist tactics
The Royal Irish Constabulary
The Black and Tans
The Auxies
Sir Nevil Macready's iron fist
Sinn Fein replies
The war escalates
Partition and British departure
The cost
Question of terrorist tactics
Definition of terror
Rule by terror
Paradox of terror: the double standard
Terror in the East
Chapter 18	202	(11)
The Russian Revolution
Historical background
Early terrorist tactics
Bakunin and Marx
Plekhanov and the liberals
Nicholas' assassination
Alexander III and the okhrana
Lenin's rise
Guerrilla warfare in the countryside
Mensheviks versus Bolsheviks
Von Plehve's assassination
Gapon's Bloody Sunday
The October Manifesto and the reign of terror
The revolutionaries fight back
World War I and the government's weakness
Revolution
Bolshevik victory
Chapter 19	213	(16)
Lenin's problems
The Red Terror
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Trotsky builds the Red army
Lenin on guerrilla warfare
Allied intervention
President Wilson's ambiguity
Whites versus Reds
The guerrilla aspects of civil war
Lenin's tactics
Reason for allied failures
Kolchak and Denikin's shortcomings
Cost of allied intervention
Lenin's victory
The Communist International: short-term losses, long-term plans
PART TWO Mao and Revolutionary Warfare
Chapter 20	229	(16)
The ``sleeping giant'' of China
Early revolts
Rise of the Manchus
Foreign intervention
The Opium War
Foreign exploitation
The Taiping rebellion
Peking faces increasing resistance
Rise of regional armies
China's second war with England
End of the Long-Hair revolt
Cost of the Taiping rebellion
Failure of the Reformers
Continued foreign exploitation
Chinese resistance
The Boxer rebellion
Enter Sun Yatsen
The 1911 revolution
End of the Manchus
Birth of the Kuomintang
The war lords rule
Sun Yat-sen's revolt
The Communists join the Kuomintang
Enter Chiang Kai-shek
His march north
He breaks with the Communists
His dictatorship
Chapter 21	245	(18)
Mao Tse-tung
Childhood and education
Conversion to communism
Mao turns to the peasants
``...A revolution is not a dinner party...''
The Autumn Harvest Uprising
Mao's defeat
Guerrilla warfare
Mao's formula
A winter of discontent
The Changsa defeat
Mao's shift in strategy
Chiang Kai-shek's ``bandit-suppression campaign'' fails
Mao's growth in strength
Falkenhausen's counterguerrilla tactics
The Long March to Shensi
Its accomplishments
Mao resumes the offensive
The United Front against the Japanese invaders
Mao's theory of ``people's war''
Communist organization, equipment, and training of guerrilla units
Their missions
Mao's debt to Sun Tzu
Secret of Communist tactics
Mao's ``identification strategy''
His war against the Japanese invader
Chapter 22	263	(14)
The Rif rebellion
Spain and Morocco
Condition of the Spanish army
The Regulares and the Tercio
Spanish pacification policy
Early operations
Guerrilla resistance
Abd-el-Krim
Spanish defeat
The war continues
Africanistas versus Abandonistas
Primo de Rivera's ``line''
Abd-el-Krim and the great powers
French intervention
Rebel strength
The Rif offensive
Escalation
Abd-el-Krim's fall
Spain's ``victory''
Chapter 23	277	(19)
The spread of colonial uprisings
The Royal Air Force and pacification
Air Control versus Ground Control
Air Control analyzed
The British army and colonial uprisings
Sir Charles Gwynn's Imperial Policing
The Moplah rebellion
Guerrilla warfare in Santo Domingo
American marine tactics
Guerrilla warfare in Nicaragua
Augusto Cesar Sandino
American marine tactics: ground and air
The American effort analyzed
The Spanish civil war
Guerrilla aspects
Hemingway and the ideological element
Stalin's attitude
International brigades
Chapter 24	296	(14)
World War II
German and Japanese victories
Guerrilla warfare begins
Allied support of resistance movements
Special Operations Executive (SOE)
Office of Strategic Service (OSS)
The British-American policy analyzed
The Communist element
Reasons for a quantitative approach
Churchill and Roosevelt
European resistance analyzed
The complex political element
German occupation policy
German errors
Growth of underground movements
Resistance in Czechoslovakia, Poland, Italy, and Norway
Chapter 25	310	(11)
French resistance in World War II
The political caldron
De Gaulle and the BCRA
Conflict with SOE
SOE's early difficulties
The German occupation policy
Growth of resistance
German errors
Rise of the maquis
Guerrilla warfare increases
SOE/OSS special units
Guerrilla support of allied landings
The cost
Chapter 26	321	(17)
German invasion of Russia
Ukrainian apathy
The Red army and guerrilla warfare
Stalin calls for guerrilla resistance
Early guerrilla operations
Guerrilla problems
Germany's extermination policy
German counterguerrilla tactics
Kaminski and Vlasov
German intransigence
Stalin's reorganization of partisan units
Guerrilla hardships
Early guerrilla tactics
Long-range guerrilla operations
Over-all effectiveness of guerrilla warfare
Chapter 27	338	(18)
The Germans occupy Yugoslavia
Guerrilla units form
The Balkan guerrilla tradition
Scanderbeg
Heyduks and klefts
Kosta Pecanac
World War II: Chetniks versus Partisans
Tito and the Yugoslav Communist Party
Early operations
SOE intervenes
German counterguerrilla offensives
Tito's growing strength
New German offensives
Fitzroy Maclean reports
Tito grows stronger
His near capture
Final guerrilla actions
German and Yugoslav losses
German strength in Yugoslavia
German operational problems
Tito and Yugoslav nationalism
The Hauspartisanen
Tito's guerrilla tactics
Kosta's operations
SOE's liaison problems
The Russian attitude
Chapter 28	356	(14)
German occupation of Greece
Political and military background
Initial resistance
Greek passivity to occupation
First SOE mission
Conflict among resistance groups
SOE difficulties, internal and external
Operation Animals
The ELAS guerrillas
German countertactics
The Russian mission
Operation Noah's Ark
Italian occupation of Albania
Albanian resistance
Enver Hoxha and the LNC
First SOE mission
Internal political conflicts
The Germans arrive
The Davies mission
Maclean's new mission
Hoxha's guerrilla operations
Chapter 29	370	(8)
Japanese conquests
Australian coastwatchers
American marines on Guadalcanal
Japanese occupation of Timor
Australian independent companies
Callinan fights guerrilla warfare
Japanese countertactics
The native element
A summing up
Chapter 30	378	(10)
Guerrilla resistance in the Philippines
Area of operations
Kangleon's guerrillas on Leyte
Major missions
Japanese occupation policy
Japanese countertactics
Fertig's guerrillas on Mindanao
Major missions
Failure of Japanese countertactics
Communist resistance
Luis Taruc and the Huks
Volckmann's guerrillas on Luzon
His organization and growth
Major missions
The Japanese attitude
Host to MacArthur's landing
Chapter 31	388	(17)
Japanese occupation of Indonesia
Historical background
Dutch overlords
Sporadic Indonesian resistance
Early nationalist movements
Sukarno and the PNI
Japanese exploitation and bestiality
Effects of the occupation
Indonesian independence
Dutch demands
Allied intervenfition
Japanese occupation of Thailand
Limited OSS operations
The Japanese occupy Indochina
Historical background
The French conquest
Fallacy of ``peace and security'' argument
The French contribution
Fallacy of the ``non-profit'' argument
Failure of French colonial policy
Conditions inside Indochina: the double standard
Indochinese resistance
Early guerrilla wars
Rise of nationalism
Bao Dai and Ngo Dinh Diem
The Yen Bay mutiny
Enter Ho Chi Minh
The Vietnamese Communist movement
Ho's peregrinations
Further Vietnamese uprisings
The Cao Dai and the Hoa Hao
The Japanese threaten French Indochina
America's position
French capitulation
Decoux's dictatorship
President Roosevelt's anti-colonialism
Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh
Vo Nguyen Giap
OSS support of Giap
Allied postwar policy
British and Chinese occupation of Vietnam
Ho proclaims the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Communist failure in the South
Chapter 32	405	(9)
Japanese conquest of Malaya
Japan's surprise tactics
Prewar British attitude
Japanese army training
The SOE in Malaya
The historical background
British colonization
Origin of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP)
Its alliance with SOE
Early resistance to the Japanese
SOE problems
Japanese counterguerrilla operations
MCP organization, training, and tactics
Communist use of propaganda
SOE reinforcements
MCP strength at war's end
Chapter 33	414	(15)
The Japanese invade Burma
Allied defeat
Allied strategy
Stilwell versus British and Chinese
Historical background
British colonial administration
Saya San's rebellion
The Thakin movement
Aung San's collaboration with the Japanese
SOE organizes guerrilla units
A modern major general (I): William Slim
He adapts to the tactical challenge
First Arakan offensive
A modern major general (II): Vinegar Joe Stilwell
His Chinese command and training program
Orde Wingate and guerrilla warfare: Palestine and Ethiopia
His concept of ``Long Range Penetration'' operations
The first Chindit operation
Chapter 34	429	(9)
Wingate's fame
South-East Asia Command
Slim inherits Fourteenth Army
Slim's genius
Wingate's new ``stronghold'' concept
Slim's second Arakan offensive
Wingate's second offensive
His death
Stilwell's northern command
Merrill's Marauders
The Kachins
Japanese occupation excesses
Aung San deserts the Japanese
The Karen guerrilla offensive
Japanese evacuation
The postwar political situation
Chapter 35	438	(15)
China in World War II
Chiang Kai-shek's strategy
American aid
Continued Japanese gains
Chiang's government and army
Chiang and Roosevelt
Stilwell versus Chiang and Claire Chennault
The Miles mission
SACO operations
Miles' failure
Mao Tse-tung's strategy and tactics
The coalition problem
Patrick Hurley's mission
The Dixie Mission
Mao's increasing strength
Stilwell's relief
Wedemeyer takes over
The deteriorating Nationalist position
The Yalta Conference and the ``Far Eastern Agreement''
Mao prepares to strike
Chapter 36	453	(16)
Conflict in policy: the China question
Hurley and Stalin
Kennan's warning
Truman's inaction
The military position: Nationalists versus Reds
Postwar political situation
American marines land
Chiang occupies Manchuria
The Communist presence
Early clashes
Hurley's resignation
The Marshall mission
Fighting breaks out
Chiang's continued complacency
Marshall's warning
Limited Nationalist gains
Nationalist morale crumbles
Communist guerrilla offensives
The Wedemeyer mission
His analysis and recommendations
William Bullitt's accusations
His ``domino'' theory
Chiang's continued demands
Lin Piao's ``Seventh Offensive''
Mao's guerrilla tactics
Chiang loses Manchuria
Mao moves south
The final debacle
American failure to analyze Chiang's defeat
PART THREE Ho . . . Ho . . . Ho Chi Minh
Chapter 37	469	(11)
A disrupted world
Soviet political aims
Western weaknesses
Communist-inspired insurrections
The Cominform
American reaction
Allied occupation of Vietnam
Conflict in the South
The French take over
The Chinese in the North
Ho Chi Minh's problems
His isolation
The French arrive in strength
Chinese exit
The French solution
Viet Minh opposition
Guerrilla warfare in the South
Trouble in the North
Outbreak of insurgency
Chapter 38	480	(9)
Viet Minh strength
French counterinsurgency tactics
French errors
Operation Lea
The political problem
General Revers' secret report
Vietnamese nationalism
Bao Dai's provisional government
The American position
Indochina's international importance
Truman's confusion
The French attitude
The Elysee Agreements
Acheson's dilemma (I)
The lines form
Chapter 39	489	(8)
Change in Viet Minh tactics
Vo Nguyen Giap
Mao Tse-tung's influence
Communist tactics in the South
Viet Minh military organization
The political base
Special Viet Minh units
Guerrilla tactics
French countertactics
Terror tactics
Enter Communist China
Viet Minh expansion
Chapter 40	497	(11)
Viet Minh offensives
French disasters
La sale guerre
General de Lattre de Tassigny
Giap's mistakes
Change in Communist tactics
French strategy and tactics
De Lattre's ``crusade''
American intervention
American French conflict
George Kennan's warning to Acheson
Acheson's dilemma (II)
Gullion and Blum dissent
Congressman John Kennedy's position
Chapter 41	508	(7)
De Lattre's new tactics
General Salan takes over
Jean Letourneau
French political failure
Acheson's dilemma (III)
Giap's problems
His shift in targets
Salan's countermoves
Orde Wingate's ghost (I)
Continued French failure
Acheson loses patience
Giap fans out
General Henri Navarre arrives
Chapter 42	515	(12)
The Greek civil war
Postwar confusion
Communist organization and strength
Communist defeat
Markos changes tactics
Growth of Communist strength
Government strength and weakness
The balance sheet
Communist guerrilla operations
Communist strength and weakness
Yugoslavia and Albania
The Truman Doctrine
The American army's quantitative approach
Greek army offensives
Communist political errors
Tito's defection
End of the war
The cost
Reasons for Communist defeat
Western ``victory''
Chapter 43	527	(16)
The Philippine problem
Postwar situation
The Huks
Basis of Communist popularity
Communist tactics
Government countertactics
American army influence
Success and failure
Magsaysay takes over
Limited progress in land reform
His untimely death
Revival of the Communist Huk movement: the New People's Army (NPA) opens guerrilla warfare
President Ferdinand Marcos
Nur Masouri's Moslem Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in Mindanao
The Bangsa Moro Army (BMA)
Marcos declares martial law
Military stalemate
Guerrilla operations expand
Fall of Marcos
Corazon Aquino's ineffectual government
Increasing guerrilla operations
General Fidel Ramos takes over
Ramos' problems
Success and failure
The job ahead
Chapter 44	543	(8)
Rise of Indonesian nationalism
Allied occupation
Clashes with the British
The Communist element
Negotiations break down
The Dutch take over
A military solution
Guerrilla warfare
Sukarno's problems
The Communist revolt
Dutch intransigence
American intervention
The Dutch yield
Chapter 45	551	(12)
The Palestine problem
Historical background
The British role
Jews versus Arabs
The Zionist position
Origin of Haganah
World War II and the postwar situation
David Raziel: the militant element
Irgun and terrorism
Stern and the FFI
Menachem Begin
Guerrilla war
British countertactics
UN intervention
The British yield
Chapter 46	563	(12)
Postwar Malaya
Chin Peng's Communist guerrilla army
Communist tactics
Government reaction
Counterinsurgency tactics
Chin Peng's tactical adjustment
British problems
British tactical adaptation
The Briggs Plan
Guerrilla setbacks
Templer takes over: the qualitative approach
The tactical challenge
The cost
Chapter 47	575	(12)
The Vietnam War
Navarre's tactics
Chinese aid
The American position
Erroneous estimates of the situation
Genesis of the domino theory
On strategic values
``Strategic keys'' versus ``strategic conveniences''
Mark Clark's recommendations
General O'Daniel's mission
The Navarre Plan: ``. . . light at the end of a tunnel''
Giap's response
Orde Wingate's ghost (II)
Dien Bien Phu
Giap's secret plans
Navarre's problems
Origin of the Geneva Conference
Navarre's continuing errors
American aid
Chapter 48	587	(7)
Vietnam: French and American estimates
Giap attacks Dien Bien Phu
Viet Minh tactics
The guerrilla effort
Crisis
Question of American military intervention
Dissenting voices
General Ridgway's warning
Eisenhower backs down
The fall of Dien Bien Phu
Chapter 49	594	(10)
The Geneva Conference
The American position
Dulles' defeat
The agreements
SEATO
Ngo Dinh Diem
His background
The refugee problem
American support
Eisenhower's letter
The Collins mission
Diem takes over
Chapter 50	604	(11)
Diem's early government
The Fishel mission
Diem's house of power
``Communist'' -suppression campaigns
The Diem dictatorship
Failure of Diem's reforms
The Montagnard problem
Question of general election
The American role
ARVN
MAAG's influence
The result
Chapter 51	615	(9)
Revolution in the South
Ho Chi Minh's problems
His attitude toward the South
Viet Minh tactics in the South
The National Liberation Front (NLF)
Non-Communist opposition to Diem
The 1960 revolt
Diem's refusal to effect reforms
His civil and military weaknesses
The American contribution
Chapter 52	624	(19)
The Mau Mau rebellion
Historical background
British colonization
Early native political movements
Rise of the KCA
Enter Jomo Kenyatta
Early Mau Mau activities
Government suppression
Mau Mau appeal
Organization and strength of Mau Mau
Kenyatta's arrest
The emergency begins
Mau Mau terrorism
The government's response
British security forces
The tactical problem
British military tactics
Mau Mau mistakes
General Erskine's military solution
Forest guerrillas
Final operations
The tally
Chapter 53	643	(14)
The Cyprus rebellion
Historical background
The question of enosis
The 1931 rebellion
The postwar situation
Makarios and Grivas
Grivas' estimate of the situation
Origin of EOKA
Opening attacks
Early guerrilla operations
Harding's negotiations
He deports Markarios
His military solution
Organization and strength of EOKA
British counterguerrilla tactics
Grivas' critical analysis of British tactics
Attempts at a political solution
Fragile peace
The cost
Grivas defends his tactics
The new Republic of Cyprus
Fighting breaks out between Greeks and Turks
Makarios deposed
The Turkish invasion
Cyprus divided
The United Nations arranges a cease-fire
U.N. peace plan rejected
Trouble in the Turkish Cypriot camp
Breakdown of peace talks
Chapter 54	657	(9)
The Algerian crisis
Historical background
The French conquest
French colonial policy
Growth of nationalism
The 1945 riots
Ahmed Ben Bella and the OS
Belkacem Krim's guerrillas
The internal situation
FLN emerges
Outbreak of rebellion
Soustelle's pacification strategy
Origin of SAS
French military and political errors
La guerre revolutionnaire
Chapter 55	666	(19)
FLN growth
Rebel weaknesses
French strength increases
The CNRA
The battle of Algiers
Jacques Massu and la guerre revolutionnaire
French excesses
War in the countryside
Guerrilla organization
The counterinsurgency task: destruction and construction
French tactics
The Morice Line
Problem of sanctuaries
Failure of the regroupement program
SAS difficulties
De Gaulle takes over
The Constantine Plan
French tactical adaptation: the Challe Plan
Role of helicopters
De Gaulle's peace offensive
Origin of OAS
A mutiny fails
Algerian independence
Ahmed Ben Bella's FLN government
Houari Boumedienne's coup
Colonel Chadli Bendjedid's new government
Governmental inefficiency and corruption
Repression, unemployment, food shortages, illness
Widespread riots
Rise of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS)
The stunning electoral victory of the FIS
The government cancels run-off elections
FIS party outlawed
Government repression of the Islamic movement
FIS fights a guerrilla war
Government countermeasures
Growth of the FIS
New guerrilla targets
December 1993---the war continues
Chapter 56	685
The Cuban Revolution
Special characteristics
Its psychological impact on the United States
Historical background
Early American presence
The Platt Amendment
American military intervention
Gerardo Machado and the strong-man tradition
Internal opposition mounts
Early rebellions
Washington intervenes
The Batista era
His strength and weakness
The political situation
The American position
Enter Fidel Castro
His background
The 26th of July Movement
Trial, imprisonment, release