West, The: Encounters & Transformations, Combined Volume

by Levack, Brian; Muir, Edward; Maas, Michael; Veldman, Meredith

• ISBN13: 9780321364043
• ISBN10: 032136404X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

The West: Encounters & Transformations takes a new approach to telling the story of Western Civilization. Rather than looking at Western Civilization only as the history of Europe from ancient times to the present, this groundbreaking book examines the changing nature of the Westhow the definition of the West has evolved and transformed throughout history. The text presents a balanced treatment of political, social, religious, and cultural history and emphasizes the ever-shifting boundaries of the geographic and cultural realm of the West. Overview of Western Civilization. Readers interested in the history and development of Western Civilization.

Table of Contents

Documents	xxv
Maps	xxvi
Features	xxvii
Chronologies	xxviii
Preface	xxix
Meet the Authors	xlv
What Is the West?	2	(8)
The Beginnings of Civilization: 10,000-2000 B.C.E.	10	(22)
Culture, Agriculture, and Civilization	12	(3)
The Food-Producing Revolution	13	(1)
The First Food-Producing Communities	14	(1)
The Birth of Civilization in Southwest Asia	15	(5)
Sumer: A Constellation of Cities in Southern Mesopotamia	15	(2)
From Akkad to the Amorite Invasions	17	(2)
New Mesopotamian Kingdoms: Assyria and Babylonia	19	(1)
The Emergence of Egyptian Civilization	20	(7)
The Old Kingdom, ca. 3500-2200 B.C.E.	20	(1)
Religious Beliefs in the Old Kingdom	21	(3)
The Pyramids	24	(1)
The Middle Kingdom, ca. 2040-1785 B.C.E.	25	(1)
Egyptian Encounters with Other Civilizations	26	(1)
The Transformation of Europe	27	(2)
The Linear Pottery Culture	27	(1)
The Battle Axe Cultures	28	(1)
Technology and Social Change	28	(1)
Conclusion: Civilization and the West	29
Justice in History Gods and Kings in Mesopotamian Justice	22	(10)
The International Bronze Age and Its Aftermath: Trade, Empire, and Diplomacy, 1600-550 B.C.E.	32	(24)
Civilization of the Nile: The Egyptian Empire	35	(7)
From the Hyksos Era to the New Kingdom	35	(2)
Military Expansion and Diplomatic Networks: Building an Empire in Canaan and Nubia	37	(1)
Pharaohs: Egypt's Dynamic Leaders	38	(1)
Hatshepsut the Female Pharaoh and Thutmose III the Conqueror	38	(1)
The Amarna Period: The Beginnings of Diplomacy	39	(1)
The Battle of Kadesh and the Age of Ramesses	39	(3)
Civilizations of Anatolia and Mesopotamia: The Hittite, Assyrian, and Babylonian Empires	42	(2)
The Growth of Hittite Power: Conquest and Diversity	42	(1)
The Mesopotamian Empires	43	(1)
The Kingdom of Babylonia	43	(1)
The Kingdom of Assyria	43	(1)
Civilizations of the Mediterranean: The Minoans and the Mycenaeans	44	(4)
Minoan Crete	44	(1)
Mycenaean Greece	45	(1)
Two Coastal Kingdoms: Ugarit and Troy	46	(1)
Ugarit: A Mercantile Kingdom	46	(1)
Troy: A City of Legend	47	(1)
The End of the International Bronze Age and Its Aftermath	48	(6)
The Raiders of the Land and Sea	49	(1)
The Phoenicians: Merchants of the Mediterranean	49	(2)
Mesopotamian Kingdoms: Assyria and Babylon, 1050-550 B.C.E.	51	(1)
Neo-Assyrian Imperialism	51	(1)
The Neo-Babylonian Empire	52	(2)
Conclusion: The International Bronze Age and the Emergence of the West	54
Justice in History Egyptian Tomb Robbers on Trial	40	(16)
Persians, Hebrews, and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.	56	(36)
Persia: An Empire on Three Continents	58	(4)
Cyrus the Great and Persian Expansion	59	(1)
A Government of Tolerance	59	(1)
Zoroastrianism: An Imperial Religion	59	(2)
The Achaemenid Dynasty	61	(1)
Hebrew Civilization and Religion	62	(4)
The Settlement in Canaan	62	(1)
The Israelite Kingdoms	62	(1)
The Hebrew Prophets	63	(1)
The Babylonian Exile	64	(1)
The Second Temple and Jewish Religious Practice	65	(1)
The Hebrew Bible	65	(1)
Greece Rebuilds, 1100-479 B.C.E.	66	(10)
The Dark Age, ca. 1100-750 B.C.E.	66	(1)
The Archaic Age, ca. 750-479 B.C.E.	67	(3)
Homer's Epic Poem	70	(1)
The Polis	70	(1)
Colonization and the Settlement of New Lands	70	(2)
Elite Athletic Competition in Greek Poleis	72	(1)
The Hoplite Revolution	72	(1)
Sparta: A Militarized Society	73	(1)
Athens: Toward Democracy	73	(1)
The Persian Wars, 490-479 B.C.E.	74	(1)
The Marathon Campaign	75	(1)
Athenian Naval Power and the Salamis Campaign	75	(1)
The Classical Age of Greece, 479-336 B.C.E.	76	(13)
The Rise and Fall of the Athenian Empire	76	(1)
From Defensive Alliance to Athenian Empire	76	(1)
Democracy in the Age of Pericles	76	(1)
Conflict with Sparta: The Peloponnesian War	77	(1)
The Collapse of Athenian Power	77	(2)
The Social and Religious Foundations of Classical Greece	79	(1)
Gender Roles	79	(1)
Slavery: The Source of Greek Prosperity	80	(1)
Religion and the Gods	81	(1)
Intellectual Life	82	(1)
Greek Drama	82	(1)
Scientific Thought in Ionia	83	(1)
The Origins of Writing History	84	(1)
Nature versus Customs and the Origins of Philosophical Thought	85	(3)
The Arts: Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture	88	(1)
Conclusion: Classical Foundations of the West	89
Encounters & Transformations The Alphabet and Writing in Greece	68	(18)
Justice in History The Trial and Execution of Socrates the Questioner	86	(6)
The Hellenistic World and the Roman Republic, 336-31 B.C.E.	92	(38)
The Warlike Kingdom of Macedon	94	(6)
Unity and Expansion Under King Philip	95	(1)
The Conquests of Alexander	96	(2)
Successor Kingdoms: Distributing the Spoils	98	(2)
Hellenistic Society and Culture	100	(10)
Cities: The Heart of Hellenistic Life	100	(3)
New Opportunities for Women	103	(1)
Hellenistic Literature, Philosophy, and Science	103	(1)
Literature: Poetry and History Writing	103	(1)
Philosophy: The Quest for Peace of Mind	104	(1)
Explaining the Natural World: Scientific Investigation	105	(1)
Encounters with Foreign Peoples	106	(1)
Exploring the Hellenistic World	107	(1)
Resistance to Hellenistic Culture	108	(1)
Celts on the Fringes of the Hellenistic World	108	(2)
Rome's Rise to Power	110	(13)
Roman Origins and Etruscan Influences	110	(2)
The Beginnings of the Roman State	112	(2)
Roman Territorial Expansion	114	(1)
Winning Control of Italy	114	(1)
The Struggle with Carthage	115	(2)
Conflict with the Celts	117	(1)
Rome and the Hellenistic World	117	(1)
The Macedonian Wars	117	(1)
The Encounter Between Greek and Roman Culture	118	(1)
Life in the Roman Republic	119	(1)
Patrons and Clients	119	(3)
Pyramids of Wealth and Powe	122	(1)
The Roman Family	122	(1)
Beginnings of the Roman Revolution	123	(4)
The Gracchi	123	(1)
War in Italy and Abroad	124	(1)
The First Triumvirate	125	(1)
Julius Caesar and the End of the Republic	125	(2)
Conclusion: Defining the West in the Hellenistic Age	127
The Human Body in History Aphrodite of Melos: The Hellenistic Portrayal of the Perfect Female	102	(18)
Justice in History A Corrupt Roman Governor Is Convicted of Extortion	120	(10)
Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.	130	(38)
The Imperial Center	132	(8)
Imperial Authority: Augustus and After	132	(2)
The Problem of Succession	134	(1)
The Emperor's Role: The Nature of Imperial Power	135	(2)
The City of Rome	137	(2)
The Agents of Control	139	(1)
The Roman Senate: From Autonomy to Administration	139	(1)
The Roman Army and the Power of the Emperor	140	(1)
Life in the Roman Provinces: Assimilation, Resistance, and Romanization	140	(10)
The Army: A Romanizing Force	141	(1)
Administration and Commerce	142	(1)
The Cities	143	(2)
The Countryside	145	(1)
Revolts Against Rome	145	(1)
Arminius and the Revolt in Germany	145	(2)
Bondica's Revolt in Britain	147	(1)
The Revolt of Julius Civilis in Gaul	147	(1)
Jewish Revolts	147	(2)
Law, Citizenship, and Romanization	149	(1)
The Frontier and Beyond	150	(4)
Rome and the Parthian Empire	151	(1)
Roman Encounters with Germanic Peoples	151	(1)
Economic Encounters Across Continents	152	(1)
Encounters with China	152	(1)
Encounters with Africa	153	(1)
Society and Culture in the Imperial Age	154	(11)
The Upper and Lower Classes	154	(1)
Slaves and Freedmen	154	(1)
Women in the Roman Empire	155	(1)
Literature and Empire	156	(2)
Religious Life	158	(1)
Polytheism in the Empire	158	(2)
The Origins of Rabbinic Judaism	160	(1)
The Emergence of Christianity	160	(4)
The Spread of Christianity	164	(1)
Conclusion: Rome Shapes the West	165
Encounters & Transformations The Roman City: Agent of Cultural Transformation	144	(18)
Justice in History The Trial of Jesus in Historical Perspective	162	(6)
Late Antiquity: The Age of New Boundaries, 250-600	168	(36)
Crisis and Recovery in the Third Century	170	(5)
The Breakdown of the Imperial Government	170	(2)
The Restoration of Imperial Government	172	(1)
Diocletian's Reforms	172	(2)
Foundations of Late Antique Government and Society	174	(1)
Christianizing the Empire	175	(4)
Constantine: The First Christian Emperor	175	(1)
The Spread of Christianity	176	(1)
The Rise of the Bishops	176	(1)
Christianity and the City of Rome	177	(1)
Old Gods Under Attack	178	(1)
New Christian Communities and Identities	179	(11)
The Creation of New Communities	180	(1)
Christian Doctrine and Heresy	180	(1)
Communities of Faith and Language	181	(2)
The Monastic Movement	183	(1)
Monasticism, Women, and Sexuality	184	(1)
Jews in a Christian World	185	(1)
Access to Holiness: Christian Pilgrimage	186	(1)
Christian Intellectual Life	187	(1)
The Reconciliation of Christianity and the Classics	187	(2)
Neoplatonism and Christianity	189	(1)
The Breakup of the Roman Empire	190	(12)
The Fall of Rome's Western Provinces	190	(1)
Loss of Imperial Power in the West	190	(2)
The Empire of Attila	192	(3)
Cultural Encounters After the End of Roman Rule	195	(1)
The Survival of Rome's Eastern Provinces	196	(1)
Christianity and Law Under Justinian	196	(4)
Reconquering the Provinces in the West	200	(1)
The Struggle with Persia	200	(2)
Conclusion: The Age of New Boundaries	202
The Human Body in History The Ascetic Alternative	182	(16)
Justice in History Two Martyrdoms: Culture and Religion on Trial	198	(6)
Medieval Empires and Borderlands: Byzantium and Islam	204	(32)
Byzantium: The Survival of the Roman Empire	206	(13)
An Embattled Empire	207	(1)
Out of the Steppes: Borderlands in Eastern Europe	207	(3)
The Loss of the Western Provinces	210	(1)
The Old Enemy: Persia	211	(1)
The New Enemy: Islam	212	(1)
Byzantine Civilization	213	(1)
Imperial Administration and Economy	213	(1)
The Military System of the Themes	214	(1)
The Church and Religious Life	214	(1)
Icons and the Iconoclastic Controversy	215	(1)
The Macedonian Renaissance	216	(3)
The New World of Islam	219	(15)
Arabs Before Islam	219	(3)
The Rise of Islam	222	(1)
Muhammad's Teachings	222	(1)
The Succession Crisis After Muhammad: Sunnis and Shi'ites	223	(3)
The Umayyad Caliphate	226	(1)
The ``House of War''	226	(1)
Governing the Islamic Empire	226	(2)
Becoming Muslims	228	(1)
Peoples of the Book	229	(1)
Commercial Encounters	229	(1)
The Breakup of the Umayyad Caliphate	230	(1)
The Abbasid Caliphate	231	(1)
Islamic Civilization in Europe	231	(3)
Conclusion: Three Cultural Realms	234
Encounters & Transformations Ships of the Desert: Camels from Morocco to Central Asia	220	(4)
Justice in History ``Judgment Belongs to God Alone'': The Battle and Arbitration at Siffin	224	(12)
Medieval Empires and Borderlands: The Latin West	236	(34)
The Birth of Latin Christendom	239	(8)
Germanic Kingdoms on Roman Foundations	239	(1)
Anglo-Saxon England	240	(1)
The Franks: A Dual Heritage	240	(1)
Visigoths in Spain	241	(1)
Lombards in Italy	242	(1)
Different Kingdoms, Shared Traditions	242	(1)
Civil Authority: The Roman Legacy	242	(1)
War Leaders and Wergild: The Germanic Legacy	243	(1)
Unity Through Law and Christianity	244	(1)
Women and Property	244	(1)
The Spread of Latin Christianity in the New Kingdoms of Western Europe	244	(1)
The Growth of the Papacy	245	(1)
Converting the Irish	245	(1)
Converting the Anglo-Saxons	245	(1)
Monastic Intellectual Life	246	(1)
Jews in a Christian World	247	(1)
The Carolingians	247	(6)
The Leadership of Charlemagne	248	(1)
Coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor	249	(1)
Carolingian Rulership	250	(1)
The Carolingian Renaissance	250	(2)
The Division of Western Europe	252	(1)
Invasions and Recovery in the Latin West	253	(9)
The Polytheist Invaders of the Latin West	253	(2)
The Rulers in the Latin West	255	(1)
Lords and Vassals	255	(3)
The Western European Kingdoms After the Carolingians	258	(2)
The Conversion of the Last Polytheists	260	(2)
The West in the East: The Crusades	262	(6)
The Origins of Holy War	263	(1)
Crusading Warfare	264	(3)
The Significance of the Crusades	267	(1)
Conclusion: An Emerging Unity in the Latin West	268
Justice in History Revealing the Truth: Oaths and Ordeals	256	(10)
Encounters & Transformations Legends of the Borderlands: Roland and El Cid	266	(4)
Medieval Civilization: The Rise of Western Europe	270	(36)
Two Worlds: Manors and Cities	273	(7)
The Medieval Agricultural Revolution	273	(1)
Technological Innovations	273	(2)
Manors and Peasants	275	(1)
The Great Migrations and the Hunger for Land	276	(1)
The Growth of Cities	277	(1)
The Challenge of Free Cities	277	(1)
The Economic Boom Years	277	(3)
The Consolidation of Roman Catholicism	280	(14)
The Task of Church Reform	280	(1)
The Pope Becomes a Monarch	281	(1)
How the Popes Ruled	282	(1)
The Pinnacle of the Medieval Papacy: Pope Innocent III	283	(1)
The Troubled Legacy of the Papal Monarchy	284	(1)
Discovering God in the World	284	(1)
The Patron Saints	285	(2)
The New Religious Orders	287	(2)
The Flowering of Religious Sensibilities	289	(1)
Creating the Outcasts of Europe	289	(1)
The Heretics: Cathars and Waldensians	290	(1)
Systematic Persecution of the Jews	290	(1)
``The Living Dead'': Lepers	291	(1)
The Creation of Sexual Crimes	291	(3)
Strengthening the Center of the West	294	(4)
The Monarchies of Western Europe	294	(1)
Expansion of Power: France	294	(2)
Lord of All Lords: The King of England	296	(1)
A Divided Regime: The German Empire	297	(1)
Medieval Culture: The Search for Understanding	298	(7)
Revival of Learning	299	(1)
Scholasticism: A Christian Philosophy	299	(1)
Universities: Organizing Learning	300	(1)
The Ancients: Renaissance of the Twelfth Century	300	(2)
Epic Violence and Courtly Love	302	(1)
The Center of Medieval Culture: The Great Cathedrals	302	(1)
Architecture: The Romanesque and Gothic Styles	302	(2)
Music and Drama: Reaching God's Ear and the Christian's Soul	304	(1)
Conclusion: Asserting Western Culture	305
The Human Body in History A Tale of Two Marys	286	(6)
Justice in History Inquiring into Heresy: The Inquisition in Montaillou	292	(14)
The Medieval West in Crisis	306	(36)
A Time of Death	307	(6)
Mass Starvation	307	(2)
The Black Death	309	(4)
A Cold Wind from the East	313	(5)
The Mongol Invasions	314	(1)
The Rise of the Ottoman Turks	315	(3)
Economic Depression and Social Turmoil	318	(3)
The Collapse of International Trade and Banking	318	(1)
Rebellions from Below	319	(1)
An Economy of Monopolies: Guilds	319	(1)
``Long Live the People, Long Live Liberty''	319	(2)
An Age of Warfare	321	(7)
The Fragility of Monarchies	322	(1)
The Hundred Years' War	323	(1)
From English Victories to French Salvation	323	(2)
The Hundred Years'War in Perspective	325	(3)
The Military Revolution	328	(1)
A Troubled Church and the Demand for Religious Comfort	328	(3)
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church and the Great Schism	329	(1)
The Search for Religious Alternatives	330	(1)
Protests Against the Papacy: New Heresies	330	(1)
Imitating Christ: The Modern Devotion	331	(1)
The Culture of Loss	331	(8)
Reminders of Death	332	(1)
Illusions of a Noble Life	333	(1)
Pilgrims of the Imagination	334	(1)
Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy	334	(2)
Giovanni Boccaccio and The Decameron	336	(1)
Geoffrey Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales	336	(1)
Margery Kempe and the Autobiographical Pilgrimage	336	(1)
Christine de Pisan and the Defense of Female Virtue	337	(1)
Defining Cultural Boundaries	337	(1)
Spain: Religious Communities in Tension	337	(1)
German and Celtic Borderlands: Ethnic Communities in Tension	338	(1)
Enemies Within	338	(1)
Conclusion: Looking Inward	339
The Human Body in History The Black Death: The Signs of Disease	312	(14)
Justice in History The Trial of Joan of Arc	326	(16)
The Italian Renaissance and Beyond: The Politics of Culture	342	(34)
The Cradle of the Renaissance: The Italian City-States	344	(1)
The Renaissance Republics: Florence and Venice	345	(9)
Florence Under the Medici	346	(1)
Venice, the Cosmopolitan Republic	347	(1)
Princes and Courtiers	348	(1)
The Ideal Prince, the Ideal Princess	348	(1)
The Ideal Courtier	349	(1)
The Papal Prince	350	(1)
The Contradictions of the Patriarchal Family	351	(3)
The Influence of Ancient Culture	354	(5)
Petrarch and the Illustrious Ancients	355	(1)
The Humanists: The Latin Point of View	356	(2)
Understanding Nature: Moving Beyond the Science of the Ancients	358	(1)
Antiquity and Nature in the Arts	359	(7)
Sculpture, Architecture, and Painting: The Natural and the Ideal	360	(5)
Music of the Emotions	365	(1)
The Early Modern European State System	366	(7)
Monarchies: The Foundation of the State System	367	(1)
France: Consolidating Power and Cultivating Renaissance Values	367	(1)
Spain: Unification by Marriage	368	(2)
The Holy Roman Empire: The Costs of Decentralization	370	(1)
England: From Civil War to Stability Under the Tudors	370	(1)
The Origins of Modern Historical and Political Thought	371	(1)
History: The Search for Causes	371	(1)
Political Thought: Considering the End Result	372	(1)
Conclusion: The Politics of Culture	373
Justice in History Vendetta as Private Justice	352	(10)
The Human Body in History The Natural and the Ideal Body in Renaissance Art	362	(14)
The West and the World: The Significance of Global Encounters, 1450-1650	376	(32)
Europeans in Africa	378	(6)
Sub-Saharan Africa Before the Europeans Arrived	378	(2)
European Voyages Along the African Coast	380	(1)
New Maritime Technology	381	(1)
New Colonialism	382	(1)
The Portuguese in Africa	383	(1)
Europeans in the Americas	384	(13)
The Americas Before the Conquistadores	384	(1)
The Aztec Empire of Mexico	384	(1)
The Incan Empire of the Andes	385	(1)
The Mission of the European Voyagers	386	(2)
The Fall of the Aztec and Incan Empires	388	(1)
Herndn Cortes and the Conquest of Mexico	389	(1)
Francisco Pizarro and the Conquest of Peru	390	(1)
Spanish America: The Transplanting of a European Culture	391	(2)
Portuguese Brazil: The Tenuous Colony	393	(3)
North America: The Land of Lesser Interest	396	(1)
Europeans in Asia	397	(2)
Asia Before the European Empires	397	(1)
The Trading Post Empires	398	(1)
The Beginnings of the Global System	399	(6)
The Columbian Exchange	400	(1)
The Slave Trade	400	(1)
Biological Exchanges	401	(2)
The Problem of Cultural Diversity	403	(1)
The Capitalist Global Economy	404	(1)
Conclusion: The Significance of the Global Encounters	405
Encounters & Transformations Between Indian and Christian: Creating Hybrid Religion in Mexico	392	(2)
Justice in History The Difficulties of a Transatlantic Marriage	394	(14)
The Reformations of Religion	408	(34)
Causes of the Reformation	410	(5)
The Search for Spiritual and Fiscal Freedom	410	(1)
The Print Revolution	411	(2)
The Northern Renaissance and the Christian Humanists	413	(2)
The Lutheran Reformation	415	(6)
Martin Luther and the Break with Rome	415	(1)
The Ninety-Five These	416	(1)
The Path to the Diet of Worms	417	(1)
The Lutheran Reformation in the Cities and Principalities	417	(1)
The Appeal of the Reformation to Women	418	(2)
The German Peasants' Revolt	420	(1)
Lutheran Success	420	(1)
The Diversity of Protestantism	421	(9)
The Reformation in Switzerland	421	(1)
Zwingli's Zurich	421	(1)
Calvin's Geneva	422	(1)
The Reformation in Britain	423	(1)
The Tudors and the English Reformation	423	(2)
Scotland: The Citadel of Calvinism	425	(1)
The Radical Reformation	425	(1)
Anabaptists: The Holy Community	425	(3)
Spiritualists: The Holy Individual	428	(1)
Unitarians: A Rationalist Approach	429	(1)
The Free World of Eastern Europe	429	(1)
The Catholic Reformation	430	(5)
The Religious Orders in the Catholic Reformation	431	(1)
Jesuits: The Soldiers of God	431	(2)
Women's Orders: In But Not of the World	433	(1)
Paul III, The First Counter Reformation Pope	434	(1)
The Council of Trent	434	(1)
The Reformation in the Arts	435	(4)
Protestant Iconoclasm	435	(2)
Counter Reformation Art	437	(1)
Sacred Music: Praising God	438	(1)
Conclusion: Competing Understandings	439
Justice in History The Trial of Anne Boleyn: The Dynastic Crime	426	(6)
The Human Body in History The Ecstasy of Teresa of Avila: The Body and the Soul	432	(10)
The Age of Confessional Division	442	(34)
The Peoples of Early Modern Europe	444	(6)
The Population Recovery	445	(1)
The Prosperous Villages	445	(1)
The Regulated Cities	446	(2)
The Price Revolution	448	(2)
Disciplining the People	450	(10)
Establishing Confessional Identities	450	(1)
Regulating the Family	451	(1)
Marriage and Sexuality: The Self-Restrained Couple	451	(3)
Children: Naturally Evil?	454	(1)
Suppressing Popular Culture	455	(2)
Hunting Witches	457	(3)
The Confessional States	460	(9)
The French Wars of Religion	460	(1)
The Huguenots: The French Calvinist Community	460	(1)
The Origins of the Religious Wars	461	(1)
Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day	462	(2)
Philip II, His Most Catholic Majesty	464	(1)
The Dutch Revolt	465	(1)
Literature in the Age of Confessional Division	466	(1)
French Literature during the Religious Turmoil	467	(1)
Stirrings of the Golden Age in Iberia	468	(1)
The Elizabethan Renaissance	468	(1)
States and Confessions in Eastern Europe	469	(5)
The Dream World of Emperor Rudolf	470	(1)
The Renaissance of Poland-Lithuania	471	(1)
The Troubled Legacy of Ivan the Terrible	471	(3)
Conclusion: The Divisions of the West	474
Justice in History The Auto-da-Fe: The Power of Penance	452	(4)
Encounters & Transformations The Introduction of the Table Fork: The New Sign of Western Civilization	456	(20)
Absolutism and State Building, 1618-1715	476	(36)
The Nature of Absolutism	478	(3)
The Theory of Absolutism	479	(1)
The Practice of Absolutism	479	(1)
Warfare and the Absolutist State	480	(1)
The Absolutist State in France and Spain	481	(10)
The Foundations of French Absolutism	481	(2)
Absolutism in the Reign of Louis XIV	483	(1)
Louis XIV and the Culture of Absolutism	484	(2)
The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667-1714	486	(2)
Absolutism and State Building in Spain	488	(3)
Absolutism and State Building in Central and Eastern Europe	491	(8)
Germany and the Thirty Years'War, 1618-1648	491	(3)
The Growth of the Prussian State	494	(1)
The Austrian Habsburg Monarchy	495	(1)
The Ottoman Empire: Between East and West	496	(1)
Russia and the West	497	(2)
Resistance to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic	499	(10)
The English Monarchy	499	(1)
The English Civil Wars and Revolution	500	(4)
Later Stuart Absolutism and the Glorious Revolution	504	(2)
The Dutch Republic	506	(3)
Conclusion: The Western State in the Age of Absolutism	509
Encounters & Transformations St. Petersburg and the West	498	(4)
Justice in History The Trial of Charles I	502	(10)
The Scientific Revolution	512	(28)
The Discoveries and Achievements of the Scientific Revolution	514	(5)
Astronomy: A New Model of the Universe	514	(3)
Physics: The Laws of Motion and Gravitation	517	(1)
Chemistry: Discovering the Elements of Nature	518	(1)
Biology: The Circulation of the Blood	519	(1)
The Search for Scientific Knowledge	519	(4)
Observation and Experimentation	521	(1)
Deductive Reasoning	521	(1)
Mathematics and Nature	521	(1)
The Mechanical Philosophy	522	(1)
The Causes of the Scientific Revolution	523	(5)
Developments Within Science	523	(1)
Late Medieval Science	523	(1)
Renaissance Science	523	(2)
The Collapse of Paradigms	525	(1)
Developments Outside Science	525	(1)
Protestantism	525	(1)
Patronage	526	(1)
The Printing Press	527	(1)
Military and Economic Change	527	(1)
Voyages of Exploration	527	(1)
The Intellectual Effects of the Scientific Revolution	528	(6)
Education	528	(1)
Skepticism and Independent Reasoning	528	(1)
Science and Religion	529	(2)
Magic, Demons, and Witchcraft	531	(3)
Humans and the Natural World	534	(4)
The Place of Human Beings in the Universe	535	(1)
The Control of Nature	535	(1)
Women, Men, and Nature	536	(2)
Conclusion: Science and Western Culture	538
The Human Body in History Dissecting the Human Corpse	520	(12)
Justice in History The Trial of Galileo	532	(8)
The West and the World: Empire, Trade, and War, 1650-1815	540	(34)
European Empires in the Americas and Asia	542	(7)
The Rise of the British Empire	543	(2)
The Scattered French Empire	545	(1)
The Commercial Dutch Empire	545	(3)
The Vast Spanish Empire	548	(1)
The Declining Portuguese Empire	549	(1)
The Russian Empire in the Pacific	549	(1)
Warfare in Europe, North America, and Asia	549	(5)
Mercantile Warfare	550	(1)
Anglo-French Military Rivalry	551	(1)
The Wars of the Spanish and Austrian Successions, 1701-1748	551	(1)
The Seven Years'War, 1756-1763	552	(1)
The American and French Revolutionary Wars, 1775-1815	553	(1)
The Atlantic World	554	(7)
The Atlantic Economy	554	(3)
The Atlantic Slave Trade	557	(3)
Cultural Encounters in the Atlantic World	560	(1)
The Transmission of Ideas	561	(1)
Encounters Between Europeans and Asians	561	(5)
Political Control of India	561	(1)
Military Conflict and Territorial Acquisitions, 1756-1856	561	(1)
The Sepoy Mutiny	562	(1)
Changing European Attitudes Toward Asian Cultures	563	(3)
The Crisis of Empire and the Atlantic Revolutions	566	(5)
The American Revolution, 1775-1783	566	(2)
The Haitian Revolution, 1789-1804	568	(1)
The Irish Rebellion, 1798-1799	569	(1)
National Revolutions in Spanish America, 1810-1824	570	(1)
Conclusion: The Rise and Reshaping of the West	571
Justice in History The Trial of the Mutineers on the Bounty	546	(10)
Encounters & Transformations Chocolate in the New World and the Old	556	(18)
Eighteenth-Century Society and Culture	574	(32)
The Aristocracy	576	(5)
The Wealth of the Aristocracy	578	(1)
The Political Power of the Aristocracy	578	(2)
The Cultural World of the Aristocracy	580	(1)
Challenges to Aristocratic Dominance	581	(4)
Encounters with the Rural Peasantry	581	(2)
The Social Position of the Bourgeoisie	583	(2)
The Bourgeois Critique of Aristocracy	585	(1)
The Enlightenment	585	(12)
Themes of Enlightenment Thought	585	(1)
Reason and the Laws of Nature	586	(1)
Religion and Morality	587	(2)
Progress and Reform	589	(1)
Voltaire and the Spirit of the Enlightenment	589	(3)
Enlightenment Political Theory	592	(1)
Baron de Montesquieu: The Separation of Powers	593	(1)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The General Will	593	(1)
Thomas Paine: The Rights of Man	594	(1)
Women and the Enlightenment	595	(2)
The Enlightenment and Sexuality	597	(1)
The Impact of the Enlightenment	597	(6)
The Spread of Enlightened Ideas	597	(2)
The Limits of the Enlightenment	599	(1)
Enlightened Absolutism	600	(1)
The Enlightenment and Revolution	601	(2)
Conclusion: The Enlightenment and Western Identity	603
The Human Body in History Bathing in the West	584	(6)
Justice in History A Case of Infanticide in the Age of the Enlightenment	590	(16)
The Age of the French Revolution, 1789-1815	606	(36)
The First French Revolution, 1789-1791	609	(4)
The Beginning of the Revolution	609	(2)
The Creation of a New Political Society	611	(1)
Responses to the First French Revolution	612	(1)
The French Republic, 1792-1799	613	(10)
The Establishment of the Republic, 1792	614	(2)
The Jacobins and the Revolution	616	(4)
The Reign of Terror, 1793-1794	620	(1)
The Directory, 1795-1799	621	(2)
Cultural Change in France During the Revolution	623	(4)
The Transformation of Cultural Institutions	623	(1)
Schools	623	(1)
Academies	623	(1)
Libraries	624	(1)
Museums and Monuments	624	(1)
The Creation of a New Political Culture	625	(2)
Cultural Uniformity	627	(1)
The Napoleonic Era, 1799-1815	627	(12)
Napoleon's Rise to Power	628	(1)
Napoleon and the Revolution	628	(2)
Napoleon and the French State	630	(1)
Concordat with the Papacy	630	(1)
The Civil Code	631	(1)
Administrative Centralization	631	(1)
Napoleon, the Empire, and Europe	632	(4)
The Downfall of Napoleon	636	(3)
The Legacy of the French Revolution	639	(1)
Conclusion: The French Revolution and Western Civilization	640
Justice in History The Trial of Louis XVI	618	(16)
Encounters & Transformations The French Encounter the Egyptians, 1798-1801	634	(8)
The Industrial Revolution	642	(32)
The Nature of the Industrial Revolution	644	(7)
New Industrial Technology	645	(1)
Textile Machinery	645	(1)
The Steam Engine	646	(1)
Mineral Sources of Energy	646	(2)
The Growth of Factories	648	(2)
New Methods of Transportation	650	(1)
Conditions Favoring Industrial Growth	651	(3)
Population Growth	651	(1)
Agricultural Productivity	652	(1)
Capital Formation and Accumulation	652	(1)
Technological Knowledge and Entrepreneurship	653	(1)
Demand from Consumers and Producers	653	(1)
The Spread of Industrialization	654	(5)
Great Britain and the Continent	654	(3)
Features of Continental Industrialization	657	(1)
Industrialization in the United States	658	(1)
Industrial Regionalism	659	(1)
The Effects of Industrialization	659	(10)
Population and Economic Growth	660	(1)
Standards of Living	660	(2)
Women, Children, and Industry	662	(1)
Class and Class Consciousness	663	(4)
The Industrial Landscape	667	(2)
Industry, Trade, and Empire	669	(2)
East Asia: The Opium War, 1839-1842	670	(1)
India: Annexation and Trade	670	(1)
Latin America: An Empire of Trade	671	(1)
Ireland: The Internal Colony	671	(1)
Conclusion: Industrialization and the West	671
Justice in History The Sadler Committee on Child Labor	664	(4)
Encounters & Transformations The Peterloo Massacre 1819	668	(6)
Ideological Conflict and National Unification, 1815-1871	674	(36)
New Ideologies in the Early Nineteenth Century	676	(9)
Liberalism: The Protection of Individual Freedom	676	(2)
Conservatism: Preserving the Established Order	678	(1)
Socialism: The Demand for Equality	679	(2)
Nationalism: The Unity of the People	681	(1)
Culture and Ideology	682	(1)
Scientific Rationalism	682	(1)
Romanticism	683	(2)
Ideological Encounters in Europe, 1815-1848	685	(13)
Liberal and Nationalist Revolts, 1820-1825	686	(1)
The Liberal Revolt of 1820 in Spain and Portugal	686	(1)
The Nationalist Revolt of 1821 in Greece	686	(1)
The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 in Russia	687	(1)
Liberal and Nationalist Revolts, 1830	687	(1)
The French Revolution: The Success of Liberalism	687	(1)
The Belgian Revolution: The Success of Nationalism	688	(1)
The Polish Rebellion: The Failure of Nationalism	689	(1)
Liberal Reform in Britain, 1815-1848	690	(2)
The Revolutions of 1848	692	(1)
The French Revolutions of 1848	692	(1)
The Revolutions of 1848 in Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia	693	(2)
The Revolutions of 1848 in Italy	695	(3)
The Failure of the Revolutions of 1848	698	(1)
National Unification in Europe and America, 1848-1871	698	(7)
Italian Unification: Building a Fragile Nation-State	698	(2)
German Unification: Conservative Nation-Building	700	(3)
Unification in the United States: Creating a Nation of Nations	703	(1)
Nationalism in Eastern Europe: Preserving Multinational Empires	704	(1)
Ideology, Empire, and the Balance of Power	705	(3)
Britain, the United States, and the Monroe Doctrine of 1823	705	(1)
Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and the Crimean War, 1853-1856	706	(1)
The German Empire and the Paris Commune, 1870-1871	706	(2)
Conclusion: The Ideological Transformation of the West	708
The Human Body in History Mary Shelley's Frankenstein: The Body in Romantic Literature	684	(12)
Justice in History Prostitution, Corporal Punishment, and Liberalism in Germany	696	(14)
The Coming of Mass Politics: Industrialization, Emancipation, and Instability, 1870-1914	710	(66)
Economic Transformation	712	(5)
Economic Depression	712	(1)
Industrial Expansion	712	(1)
The Second Industrial Revolution	713	(2)
On the Move: Emigration and Urbanization	715	(1)
Growing Social Unrest	716	(1)
Defining the Political Nation	717	(8)
Nation Making	717	(1)
Franchise Expansion	717	(1)
Social Reform	718	(1)
Schooling the Nation	719	(1)
Inventing Traditions	719	(1)
Crisis, Revolution, and Civil War: The Examples of France, Russia, and Ireland	720	(1)
France: A Crisis of Legitimacy	720	(1)
Russia: Revolution and Reaction	721	(4)
The Irish Identity Conflict	725	(1)
Broadening the Political Nation	725	(7)
The Politics of the Working Class	725	(1)
The Workers' City	725	(1)
Working-Class Socialism and the Revolutionary Problem	726	(2)
Radical Trade Unions and the Anarchist Threat	728	(1)
The Politics of Race and Nation	729	(1)
Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary: The Politics of Division	729	(2)
Anti-Semitism in Mass Politics	731	(1)
Zionism: Jewish Mass Politics	732	(1)
Outside the Political Nation? The Experience of Women	732	(7)
Changes in the Position of Middle-Class Women	733	(2)
Women and the Law	735	(1)
Finding a Place: Employment and Education	736	(1)
No More Angels	737	(1)
The Fight for Women's Suffrage	737	(2)
Conclusion: The West in an Age of Mass Politics	739
Justice in History The Dreyfus Affair: Defining National Identity in France	722	(12)
The Human Body in History Men in Black	734	(10)
The West and the World: Cultural Crisis and the New Imperialism, 1870-1914	742
Scientific Transformations	744	(6)
Medicine and Microbes	744	(1)
The Triumph of Evolutionary Science	745	(2)
Social Darwinism and Racial Hierarchies	747	(1)
The Revolution in Physics	748	(1)
Social Thought: The Revolt Against Positivism	749	(1)
Cultural Crisis: The Fin-de-Siecle and the Birth of Modernism	750	(9)
The Fin-de-Siecle	750	(1)
Tightening Gender Boundaries	751	(3)
The Birth of Modernism	754	(4)
Popular Religion and Secularization	758	(1)
The New Imperialism	759	(14)
Understanding the New Imperialism	759	(1)
Technology, Economics, and Politics	759	(1)
The Imperial Idea	760	(1)
The Scramble for Africa	761	(2)
Overcoming the Obstacles	763	(2)
Slicing the Cake: The Conquest of Africa	765	(1)
African Resistance	766	(1)
Asian Encounters	766	(2)
Expanding the West: The United States and Australia	768	(1)
The Continued Expansion of the Russian Empire	769	(1)
Japanese Industrial and Imperial Expansion	770	(1)
Scrambling in China	771	(1)
A Glimpse of Things to Come: The Boer War	772	(1)
Conclusion: Reshaping the West: Expansion and Fragmentation	773
Justice in History The Trial of Oscar Wilde	752	(10)
Encounters & Transformations Picasso Goes to the Museum	762	(14)
The First World War	776	(36)
The Origins of the First World War	778	(7)
Nationalism in Eastern Europe: Austria-Hungary and the Problem of Serbia	779	(1)
International Competition and Rival Alliance Systems	779	(2)
Mobilization Plans and the Industrialized Military	781	(2)
The Will to War	783	(2)
The Experience of Total War	785	(9)
The Western Front: Stalemate in the Trenches	785	(1)
The Troglodyte War	785	(1)
The Offensives	786	(2)
A Modernist War	788	(1)
The War in Eastern Europe	789	(1)
The Eastern Front: A War of Movement	789	(2)
The Forgotten Front: The Balkans	791	(1)
The World at War	791	(2)
The War at Sea and the Entry of the United States	793	(1)
Back in Motion: The Western Front in 1918	794	(1)
The Home Fronts	794	(6)
Industrial War	794	(1)
The Expansion of the State	795	(1)
The Politics of Total War	795	(1)
The World Turned Upside Down	796	(1)
The War's Impact on Social Relations	796	(1)
The War's Impact on Gender Relations	796	(1)
Identifying the Enemy: From Propaganda to Genocide	797	(3)
War and Revolution	800	(10)
The Russian Revolutions	800	(1)
The March Revolution	800	(1)
The November Revolution	801	(1)
The Spreading Revolution	802	(1)
The Failure of Wilson's Revolution	803	(3)
The Treaty of Versailles and German Democracy	806	(1)
The Failure of National Self-Determination	806	(2)
The Limits of the League	808	(1)
The Making of the Modern Middle East	809	(1)
Conclusion: The War and the West	810
The Human Body in History Shell Shock: From Woman's Malady to Soldier's Affliction	798	(6)
Justice in History Revolutionary Justice: The Nontrial of Nicholas and Alexandra	804	(8)
Reconstruction, Reaction, and Continuing Revolution: The 1920s and 1930s	812	(36)
Cultural Despair and Desire	814	(4)
The Waste Land	814	(1)
Building Something Better	815	(1)
Machinery and Movement	815	(1)
Scientific Possibilities	816	(2)
Out of the Trenches: Reconstructing Natural and Gender Politics in the 1920s	818	(8)
The Reconstruction of Russia: From Tsar to Commissar	818	(2)
The Reconstruction of National Politics in Eastern and Central Europe	820	(1)
The Defeat of Democracy in Eastern Europe	820	(1)
The Weakness of the Weimar Republic	820	(4)
The Reconstruction of Gender	824	(1)
The New Woman	824	(1)
The Reconstruction of Traditional Roles	825	(1)
Women and the Bolshevik Revolution	826	(1)
The Rise of the Radical Right	826	(6)
The Fascist Alternative	826	(1)
Mussolini's Rise to Power	826	(1)
The Fascist Revolution in Italy	827	(1)
The Great Depression and the Spread of Fascism After 1929	828	(1)
The Nazi Revolution	829	(1)
Hitler's Rise to Power	829	(3)
National Recovery 830 Campaigns of Repression and Terror	832	(1)
Women and the Radical Right	832	(1)
The Polarization of Politics in the 1930s	832	(8)
The Soviet Union Under Stalin: Revolution Reconstructed, Terror Extended	833	(1)
Stalin's Rise to Power	833	(1)
The ``Revolution from Above'': Collectivization and Industrialization, 1928-1934	834	(1)
Stalin's Consolidation of Power: The Great Purge and Soviet Society, 1934-1939	835	(1)
Stalin and the Nation	836	(1)
The Response of the Democracies	837	(1)
A Third Way? The Social Democratic Alternative	838	(1)
The Popular Front in France	839	(1)
The Spanish Civil War	839	(1)
The West and the World: Imperialism in the Interwar Era	840	(6)
The Irish Revolution	840	(1)
Changing Power Equations: Ideology and Economics	840	(1)
Postwar Nationalism, Westernization, and the Islamic Challenge	841	(1)
The Emergence of Pan-Arabism	842	(1)
State Nationalism on the Western Model	842	(1)
The Islamic Challenge	843	(1)
Moral Revolution in India	843	(2)
The Power of the Primitive	845	(1)
Conclusion: The Kingdom of Corpses	846
Justice in History The Trial of Adolf Hitler	822	(22)
Encounters & Transformations From Mohandas to Mahatma: Gandhi's Transformation	844	(4)
World War II	848	(36)
The Coming of War	850	(4)
An Uneasy Peace	850	(1)
The 1930s: Prelude to World War II	851	(2)
Evaluating Appeasement	853	(1)
Europe at War, 1939-1941	854	(5)
A New Kind of Warfare	854	(1)
The Conquest of Poland	854	(1)
Blitzkrieg on Western Europe	855	(1)
The Battle of Britain	856	(1)
The Invasion of the Soviet Union	856	(1)
A Crucial Postponement	857	(1)
Early Success	858	(1)
The Fatal Winter	858	(1)
The World at War, 1941-1945	859	(9)
The Globalization of the War	859	(1)
From Allied Defeat to Allied Victory	860	(1)
The Turning Point: Midway, El Alamein, and Stalingrad	860	(2)
The Allies on the Offensive	862	(1)
The Fall of Germany	863	(2)
The Air War, the Atom Bomb, and the Fall of Japan	865	(1)
The Air War	866	(1)
The Manhattan Project	866	(1)
A Light Brighter Than a Thousand Suns	867	(1)
The War Against the Jews	868	(4)
From Emigration to Extermination: The Evolution of Genocide	869	(1)
The Death Camps: Murder by Assembly Line	870	(2)
The Allies' Response	872	(1)
The Home Front: The Other Wars	872	(8)
The Limits of Resistance	872	(4)
Civil War in Yugoslavia	876	(1)
Under Occupation	876	(1)
The Women's War	877	(2)
What Are We Fighting For?	879	(1)
Myth Making and Morale Building	879	(1)
Planning for Reconstruction	879	(1)
Conclusion: The New West: After Auschwitz and the Atom Bomb	880
The Human Body in History The GI	864	(10)
Justice in History The Trial of Adolf Eichmann	874	(10)
Redefining the West After World War II	884	(38)
A Dubious Peace, 1945-1949	886	(6)
Devastation, Death, and Continuing War	886	(2)
From Hot to Cold War	888	(1)
Fraying Seams, 1943-1945	888	(1)
Torn in Two, 1946-1949	889	(3)
The West and the World: Decolonization and the Cold War	892	(9)
The End to the Age of European Empires	892	(3)
The Imperialist Legacy	895	(1)
The Globalization of the Cold War	896	(1)
The Korean War, 1950-1953	896	(2)
Changing Temperatures in the Cold War, 1953-1960	898	(1)
On the Brink: The Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis	899	(1)
Cold War Arenas: Vietnam and the Middle East	899	(1)
The Third World	900	(1)
The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the 1950s and 1960s	901	(6)
From Stalinist Terror to De-Stalinization	901	(3)
Re-Stalinization and Stagnation: The Brezhnev Era	904	(1)
Diversity and Dissent in Eastern Europe	905	(1)
1956 and After	905	(1)
The Prague Spring	906	(1)
The West: Consensus, Consumption, and Culture	907	(13)
The Triumph of Democracy	907	(1)
Prosperity in the West	908	(1)
Economic Integration	908	(1)
The Age of Affluence	908	(1)
Western Culture and Thought in the Age of Consumption	909	(1)
Finding Meaning in the Age of Auschwitz and the Atom Bomb	909	(2)
Culture and Ideas in the World of Plenty	911	(1)
Science and Religion in an Age of Mass Consumption	912	(1)
Social Encounters in the Age of Affluence	913	(1)
Americanization, Coca-Colonization, and the Gaullist Protest	913	(1)
Immigration and Ethnic Diversity	914	(1)
The Second Sex?	915
The Protest Era	914	(6)
Conclusion: New Definitions, New Divisions	920
Justice in History Show Time: The Trial of Rudolf Slansky	902	(16)
The Human Body in History The Pill: Controlling the Female Body	918	(4)
The West in the Contemporary Era: New Encounters and Transformations	922
Economic Stagnation and Political Change: The 1970s and 1980s	924	(7)
The 1970s: A More Uncertain Era	924	(1)
The Era of Detente	924	(1)
Economic Crisis in the West	925	(1)
Consequences of the Crisis	926	(1)
The 1980s: The End of Political Consensus in the West	927	(1)
The New Conservatives	928	(1)
New Challenges and New Identities: New Feminism	928	(1)
New Challenges and New Identities: Environmentalism	929	(1)
From Detente to Renewed Cold War	930	(1)
Revolution in the East	931	(7)
The Crisis of Legitimacy in the East	931	(1)
The Moment of Solidarity, the Moment of Punk	931	(2)
Nature and the Nation	933	(1)
Gorbachev and Radical Reform	934	(1)
Glasnost and Perestroika	934	(1)
Ending the Cold War	935	(1)
The Revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe	935	(1)
The Disintegration of the Soviet Union	936	(2)
In the Wake of Revolution	938	(5)
Crisis Throughout the Former Soviet Union	938	(1)
Eastern Europe: Stumbling Toward Democracy	939	(1)
The ``German Problem''?	940	(1)
The Breakup of Yugoslavia	940	(3)
Rethinking the West	943	(13)
The European Union	945	(1)
Islam, Terrorism, and European Identity	945	(1)
Muslim Communities in Europe	945	(1)
Terrorism, the West, and the Middle East	945	(3)
Islatuism and the West	948	(2)
Euro-Islam	950	(1)
Into the Postmodern Era	951	(1)
The Making of the Postmodern	951	(1)
Postmodern Cultures and Postindustrial Technologies	952	(1)
Postmodern Patterns in Religious Life	953	(1)
The Global Challenge	954	(1)
The Global Economy	954	(1)
The Environmental Crisis	955	(1)
Conclusion: Where Is the West Now?	956
Encounters & Transformations Rock and the Velvet Revolution	932	(14)
Justice in History The Sentencing of Salman Rushdie	946
Glossary	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Index	1