Western Experience

by Chambers, Mortimer; Hanawalt, Barbara; Rabb, Theodore K.; Woloch, Isser; Grew, Raymond

• ISBN13: 9780072883695
• ISBN10: 0072883693
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-07-01
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill College

Table of Contents

List of Maps	xix
List of Boxes	xxi
Preface	xxiii
The First Civilizations	3	(30)
The Earliest Humans	4	(2)
Human Beings as Food Gatherers	4	(1)
Human Beings as Food Producers	5	(1)
Early Near Eastern Villages	5	(1)
The First Civilizations in Mesopotamia	6	(7)
The Emergence of Civilization	7	(1)
Sumer	8	(2)
The Babylonian Kingdom	10	(3)
Mesopotamian Culture	13	(1)
Egypt	13	(7)
The Old and Middle Kingdoms	13	(4)
The New Kingdom	17	(2)
A View of Egyptian Society	19	(1)
Palestine	20	(5)
Canaanites and Phoenicians	20	(1)
Hebrew Society and the Bible	21	(4)
The Jewish Legacy	25	(1)
The Near Eastern States	25	(8)
The Assyrian State	25	(1)
The Neo-Babylonian Kingdom and the Medes	26	(1)
The Persian Empire	27	(6)
The Forming of Greek Civilization	33	(32)
Crete and Early Greece (Ca. 3000-1100 B.C.)	34	(6)
Cretan Civilization	34	(3)
Crete and the Greeks	37	(1)
Mycenaean Civilization (Ca. 1600-1100 B.C.)	38	(2)
The Greek Renaissance (Ca. 800-600 B.C.)	40	(7)
Greek Religion	41	(2)
Public Games	43	(1)
Colonization (Ca. 750-Ca. 550 B.C.)	44	(1)
The Alphabet	44	(1)
Archaic Literature	45	(2)
The Polis	47	(8)
Organization and Government	47	(2)
The Economy of the Poleis (Ca. 700-400 B.C.)	49	(1)
Sparta and Athens (Ca. 700-500 B.C.)	50	(5)
The Challenge of Persia	55	(2)
The Invasion under Darius and Marathon (490 B.C.)	55	(2)
The Second Persian War (480-479 B.C.)	57	(1)
The Wars of the Fifth Century (479-404 B.C.)	57	(8)
The Athenian Empire	57	(1)
The Age of Pericles	58	(1)
The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)	59	(6)
Classical and Hellenistic Greece	65	(26)
Classical Greek Culture (Ca. 500-323 B.C.)	66	(10)
Greek Philosophy	66	(5)
Greek Tragedy	71	(2)
Greek Comedy: Aristophanes	73	(1)
Historical Writing	73	(1)
The Family in Classical Greece	74	(2)
The Rise of Macedonia	76	(5)
The Decline of the Independent Poleis	77	(1)
Philip II of Macedonia	77	(1)
Alexander the Great	78	(3)
The Hellenistic Age (323-30 B.C.)	81	(10)
The Dissolution of Alexander's Empire	81	(1)
Economic Life	82	(2)
Literature, Art, and Science	84	(1)
Philosophy and Religion	85	(6)
The Roman Republic	91	(28)
The Unification of Italy (To 264 B.C.)	92	(8)
The Geography of Italy	92	(1)
Early Rome	92	(1)
The Early Roman Republic	93	(1)
The Struggle of the Orders (494-287 B.C.)	94	(3)
Roman Society in the Republic	97	(2)
Early Roman Literature	99	(1)
Early Expansion of Rome	100	(1)
The Age of Mediterranean Conquest (264-133 B.C.)	100	(4)
The Punic Wars	101	(1)
Expansion in the Eastern Mediterranean	102	(1)
The Nature of Roman Expansion	103	(1)
The Roman Revolution (133-27 B.C.)	104	(9)
Social Change and the Gracchi	104	(2)
The Years of the Warlords	106	(2)
The First Triumvirate	108	(2)
The Supremacy of Julius Caesar	110	(3)
The End of the Roman Republic	113	(1)
The Second Triumvirate	113	(1)
Octavian Triumphant	113	(1)
The Founding of the Roman Empire	114	(5)
Augustus and the Principate	114	(1)
Augustus, the First Roman Emperor	115	(4)
The Empire and Christianity	119	(38)
The Empire at Its Height	120	(13)
The Successors of Augustus	120	(1)
The Five Good Emperors	121	(3)
Roman Imperial Civilization	124	(9)
The Period of Crisis (192-284)	133	(1)
The Crisis of Leadership	133	(1)
Weaknesses in Roman Slavery	133	(1)
The Plight of the Poor	134	(1)
The Late Roman Empire	134	(5)
Restoration under Diocletian	134	(1)
Constantine and the Bureaucracy	135	(1)
The Decline of the Western Empire	135	(4)
Christianity and Its Early Rivals	139	(18)
The Mystery Religions	140	(1)
The Jews in the Roman Empire	140	(3)
Origins of Christianity	143	(4)
Battles within Christianity	147	(2)
The Fathers of the Church	149	(8)
The Making of Western Europe	157	(24)
The New Community of Peoples	158	(6)
The Great Migrations	158	(4)
Germanic Society	162	(1)
Germans and Romans	163	(1)
The New Political Structures	164	(6)
The Early Byzantine Empire	164	(1)
Justinian the Great (R. 527-565) of Byzantium	165	(3)
The Frankish Kingdom	168	(1)
Kingship in Italy and Spain	169	(1)
Anglo-Saxon England	169	(1)
The New Economy, 500-900	170	(2)
Agricultural Innovations	170	(1)
Trade and Manufacture	171	(1)
The Expansion of the Church	172	(9)
Origins of the Papacy	172	(2)
Monasticism	174	(1)
Missionaries and Popular Religion	175	(2)
The Church and Classical Learning	177	(4)
The Empires of the Early Middle Ages (800-1000): Creation and Erosion	181	(34)
Islam	182	(9)
The Arabs	182	(1)
Muhammad	182	(1)
The Religion of Islam	183	(1)
Expansion of Islam	184	(3)
Islamic Economy and Society	187	(1)
Arabic Contributions to Global Culture	187	(2)
Decline of Medieval Islamic Civilization	189	(2)
The Byzantine Empire (610-1071)	191	(5)
Strains on the Empire	191	(1)
Byzantine Government	192	(1)
The Eastern Church and the Western Church	193	(1)
Byzantine Economy and Society	193	(2)
Byzantine Culture	195	(1)
Decline of the Byzantine Empire	195	(1)
The Carolingian, or Frankish, Empire	196	(9)
Charlemagne	196	(1)
Carolingian Government	197	(2)
The Carolingian Renaissance	199	(4)
Carolingian Society and Culture	203	(1)
Decline of the Carolingian Empire	204	(1)
The Vikings, Kiev, and England	205	(10)
The Vikings	205	(2)
The Kievan Rus Principality	207	(3)
Anglo-Saxon England	210	(5)
Restoration of an Ordered Society	215	(34)
Economic and Social Changes	216	(13)
Feudalism	216	(3)
Life of the Nobility	219	(3)
Manorialism	222	(2)
Peasant Life	224	(1)
Expansion of Europe	225	(1)
Commercial Expansion	226	(1)
Rebirth of Urban Life	227	(2)
Governments of Europe 1000-1150	229	(6)
Norman England	229	(2)
Capetian France	231	(1)
The German Empire	232	(3)
The Reform of the Western Church	235	(3)
The Church in Crisis	235	(1)
Monastic Reform	235	(1)
Papal Reform	236	(1)
Investiture Controversy	236	(1)
Consolidation of Papal Reform	237	(1)
The Crusades	238	(11)
Origins	238	(1)
The Motives of the Crusaders	239	(1)
The First Crusade	239	(1)
The Kingdom of Jerusalem	240	(1)
The Later Crusades	241	(2)
Results of the Crusades	243	(6)
The Flowering of Medieval Civilization	249	(30)
Cultural Developments	250	(13)
The Rise of Universities	250	(2)
Scholasticism	252	(3)
Spiritual Approaches to Knowledge	255	(1)
Romanesque Architecture	256	(3)
The Gothic Style	259	(3)
Court Culture	262	(1)
The States of Europe	263	(9)
England	263	(5)
France	268	(1)
The Iberian Kingdoms	269	(1)
Germany: The Holy Roman Empire	270	(2)
The Church	272	(7)
The Growth of Heresy	272	(1)
The Suppression of Heresy	273	(1)
The Friars	274	(1)
Papal Government	275	(4)
The Urban Economy and the Consolidation of States	279	(26)
Cities, Trade, and Commerce	280	(7)
Urban Government	280	(2)
The Organization of Crafts and Trades	282	(1)
Commercial Institutions	283	(3)
Urban Life	286	(1)
Monarchies and the Development of Representative Institutions	287	(4)
England and the Development of Parliament	287	(3)
France and the Consolidation of Rule	290	(1)
The Holy Roman Empire and the Fragmentation of Rule	291	(1)
Government in the East	291	(4)
The Byzantine Empire	292	(1)
The Mongols	292	(1)
Muscovite Russia	293	(2)
The Papacy and the Church	295	(4)
The Papacy	295	(1)
Lay Religious Observance	296	(3)
Learning and Literature	299	(6)
Philosophy	299	(1)
Dante	299	(6)
Breakdown and Renewal in an Age of Plague	305	(32)
Population Catastrophes	306	(2)
Demographic Decline	306	(1)
Plague	307	(1)
Economic Depression and Recovery	308	(9)
Agricultural Specialization	309	(1)
Protectionism	310	(1)
Technological Advances	311	(2)
The Standard of Living	313	(4)
Popular Unrest	317	(2)
Rural Revolts	318	(1)
Urban Revolts	318	(1)
The Seeds of Discontent	318	(1)
Challenges to the Governments of Europe	319	(10)
Roots of Political Unrest	320	(1)
England, France, and the Hundred Years' War	320	(1)
The Tides of Battle	321	(3)
The Effects of the Hundred Years' War	324	(2)
The States of Italy	326	(3)
The Fall of Byzantium and the Ottoman Empire	329	(8)
The Fall of Constantinople	329	(2)
The Ottoman Empire	331	(6)
Tradition and Change in European Culture, 1300-1500	337	(28)
The New Learning	338	(5)
The Founding of Humanism	338	(2)
Humanism in the Fifteenth Century	340	(1)
The Florentine Neoplatonists	341	(2)
The Heritage of the New Learning	343	(1)
Art and Artists in the Italian Renaissance	343	(8)
Three Friends	343	(2)
The High Renaissance	345	(2)
Status and Perception	347	(4)
The Culture of the North	351	(4)
Chivalry and Decay	352	(2)
Literature, Art, and Music	354	(1)
Scholastic Philosophy and Religious Thought	355	(2)
The ``Modern Way''	355	(1)
Social and Scientific Thought	356	(1)
The State of Christendom	357	(8)
The Revival of the Papacy	359	(1)
Styles of Piety	359	(2)
Movements of Doctrinal Reform	361	(4)
Reformations in Religion	365	(30)
Piety and Dissent	366	(8)
Doctrine and Reform	366	(2)
Causes of Discontent	368	(1)
Popular Religion	369	(2)
Piety and Protest in Literature and Art	371	(1)
Christian Humanism	372	(2)
The Lutheran Reformation	374	(7)
The Conditions for Change	374	(1)
Martin Luther	374	(1)
The Break with Rome	375	(2)
Lutheran Doctrine and Practice	377	(1)
The Spread of Lutheranism	378	(1)
Lutheranism Established	379	(2)
The Spread of Protestantism	381	(5)
Zwingli and the Radicals	381	(1)
Persecution of the Radicals	381	(1)
John Calvin	382	(1)
Calvinism	383	(1)
The Anglican Church	384	(2)
The Catholic Revival	386	(9)
Strengths and Weaknesses	386	(1)
The Council of Trent	387	(1)
The Aftermath of Trent	388	(1)
Ignatius Loyola	389	(1)
The Jesuits	390	(2)
Religion and Politics	392	(3)
Economic Expansion and a New Politics	395	(34)
Expansion at Home	396	(5)
Population Increase	396	(1)
Economic Growth	396	(2)
Social Change	398	(3)
Expansion Overseas	401	(6)
The Portuguese	402	(1)
The Spaniards	403	(2)
The First Colonial Empires	405	(2)
The Centralization of Political Power	407	(11)
Tudor England	407	(3)
Valois France	410	(2)
United Spain	412	(3)
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor	415	(3)
The Splintered States	418	(6)
The New Statecraft	424	(5)
New International Relations	424	(1)
Machiavelli	425	(4)
War and Crisis	429	(30)
Rivalry and War in the Age of Philip II	430	(7)
Philip II of Spain	430	(1)
Elizabeth I of England	430	(1)
The Dutch Revolt	431	(4)
Civil War in France	435	(2)
From Unbounded War to International Crisis	437	(5)
The Thirty Years' War	437	(3)
The Peace of Westphalia	440	(2)
The Military Revolution	442	(2)
Weapons and Tactics	442	(1)
The Organization and Support of Armies	443	(1)
The Life of the Soldier	443	(1)
Revolution in England	444	(5)
Pressures for Change	444	(1)
Parliament and the Law	445	(1)
Rising Antagonisms	446	(1)
Civil War	446	(1)
England under Cromwell	447	(2)
Revolts in France and Spain	449	(4)
The France of Henry IV	449	(1)
Louis XIII	450	(1)
Political and Social Crisis	451	(1)
Sources of Discontent in Spain	451	(2)
Revolt and Secession	453	(1)
Political Change in an Age of Crisis	453	(6)
The United Provinces	454	(1)
Sweden	455	(1)
Eastern Europe and the Crisis	456	(3)
Culture and Society in the Age of the Scientific Revolution	459	(32)
Scientific Advance from Copernicus to Newton	460	(6)
Origins of the Scientific Revolution	460	(2)
The Breakthroughs	462	(1)
Kepler and Galileo Address the Uncertainties	463	(2)
The Climax of the Scientific Revolution: Isaac Newton	465	(1)
The Effects of the Discoveries	466	(5)
A New Epistemology	466	(1)
The Wider Influence of Scientific Thought	466	(1)
Bacon and Descartes	467	(1)
Pascal's Protest Against the New Science	468	(1)
Science Institutionalized	468	(3)
The Arts and Literature	471	(9)
Unsettling Art	471	(1)
Unsettling Writers	471	(1)
The Return of Assurance in the Arts	472	(5)
Stability and Restraint in the Arts	477	(3)
Social Patterns and Popular Culture	480	(11)
Population Trends	480	(1)
Social Status	481	(1)
Mobility and Crime	481	(1)
Change in the Villages and Cities	482	(3)
Belief in Magic and Rituals	485	(1)
Forces of Restraint	486	(5)
The Emergence of the European State System	491	(36)
Absolutism in France	492	(9)
The Rule of Louis XIV	492	(2)
Government	494	(1)
Foreign Policy	494	(4)
Domestic Policy	498	(1)
The End of an Era	499	(1)
France after Louis XIV	499	(2)
Other Patterns of Absolutism	501	(10)
The Habsburgs at Vienna	501	(1)
The Hohenzollerns at Berlin	502	(2)
Rivalry and State Building	504	(1)
The Prussia of Frederick William I	504	(1)
Frederick the Great	505	(1)
The Habsburg Empire	506	(3)
Habsburgs and Bourbons at Madrid	509	(1)
Peter the Great at St. Petersburg	509	(2)
Alternatives to Absolutism	511	(9)
Aristocracy in the United Provinces, Sweden, and Poland	511	(2)
The Triumph of the Gentry in England	513	(2)
Politics and Prosperity	515	(1)
The Growth of Stability	516	(2)
Contrasts in Political Thought	518	(2)
The International System	520	(7)
Diplomacy and Warfare	520	(1)
Armies and Navies	521	(2)
The Seven Years' War	523	(4)
The Wealth of Nations	527	(28)
Demographic and Economic Growth	528	(3)
A New Demographic Era	528	(2)
Profit Inflation: The Movement of Prices	530	(1)
Protoindustrialization	530	(1)
The New Shape of Industry	531	(5)
Toward a New Economic Order	532	(1)
The Roots of Economic Transformation in England	533	(1)
Cotton: The Beginning of Industrialization	534	(2)
Innovation and Tradition in Agriculture	536	(6)
Convertible Husbandry	536	(1)
The Enclosure Movement in Britain	537	(1)
Serfs and Peasants on the Continent	538	(4)
Eighteenth-Century Empires	542	(13)
Mercantile and Naval Competition	542	(1)
The Profits of Global Commerce	543	(1)
Slavery, the Foundation of Empire	544	(2)
Mounting Colonial Conflicts	546	(1)
The Great War for Empire	546	(3)
The British Foothold in India	549	(6)
The Age of Enlightenment	555	(26)
The Enlightenment	556	(10)
The Broadening Reverberations of Science	556	(2)
Beyond Christianity	558	(1)
The Philosophes	559	(3)
Diderot and the Encyclopedia	562	(1)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau	563	(3)
Eighteenth-Century Elite Culture	566	(7)
Cosmopolitan High Culture	566	(2)
Publishing and Reading	568	(2)
Literature, Music, and Art	570	(3)
Popular Culture	573	(8)
Popular Literature	574	(1)
Literacy and Primary Schooling	575	(1)
Sociability and Recreation	576	(5)
The French Revolution	581	(34)
Reform and Political Crisis	582	(4)
Enlightened Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe	582	(1)
Joseph II and the Limits of Absolutism	583	(1)
Upheavals in the British Empire	584	(2)
1789: The French Revolution	586	(7)
Origins of the Revolution	586	(1)
Fiscal Crisis and Political Deadlock	587	(2)
From the Estates General to the National Assembly	589	(2)
The Convergence of Revolutions	591	(2)
The Reconstruction of France	593	(8)
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	593	(1)
The New Constitution	593	(4)
The Revolution and the Church	597	(3)
Counterrevolution, Radicalism, and War	600	(1)
The Second Revolution	601	(14)
The National Convention	601	(2)
The Revolutionary Crisis	603	(1)
The Jacobin Dictatorship	604	(3)
The Sans-Culottes: Revolution from Below	607	(2)
The Revolutionary Wars	609	(6)
The Age of Napoleon	615
From Robespierre to Bonaparte	616	(6)
The Thermidorian Reaction (1794-1795)	616	(1)
The Directory (1795-1799)	617	(2)
The Rise of Bonaparte	619	(2)
The Brumaire Coup	621	(1)
The Napoleonic Settlement in France	622	(3)
The Napoleonic Style	622	(1)
Political and Religious Settlements	622	(1)
The Era of the Notables	623	(2)
Napoleonic Hegemony in Europe	625	(6)
Military Supremacy and the Reorganization of Europe	625	(2)
Naval War with Britain	627	(2)
The Napoleonic Conscription Machine	629	(2)
Resistance to Napoleon	631
The ``Spanish Ulcer''	631	(4)
The Russian Debacle	635	(1)
German Resistance and the Last Coalition	636	(1)
The Napoleonic Legend	637
Glossary	1	(1)
Text Credits	1	(1)
Index	1