Western Civilization : Ideas Politics and Society

by Unknown

• ISBN13: 9780618271047
• ISBN10: 061827104X
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-02-28
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Table of Contents

Maps	xi
Chronologies	xii
Preface	xiii
Map Essay before Part One
Part One The Ancient World: Foundation of the West to A.D. 500	2	(194)
The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations	4	(29)
The Rise to Civilization	5	(6)
The Paleolithic Age	5	(3)
The Neolithic Revolution	8	(1)
The First Civilizations	9	(2)
Mesopotamian Civilization	11	(6)
Religion: The Basis of Mesopotamian Civilization	12	(3)
Government and Law	15	(1)
Business and Trade	16	(1)
Writing, Mathematics, Astronomy, and Medicine	16	(1)
Egyptian Civilization	17	(6)
From the Old Kingdom to the Middle Kingdom	17	(1)
Religion: The Basis of Egyptian Civilization	18	(1)
Divine Kingship	19	(1)
Science and Mathematics	20	(1)
The New Kingdom and the Decline of Egyptian Civilization	21	(2)
Empire Builders	23	(5)
Hittites	24	(1)
Small Nations	25	(1)
Assyria	25	(1)
The Neo-Babylonian Empire	26	(1)
Persia: Unifier of the Near East	27	(1)
The Religious Orientation of the Near East	28	(5)
A Mythmaking World-View	29	(1)
Near Eastern Achievements	30	(3)
The Hebrews: A New View of God and the Individual	33	(17)
Outline of Hebrew History	34	(5)
The Israelite Kingdom	35	(1)
Conquest, Captivity, and Restoration	36	(2)
The Hebrew Scriptures	38	(1)
God: One, Sovereign, Transcendent, Good	39	(1)
The Individual and Moral Autonomy	40	(1)
The Covenant and the Law	41	(2)
The Hebrew Idea of History	43	(1)
The Prophets	44	(4)
Social Justice	45	(1)
Universalism	46	(1)
Individualism	47	(1)
The Legacy of the Ancient Jews	48	(2)
The Greek City-State: Democratic Politics	50	(24)
Early Aegean Civilizations	52	(2)
The Rise of Hellenic Civilization	54	(3)
Homer, Shaper of the Greek Spirit	54	(2)
Greek Religion	56	(1)
Evolution of the City-State	57	(5)
The Break with Theocratic Politics	57	(1)
Sparta: A Garrison State	58	(1)
Athens: The Rise of Democracy	59	(3)
Athenian Greatness	62	(5)
The Persian Wars	62	(1)
The Delian League	62	(1)
The Mature Athenian Democracy	63	(3)
Pericles: Symbol of Athenian Democracy	66	(1)
The Decline of the City-States	67	(2)
The Peloponnesian War	67	(2)
The Fourth Century	69	(1)
The Dilemma of Greek Politics	69	(5)
Greek Thought: From Myth to Reason	74	(28)
Philosophy	75	(14)
The Cosmologists: A Rational Inquiry into Nature	76	(2)
The Sophists: A Rational Investigation of Human Society	78	(1)
Socrates: The Rational Individual	79	(3)
Plato: The Rational Society	82	(4)
Aristotle: A Synthesis of Greek Thought	86	(3)
Art	89	(1)
Poetry and Drama	89	(7)
Aeschylus	93	(1)
Sophocles	93	(1)
Euripides	94	(1)
Aristophanes	95	(1)
History	96	(2)
Herodotus	96	(1)
Thucydides	97	(1)
The Greek Achievement: Reason, Freedom, Humanism	98	(4)
The Hellenistic Age: Cultural Diffusion	102	(17)
Alexander the Great	105	(1)
Hellenistic Society	106	(4)
Competing Dynasties	106	(1)
Cosmopolitanism	106	(3)
Hellenism and the Jews	109	(1)
Hellenistic Culture	110	(7)
Literature, History, and Art	110	(1)
Science	111	(1)
Philosophy	112	(5)
The Hellenistic Legacy	117	(2)
The Roman Republic: City-State to World Empire	119	(22)
Evolution of the Roman Constitution	120	(4)
Roman Expansion to 146 B.C.	124	(6)
The Uniting of Italy	124	(1)
Conquest of the Mediterranean World	125	(2)
Consequences of Expansion	127	(3)
Culture in the Republic	130	(2)
Collapse of the Republic	132	(9)
Crisis in Agriculture	133	(1)
The Gracchan Revolution	134	(1)
Rival Generals	135	(1)
Julius Caesar	136	(2)
The Republic's Last Years	138	(3)
The Roman Empire: A World-State	141	(30)
Augustus and the Foundations of the Roman Empire	142	(4)
The Pax Romana	146	(12)
The Successors of Augustus	147	(3)
The ``Time of Happiness''	150	(3)
Roman Culture and Law During the Pax Romana	153	(5)
Signs of Trouble	158	(4)
Internal Unrest	158	(1)
Social and Economic Weaknesses	159	(1)
Cultural Stagnation and Transformation	159	(1)
The Spread of Mystery Religions	160	(1)
The Spiritualization of Philosophy	161	(1)
The Decline of Rome	162	(7)
Third-Century Crisis	162	(2)
Diocletian and Constantine: The Regimented State	164	(1)
Tribal Migrations and Invasions	164	(2)
Reasons for Rome's Decline	166	(3)
The Roman Legacy	169	(2)
Early Christianity: A World Religion	171	(25)
Origins of Christianity	172	(7)
Judaism in the First Century B.C.	173	(2)
Jesus: The Inner Person	175	(2)
Saint Paul: From a Jewish Sect to a World Religion	177	(2)
The Spread and Triumph of Christianity	179	(5)
The Appeal of Christianity	179	(2)
Christianity and Rome	181	(1)
Christianity and Greek Philosophy	182	(2)
The Growth of Christian Organization, Doctrine, and Attitudes	184	(4)
The Primacy of the Bishop of Rome	184	(1)
The Rise of Monasticism	185	(1)
Scriptural Tradition and Doctrinal Disputes	185	(1)
Christianity and Society	186	(1)
Christianity and the Jews	187	(1)
Saint Augustine: The Christian World-View	188	(4)
Christianity and Classical Humanism: Alternative World-Views	192	(4)
Part Two The Middle Ages: The Christian Centuries 500--1400	196	(102)
The Heirs of Rome: Byzantium, Islam, and Latin Christendom	198	(30)
Byzantine Civilization: The Medieval Christian East	199	(5)
Conflict with the Roman Church	200	(1)
Imperial Growth and Decline	200	(4)
The Bequest of Byzantium	204	(1)
Islamic Civilization: Its Development and Dissemination	204	(6)
The Prophet: The Founding of a New Religion	204	(2)
The Muslim State and Society	206	(1)
The Muslim Golden Age	207	(2)
Mongol Invasions and Ottoman Dominance	209	(1)
Latin Christendom: The Rise of Europe	210	(3)
Political and Economic Transformation	210	(2)
The Waning of Classical Culture	212	(1)
The Church: Shaper of Medieval Civilization	213	(3)
The Church as Unifier	213	(1)
Monks and the Papacy	214	(2)
The Kingdom of the Franks	216	(5)
The Era of Charlemagne	217	(1)
Carolingian Renaissance	218	(2)
The Breakup of Charlemagne's Empire	220	(1)
Medieval Society	221	(3)
Vassalage	222	(1)
Feudal Law	223	(1)
Feudal Warriors	223	(1)
Noblewomen	224	(1)
Agrarian Life	225
Art Essay: The Art of the Ancient World and the Middle Ages after	224	(4)
The High Middle Ages: Vitality and Renewal	228	(30)
Economic Expansion	229	(7)
Agricultural Revolution	229	(3)
Revival of Trade	232	(2)
Rebirth of Towns	234	(2)
The Rise of States	236	(5)
England	237	(1)
France	238	(2)
Germany	240	(1)
The Emergence of Representative Institutions	241	(1)
The Growth of Papal Power	241	(13)
The Sacraments	242	(1)
Gregorian Reform	242	(4)
The Crusades	246	(4)
Dissenters and Reformers	250	(3)
Innocent III: The Apex of Papal Power	253	(1)
Christians and Jews	254	(4)
The Flowering of Medieval Culture: The Christian Synthesis	258	(21)
Revival of Learning	259	(3)
The Medieval World-View	262	(2)
The Universe: Higher and Lower Worlds	263	(1)
The Individual: Sinful but Redeemable	264	(1)
Philosophy-Theology	264	(6)
Saint Anselm and Abelard	265	(2)
The Recovery of Aristotle	267	(1)
Saint Thomas Aquinas: Synthesis of Christian Belief and Reason	268	(2)
Strict Aristotelianism: The Challenge to Orthodoxy	270	(1)
Science	270	(2)
The Recovery of Roman Law	272	(1)
Literature	273	(2)
Architecture	275	(4)
The Late Middle Ages: Crisis and Dissolution	279	(19)
An Age of Adversity	280	(5)
Economic Problems, Black Death, and Social Tension	280	(4)
The Hundred Years' War	284	(1)
The Decline of the Papacy	285	(4)
Conflict with France	285	(2)
Critics of Papal Power	287	(1)
The Great Schism and the Conciliar Movement	287	(2)
Fourteenth-Century Heresies	289	(1)
Breakup of the Thomistic Synthesis	289	(1)
The Middle Ages and the Modern World: Continuity and Discontinuity	290	(8)
Part Three Early Modern Europe: From Renaissance to Enlightenment 1350--1789	298	(2)
The Renaissance: Transition to the Modern Age	300	(23)
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance	302	(6)
Political Evolution of the City-States	303	(3)
Renaissance Society	306	(2)
The Renaissance Outlook: Humanism and Secular Politics	308	(3)
Humanism	308	(2)
A Revolution in Political Thought	310	(1)
Renaissance Art	311	(5)
Early Renaissance Art	312	(2)
Late Renaissance Art	314	(2)
The Spread of the Renaissance	316	(4)
Erasmian Humanism	317	(1)
French Humanism	318	(1)
Spanish Humanism	318	(1)
English Humanism	319	(1)
The Renaissance and the Modern Age	320	(1)
Art Essay: The Renaissance after	320	(3)
The Reformation: The Shattering of Christendom	323	(26)
The Medieval Church in Crisis	325	(3)
Wycliffe and Hus	325	(1)
Mysticism and Humanism	326	(1)
The End of the World	327	(1)
The Lutheran Revolt	328	(7)
Luther: Humanist, Prophet, and Conservative	328	(1)
Luther's Break with Catholicism	328	(3)
But Who Is Saved?	331	(1)
The Creation and Spread of Lutheranism	331	(1)
Religious Reform or Social Revolution?	332	(3)
The Spread of the Reformation	335	(8)
Calvin and Calvinism	336	(2)
France	338	(2)
England	340	(1)
Southern and Eastern Europe	341	(1)
The Radical Reformation	342	(1)
The Catholic Response	343	(2)
The Reformation and the Modern Age	345	(4)
European Expansion: Economic and Social Transformations	349	(28)
European Expansion	351	(8)
Forces Behind Expansion	352	(1)
The Portuguese Empire	353	(2)
The Spanish Empire	355	(2)
Black Slavery and the Slave Trade	357	(2)
The Price Revolution	359	(2)
The Expansion of Agriculture	361	(2)
The Old Pattern of Farming	361	(1)
Enclosure	361	(1)
Convertible Husbandry	362	(1)
Agricultural Change in Eastern Europe	363	(1)
The Expansion of Trade and Industry	363	(5)
The Domestic System	363	(1)
Innovations in Business	364	(1)
Patterns of Commercial Development	365	(3)
The Growth of Capitalism	368	(2)
What Is Capitalism?	368	(1)
The Fostering of Mercantile Capitalism	368	(2)
The Elite and the People	370	(4)
Traditional Popular Culture	370	(1)
The Reform of Popular Culture	371	(1)
Witchcraft and the Witch Craze	372	(2)
Economic and Social Transformations	374	(3)
The Rise of Sovereignty: Transition to the Modern State	377	(31)
Monarchs and Elites as State Builders	380	(1)
The Rise and Fall of Hapsburg Spain	381	(5)
Ferdinand and Isabella: Unity and Purity of ``Blood'' and Religion	381	(2)
The Reign of Charles V: Hapsburg, King of Spain, and Holy Roman Emperor	383	(1)
Philip II	383	(2)
The End of the Spanish Hapsburgs	385	(1)
The Growth of French Power	386	(6)
Religion and the French State	387	(1)
Louis XIV: The Consolidation of French Monarchical Power	388	(4)
The Growth of Limited Monarchy and Constitutionalism in England	392	(7)
The English Parliament and Constitution	393	(1)
The Tudor Achievement	393	(3)
The English Revolutions, 1640--1660 and 1688--1689	396	(3)
The Netherlands: A Bourgeois Republic	399	(1)
The Holy Roman Empire: The Failure to Unify Germany	400	(2)
The Emergence of Austria and Prussia	402	(2)
Austria	402	(1)
Prussia	403	(1)
Russia	404	(1)
The State and Modern Political Development	405	(3)
The Scientific Revolution: The Mechanical Universe	408	(18)
Medieval Cosmology	410	(1)
A New View of Nature	411	(5)
Renaissance Neo-Platonism	411	(1)
Magic and the Search for Nature	412	(1)
The Copernican Revolution	412	(2)
The Laws of Planetary Motion: Tycho and Kepler	414	(1)
Galileo: Experimental Physics	415	(1)
The Newtonian Synthesis: Experiment, Mathematics, and Theory	416	(1)
Art Essay: Art of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries after	416	(2)
Biology, Medicine, and Chemistry	418	(2)
Bacon and Descartes: Prophets of the New Science	420	(2)
Bacon	420	(1)
Descartes	421	(1)
Social Implications of the Scientific Revolution	422	(1)
The Meaning of the Scientific Revolution	423	(3)
The Age of Enlightenment: Reason and Reform	426	(3)
The Formation of a Public and Secular Culture	429	(3)
Salons	430	(1)
Freemasons	430	(2)
Scientific Academies	432	(1)
Alternatives to Orthodoxy	432	(3)
Christianity Under Attack	432	(1)
Skeptics, Freethinkers, and Deists	432	(2)
Voltaire the Philosophe	434	(1)
Political Thought	435	(3)
Locke	436	(1)
Montesquieu	437	(1)
Rousseau	437	(1)
Social Thought	438	(5)
Epistemology and Education	438	(2)
Humanitarianism	440	(3)
Economic Thought	443	(2)
The High Enlightenment	445	(3)
European Political and Diplomatic Developments	448	(5)
Warfare	448	(1)
Enlightened Despotism	449	(3)
Effects of Enlightened Despotism	452	(1)
The Enlightenment in Eastern Europe	453	(1)
The American Revolution	454	(2)
The Enlightenment and the Modern World	456
Index	1