Wastewater Microbiology, 3rd Edition

by Gabriel Bitton (Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Florida)

• ISBN13: 9780471650713
• ISBN10: 0471650714
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-05-01
• Publisher: Wiley-Liss

Summary

The new edition of a classic reference incorporating the latest findings and discoveries The Third Edition of this classic reference provides readers with concise, up-to-the-moment coverage of the role of microorganisms in water and wastewater treatment. By providing a solid foundation in microbiology, microbial growth, metabolism, and nutrient cycling, the text gives readers the tools they need to make critical decisions that affect public health, as well as the practical aspects of treatment, disinfection, water distribution, bioremediation, and water and wastewater reuse. The publication begins a discussion of microbiology principles, followed by a discussion of public health issues and concerns. Next, the core of the text is dedicated to a thorough examination of wastewater and drinking water treatment, biosolids, pollution-control biotechnology, and drinking water distribution. The remainder of the text discusses toxicity testing in wastewater treatment plants, and the public health aspects of wastewater disposal and reuse. The many advances in wastewater and drinking water microbiology have all been thoroughly integrated into the publication, including: * A new chapter on bioterrorism and drinking water safety * The latest developments in biofilm microbial ecology and biofilm impact on drinking water quality * New, state-of-the-art detection techniques * Expanded and revised treatment of toxicity testing, including new testing methods and studies on endocrine disrupters in wastewater * Alternatives to conventional wastewater treatment New problem sets, which test readers' knowledge, as well as a list of Internet resources have been added to each chapter. In addition, the publication's extensive references have been thoroughly revised for readers who would like to learn more about the latest findings and discoveries on specialized topics. Finally, the color plate section has been expanded and contains many new illustrations and tables. An authoritative guide for all researchers, administrators, and engineers in the field of microbiology, Wastewater Microbiology, Third Edition is also a valuable reference for civil and environmental engineers, public health officials, and students involved in environmental engineering and science.

Author Biography

GABRIEL BITTON, Ph.D., is Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida. He is a recipient of a Harvard University Research Fellowship, as well as an honorary doctorate from Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, Nancy, France. Dr. Bitton is the editor of the Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology (Wiley). His primary research interests include wastewater microbiology, ecotoxicology, environmental virology, surface microbiology, and bioremediation.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Preface to the First Edition	xi
Preface to the Second Edition	xiii
PART A. FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY	1	(106)
The Microbial World	3	(42)
Introduction
Cell Structure
Cell Size
Cytoplasmic Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
Cell Wall
Outer Membrane
Glycocalyx
Cell Motility
Pili
Storage Products
Gas Vacuoles
Endospores
Eukaryotic Organelles
Cell Genetic Material
DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Nucleic Acids
Plasmids
Mutations
Genetic Recombinations
Recombinant DNA Technology: Construction of a Genetically Engineered Microorganism (GEM)
Review of Selected Molecular Techniques
Brief Survey of Microbial Groups
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotes
Viruses
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Microbial Metabolism and Growth	45	(30)
Introduction
Enzymes and Enzyme Kinetics
Introduction
Enzyme Kinetics
Effect of Inhibitors on Enzyme Activity
Microbial Metabolism
Introduction
Catabolism
Anabolism
Photosynthesis
Metabolic Classification of Microorganisms
Microbial Growth Kinetics
Batch Cultures
Continuous Culture of Microorganisms
Other Kinetic Parameters
Physical and Chemical Factors Affecting Microbial Growth
Measurement of Microbial Biomass
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Role of Microorganisms in Biogeochemical Cycles	75	(32)
Nitrogen Cycle
Introduction
Microbiology of the Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Removal in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Adverse Effects of Nitrogen Discharges from Wastewater Treatment Plants
Phosphorus Cycle
Introduction
Microbiology of the Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus Removal in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Biological Phosphorus Removal
The Sulfur Cycle
Introduction
Microbiology of the Sulfur Cycle
Environmental and Technological Problems Associated with Sulfur Oxidation or Reduction
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
PART B. PUBLIC HEALTH MICROBIOLOGY	107	(104)
Pathogens and Parasites in Domestic Wastewater	109	(44)
Elements of Epidemiology
Some Definitions
Chain of Infection
Pathogens and Parasites Found in Domestic Wastewater
Bacterial Pathogens
Viral Pathogens
Protozoan Parasites
Helminth Parasites
Other Problem-Causing Microorganisms
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Microbial Indicators of Fecal Contamination	153	(20)
Introduction
Review of Indicator Microorganisms
Total Coliforms
Fecal Coliforms
Fecal Streptococci
Anaerobic Bacteria
Bacteriophages
Yeasts and Acid-Fast Organisms
Bacterial Spores
Heterotrophic Plate Count
Chemical Indicators of Water Quality
Detection Methodology for Some Indicator Microorganisms
Standard Methods for the Detection of Total and Fecal Coliforms
Rapid Methods for Coliform Detection
Fecal Streptococci/Enterococci
Heterotrophic Plate Count
Bacteriophages
Bacterial Spores
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Water and Wastewater Disinfection	173	(38)
Introduction
Factors Influencing Disinfection
Type of Disinfectant/Biocide
Type of Microorganism
Disinfectant Concentration and Contact Time
Effect of pH
Temperature
Chemical and Physical Interference with Disinfection
Protective Effect of Macroinvertebrates
Other Factors
Chlorine
Chlorine Chemistry
Inactivation of Microorganisms by Chlorine
Cell Injury by Chlorine
Potentiation of the Cidal Effect of Free Chlorine
Mechanism of Action of Chlorine
Toxicology of Chlorine and Chlorine Byproducts
Chloramination
Chlorine Dioxide
Chemistry of Chlorine Dioxide Byproducts
Effect of Chlorine Dioxide on Microorganisms
Mode of Action of Chlorine Dioxide
Toxicology of Chlorine Dioxide
Ozone
Introduction
Effect of Ozone on Indicator and Pathogenic Microorganisms
Mechanisms of Ozone Action
Toxicology of Ozonation Byproducts
Ultraviolet Light
Introduction
Mechanism of UV Damage
Inactivation of Pathogens and Parasites by UV Radiation
Variables Affecting UV Action
Ultraviolet Disinfection of Water and Wastewater
Some Advantages and Disadvantages of UV Disinfection
Other Technologies Based on Photoinactivation
Wastewater Irradiation and Other Emerging Disinfection Technologies
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
PART C. MICROBIOLOGY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT	211	(184)
Introduction to Wastewater Treatment	213	(12)
Introduction
Composition of Domestic Wastewater
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Total Organic Carbon
Overview of Wastewater Treatment
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Activated Sludge Process	225	(34)
Introduction
Description of the Activated Sludge Process
Conventional Activated Sludge System
Some Modifications of the Conventional Activated Sludge Process
Biology of Activated Sludge
Survey of Organisms Present in Activated Sludge Flocs
Organic Matter Oxidation in the Aeration Tank
Sludge Settling
Nutrient Removal by the Activated Sludge Process
Nitrogen Removal
Phosphorus Removal
Activated Sludge Models
Pathogen and Parasite Removal by Activated Sludge
Bacteria
Viruses
Parasitic Protozoa
Helminth Eggs
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Bulking and Foaming in Activated Sludge Plants	259	(32)
Introduction
Dispersed Growth
Nonfilamentous Bulking
Pinpoint Flocs
Rising Sludge
Filamentous Bulking
Foaming/Scum Formation
Filamentous Bulking
Measurement of Sludge Settleability
Relationship Between Filamentous and Floc-Forming Bacteria
Types of Filamentous Microorganisms
Techniques for the Isolation and Identification of Filamentous Microorganisms
Some Factors Causing Filamentous Bulking
Wastewater Composition
Substrate Concentration (F/M Ratio)
Sludge Loading and Sludge Age
pH
Sulfide Concentration
Dissolved Oxygen Level
Nutrient Deficiency
Temperature
Use of Filamentous Microorganism Identification as a Tool to Diagnose the Cause(S) of Bulking
Control of Sludge Bulking
Treatment with Oxidants
Treatment with Flocculants and Coagulants
Manipulation of Return Activated Sludge (RAS) Flow Rates
Biological Selectors
Biological Control
Other Specific Methods
Foaming in Activated Sludge
Introduction
Problems Caused by Foams
Foam Microbiology
Mechanisms of Foam Production
Foam Control
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Processes Based on Attached Microbial Growth	291	(16)
Introduction
Trickling Filters: Process Description
Biology of Trickling Filters
Biofilm Formation
Organisms Present in Trickling Filter Biofilms
Biofilm Kinetics
Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Trickling Filters
Removal of Pathogens and Parasites by Trickling Filters
Rotating Biological Contactors
Process Description
RBC Biofilms
Pathogen Removal in RBCs
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Waste Stabilization Ponds	307	(14)
Introduction
Facultative Ponds
Biology of Facultative Ponds
Effect of Temperature on Pond Operation
Removal of Suspended Solids, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus by Ponds
Other Types of Ponds
Pathogen Removal by Oxidation Ponds
Factors Controlling Removal of Bacterial Pathogens
Bacterial Die-Off Kinetics
Virus Removal and/or Inactivation in Oxidation Ponds
Protozoa Cysts and Helminth Eggs
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Sludge Microbiology	321	(24)
Introduction
Sludge Processing
Screening
Thickening
Dewatering
Conditioning
Stabilization
Composting
Pathogen and Parasite Removal During Sludge Treatment
Pathogens and Parasites Found in Sludge
Anaerobic Digestion
Aerobic Digestion
Dual Digestion System
Sludge Lagooning
Pasteurization
Composting
Air Drying
Chemical Inactivation
Irradiation
Heat Treatment
Microwave Treatment
Epidemiological Significance of Pathogens in Sludge
Risk Assessment
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater and Biosolids	345	(26)
Introduction
Process Description
Single-Stage Digestion
Two-Stage Digestion
Process Microbiology
Group 1: Hydrolytic Bacteria
Group 2: Fermentative Acidogenic Bacteria
Group 3: Acetogenic Bacteria
Group 4: Methanogens
Methods for Detection of Methanogens
Factors Controlling Anaerobic Digestion
Temperature
Retention Time
pH
Chemical Composition of Wastewater
Competition of Methanogens with Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
Toxicants
Anaerobic Treatment of Wastewater
Septic Tanks
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
Anaerobic Filters
Anaerobic Attached-Film Expanded-Bed and Fluidized-Bed Reactors
Anaerobic Rotating Biological Contactor
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Biological Aerosols and Bloodors from Wastewater Treatment Plants	371	(24)
Introduction
Defense Mechanisms of the Respiratory System Against Airborne Particles
Sampling of Biological Aerosols
Sedimentation
Membrane Filters
Reuter Centrifugal Air Sampler
Liquid Impingement Device (All-Glass Impinger)
Sieve-Type Sampler
May Three-Stage Glass Impinger
Large-Volume Electrostatic Precipitators
Factors Controlling the Survival of Biological Aerosols
Relative Humidity
Temperature
Solar Radiation
Type of Microorganism
Other Factors
Predictive Models for Estimating Downwind Levels of Airborne Microorganisms
Production of Biological Aerosols by Wastewater Treatment Operations
Health Hazards of Biological Aerosols Generated by Waste Treatment Operations
Spray Irrigation with Wastewater Effluents and Liquid Sludge
Health Risks Associated with Composting of Wastewater Sludge
Health Hazards to Wastewater Treatment Plant Workers
PART D. MICROBIOLOGY OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT	395	(76)
Microbiological Aspects of Drinking Water Treatment	397	(22)
Introduction
Microbiological Quality of Source Water
Overview of Processes Involved in Drinking Water Treatment Plants
Process Microbiology and Fate of Pathogens and Parasites in Water Treatment Plants
Pretreatment of Source Water
Prechlorination
Coagulation--Flocculation--Sedimentation
Water Softening
Filtration
Activated Carbon
Membrane Systems
Biological Treatment of Water
Disinfection
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Microbiological Aspects of Drinking Water Distribution	419	(38)
Introduction
Biofilm Development in Distribution Systems
Surface Conditioning
Transport of Microorganisms to Conditioned Surfaces
Adhesion of Microorganisms to Surfaces
Cell Anchoring to Surfaces
Cell Growth and Biofilm Accumulation
Biofilm Ecology
Biofilm Detachment from Surfaces
Methodology for Biofilm Study
Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofilms in Drinking Water Treatment and Distribution
Growth of Pathogens and Other Microorganisms in Water Distribution Systems
Public Health Implications of Pathogen Growth in Water Distribution Systems
Legionella Growth in Water Distribution Systems
Growth of Nitrifiers in Water Distribution Systems
Determination of Assimilable Organic Carbon in Drinking Water
Biomass-Based Methods
DOC-Based Methods
Other Biological Problems Associated with Water Treatment and Distribution
Taste and Odor Problems
Algae
Fungi
Actinomycetes
Protozoa
Invertebrates
Endotoxins
Iron and Manganese Bacteria
Drinking Water Quality at the Consumer's Tap
Effect of Service Lines on Drinking Water Quality
Point-of-Use (POU) Home Devices for Drinking Water Treatment
Bottled Water
Sources and Categories of Bottled Water
Microorganisms Found in Source-Water
Water Treatment Before Bottling
Microorganisms Found in Bottled Water
Regulations Concerning Bottled Water
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Bioterrorism and Drinking Water Safety	457	(14)
Introduction
Early History of Biological Warfare
Bioterrorism Microbial Agents and Biotoxins
Some Important Features of BT Agents
Categories of BT Agents
Major BT Agents
Biotoxins
Deliberate Contamination of Water Supplies
Early Warning Systems for Assessing the Contamination of Source Waters
Protection of Drinking Water Supplies
Web Resources
Further Reading
PART E. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT	471	(28)
Pollution Control Biotechnology	473	(26)
Introduction
Use of Commercial Blends of Microorganisms and Enzymes in Wastewater Treatment
Use of Microorganisms in Pollution Control
Production of Microbial Seeds
Use of Bioaugmentation in Waste Treatment
Use of Enzymes in Waste Treatment
Use of Immobilized Cells in Waste Treatment
Immobilization Techniques
Examples of the Use of Immobilized Cells in Waste Treatment
Use of Immobilized Cells and Enzymes in Biosensor Technology
Advantages and Disadvantages of Immobilized Cells
Role of Microorganisms in Metal Removal in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Metal Removal by Wastewater Microorganisms
Mechanisms of Metal Removal by Microorganisms
Potential Applications of Molecular Techniques in Waste Treatment
Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
PART F. FATE AND TOXICITY OF CHEMICALS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS	499	(46)
Fate of Xenobiotics and Toxic Metals in Wastewater Treatment Plants	501	(26)
Introduction
Biodegradation in Aquatic Environments
Recalcitrance of Organic Compounds
Dehalogenation of Organic Compounds
Co-metabolism
Genetic Regulation of Xenobiotic Biodegradation
Fate of Xenobiotics in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Physico-Chemical Processes
Microbial Processes: Biodegradation
Removal of Toxic Organic Pollutants by Aerobic Biological Processes
Pentachlorophenol
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Chloroaromatics
Aromatic and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
Endocrine Disrupters
Pharmaceuticals
Removal of Toxic Organic Pollutants by Anaerobic and Anoxic Biological Processes
Phenolic Compounds
Benzene and Toluene
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Other Compounds
Biodegradation in Biofilms
Steady-State Model
Nonsteady-State Model
Metal Biotransformations
Metabolic Activity and Metal Biotransformations
Biotransformations of Specific Metals and Metalloids
Mobile Wastewater Processing Systems for Biodegradation of Hazardous Wastes
Aerobic Treatment Processes
Anaerobic Digestion Processes
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Toxicity Testing in Wastewater Treatment Plants Using Microorganisms	527	(18)
Introduction
Impact of Toxicants on Wastewater Treatment
Heavy Metals
Organic Toxicants
Toxicity Assays Using Enzymes and Microorganisms
Enzymatic Assays
Microbial Bioassays
Commercial Rapid Microbial Assays for Toxicity Testing in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Applications of Microbial and Enzymatic Tests in Toxicity Assessment in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET)
Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE)
Water Effect Ratio (WER) and Heavy Metal Binding Capacity (HMBC)
Potential Ecotoxic Effects Probe (PEEP)
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
PART G. MICROBIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF WASTEWATER EFFLUENTS AND BIOSOLIDS DISPOSAL AND REUSE	545	(64)
Public Health Aspects of Wastewater and Biosolids Disposal on Land	547	(26)
Introduction
Land Treatment Systems for Wastewater Effluents and Biosolids (Sludges)
Wastewater Effluents
Biosolids (Sludges)
Public Health Aspects of Wastewater and Biosolids Application to Land
Pathogenic Microorganisms and Parasites
Chemical Contaminants
Transport of Pathogens Through Soils
Bacterial Transport Through Soils
Virus Transport Through Soils
Persistence of Pathogens in Soils
Persistence of Bacterial Pathogens
Persistence of Viruses in Soil
Transport of Pathogens in Aquifers
Persistence of Pathogens in Aquifers
Disposal of Septic Tank Effluents on Land
Biodegradation in Soils and Aquifers: an Introduction to Bioremediation
Bioremediation of Soils
Treatment Strategies for Aquifers
Factors Affecting Bioremediation of Soils and Aquifers
Molecular Techniques for Assessing Microbial Community Structure and Activity in Bioremediation
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Public Health Aspects of Wastewater and Biosolids Disposal in the Marine Environment	573	(16)
Introduction
Global Surveys of Enteric Pathogens in Contaminated Seawater
Survival of Pathogenic and Indicator Microorganisms in Seawater
Temperature
Solar Radiation
Osmotic Stress
Adsorption to Particulates
Biological Factors
Other Factors
Survival of Pathogenic and Indicator Microorganisms in Sediments
Public Health Aspects of Swimming in Contaminated Recreational Waters
Exposure to Water Containing Pathogenic Microorganisms of Fecal or Domestic Wastewater Origin
Spas and Hot Tubs
Exposure to Autochthonous (Indigenous) Microorganisms
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Wastewater Reuse	589	(20)
Introduction
Health Effects Due to Parasites as well as Bacterial and Viral Pathogens
Chemicals
Categories of Wastewater Reuse
Agricultural Reuse: Land Application
Groundwater Recharge
Recreational Use
Urban Nonpotable Use
Direct Potable Reuse of Reclaimed Wastewater as a Domestic Water Supply
Industrial Use
Wetlands for Wastewater Renovation
Aquaculture for Wastewater Renovation
Use of Attached Algae for Polishing of Wastewater Effluents
The U.S. Experience in Wastewater Reuse
Water Reuse in Space
Web Resources
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
References	609	(120)
Index	729