Water

by Franks, Felix

• ISBN13: 9780854045839
• ISBN10: 085404583X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-09-01
• Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry

Summary

Through the ages, water has been the inspiration of poets, painters, composers and philosophers. Today however, water is perceived as a commodity, with little thought for its role in influencing chemical reactions and shaping our terrestrial environment to make it fit for life. Water 2nd Edition is an update and extension of the RSC paperback first published in 1983. This book discusses current scientific knowledge of water: its remarkable properties, its influence on dissolved substances and its usually neglected but controlling role in the life sciences and ecology. With emphasis on developments over the last two decades, attention is drawn to important issues such as water quality, usage, economics and politics.

Table of Contents

Origin and Distribution of Water in the Ecosphere: Water and Prehistoric Life	1	(8)
The Eccentric Liquid	1	(1)
The Hydrologic Cycle	1	(1)
Available Water and Global Warming	2	(2)
Water and the Development of Life	4	(2)
Aerobic and Anaerobic Life Forms	6	(1)
Impact of the Physical Properties of Water on Terrestrial Ecology	7	(2)
Structure of the Water Molecule and the Nature of the Hydrogen Bond in Water	9	(6)
The Isolated Water Molecule	9	(2)
The Water Dimer	11	(4)
Physical Properties of Liquid Water	15	(17)
The Place of Water in a General Classification of Liquids	15	(4)
Isotopic Composition	19	(1)
Thermodynamic Properties	20	(4)
Volume Properties	21	(3)
Thermal Properties	24	(1)
Dynamics of Liquid Water	24	(5)
Bulk Transport Properties	29	(3)
Crystalline Water	32	(9)
Occurrence in the Ecosphere and Beyond	32	(2)
Structure and Polymorphism	34	(4)
Ice Dynamics	38	(1)
Clathrate Hydrates	39	(2)
The Structure of Liquid Water	41	(12)
Diffraction Methods	41	(1)
Theoretical Approaches	42	(5)
The Concept of Water-structure Making and Breaking-Computer Simulation	47	(2)
General Significance of u(r) and g(r)	49	(2)
Present `Best Guess'	51	(2)
Aqueous Solutions of `Simple' Molecules	53	(16)
Molecular Interactions in Solution	53	(3)
Classification of Solution Behaviour -- Thermodynamic Excess Functions	56	(4)
Hydrophobic Hydration -- Structure and Thermodynamics	60	(2)
Hydrophobic Interactions	62	(4)
Dynamic Manifestations of Hydrophobic Effects	66	(3)
Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes	69	(17)
Classical Electrostatics	69	(1)
Short-range Effects -- Ion Hydration	70	(4)
Structural Approaches	74	(2)
Assignment of Ionic Radii	76	(1)
The Concept of Structure Making/Breaking	77	(3)
Water Dynamics	80	(1)
Ion-specific Effects -- Lyotropism	81	(1)
Ionic Solutions at Extreme Temperatures and Pressures	82	(1)
The Hydrated Proton	82	(4)
Aqueous Solutions of Polar Molecules	86	(22)
Classification	86	(1)
Solution Behaviour and Water Structure	86	(2)
Polyhydroxy Compounds -- a Special Case	88	(1)
PHC Hydration: Theory and Measurement	89	(7)
Influence of Water on Solute-Solute Interactions	96	(3)
Hydration and Computer Simulation	99	(2)
Solvation and PHC Conformation	101	(4)
Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Competition	105	(3)
Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions	108	(10)
Water as Solvent	108	(1)
Water Participation in Chemical Reactions	109	(1)
The Self-ionisation of Water	109	(3)
Ionisation Reactions	112	(3)
Reactions in Mixed Aqueous Solvents	115	(3)
Hydration and the Molecules of Life	118	(24)
Water Structure as a Determinant of Biological Function	118	(1)
Comparison of the Molecules of Life	119	(2)
Protein Stability In Vitro	121	(4)
Heat and Cold Inactivation	125	(2)
Hydration of `Dry' Proteins	127	(3)
Nucleotide Hydration	130	(5)
Lipid Thermotropism and Lyotropism	135	(3)
Oligo- and Polysacharide Hydration	138	(4)
Water in the Chemistry and Physics of Life	142	(10)
The Physiological Water Cycle	142	(1)
Water Biochemistry	143	(4)
Physics of the Natural Aqueous Environment	147	(5)
`Unstable' Water	152	(11)
Liquid Water outside its `Normal' Temperature Range	152	(1)
Undercooled Liquid Water	152	(2)
Homogeneous Nucleation of Ice in Undercooled Water	154	(5)
Nucleation of Ice by Particulate Matter	159	(1)
Water Near its Undercooling Limit	160	(1)
Glassy Water	161	(1)
Superheated Water	162	(1)
Supersaturated and Solid Aqueous Solutions	163	(24)
Equilibrium and Metastable Aqueous Systems	163	(1)
Freeze Concentration	164	(3)
Properties of Supersaturated Aqueous Solutions	167	(3)
Amorphous States and Freezing Behaviour	170	(2)
Dynamics in Supersaturated and Vitrified Solutions	172	(1)
Theory of Structural Relaxation by Cooperative Motions	173	(1)
Kinetics in Amorphous Solids	174	(2)
Significance of Glassy States in Drying Process Technology	176	(3)
Natural Freezing and Drought Resistance	179	(8)
Water Availability, Usage and Quality	187	(20)
Water as an Essential Resource	187	(1)
Water Availability	187	(6)
Supplementation of Water Resources by Climatic Modification -- a Case Study	193	(3)
Natural Water Quality	196	(6)
Water Purity and Purification	202	(2)
Pure Water in Medicine and Industry	204	(3)
Economics and Politics	207	(7)
Economics of Water Consumption	207	(2)
Human Attitudes and Politics	209	(2)
Commercial Exploitation of Water Shortages	211	(1)
Future Outlook	211	(3)
Summary and Prognosis	214	(4)
Suggestions for Further Reading	218	(4)
Subject Index	222