Western Heritage, The: Combined Volume

by Kagan, Donald; Ozment, Steven; Turner, Frank M.

• ISBN13: 9780131950689
• ISBN10: 0131950681
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

A core text for introductory-level survey courses in Western Civilization and European History and Civilization. Written by leading scholars in the field, this authoritative text presents an engaging and balanced narrative of the central developments in Western history. Seamlessly integrating coverage of social, cultural and political history, this text is presented in a flexible chronological organization. The new Ninth Edition provides updated scholarship, expanded coverage of cultural history, the ancient Near East, late antiquity, imperialism, and the Holocaust.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxvi
PART 1 The Foundations of Western Civilization in the Ancient World 1,000,000 B.C.E.--400 C.E.	xxxii
The Birth of Civilization	4	(34)
Early Humans and Their Culture	6	(3)
The Paleolithic Age	6	(1)
The Neolithic Age	7	(1)
The Bronze Age and the Birth of Civilization	8	(1)
Early Civilizations to about 1000 B.C.E.	9	(3)
Mesopotamian Civilization	9	(3)
A Closer Look: The Royal Standard of Ur	12	(4)
Encountering the Past: Divination in Ancient Mesopotamia	16	(8)
Egyptian Civilization	18	(6)
Ancient Near Eastern Empires	24	(2)
The Hittites	24	(1)
The Assyrians	25	(1)
The Second Assyrian Empire	25	(1)
The Neo-Babylonians	26	(1)
The Persian Empire	26	(4)
Cyrus the Great	26	(1)
Darius the Great	27	(1)
Government and Administration	28	(1)
Religion	28	(1)
Art and Culture	29	(1)
Palestine	30	(2)
The Canaanites and the Phoenicians	30	(1)
The Israelites	31	(1)
The Jewish Religion	32	(1)
General Outlook of Mideastern Cultures	32	(3)
Humans and Nature	32	(1)
Humans and the Gods, Law, and Justice	33	(2)
Toward the Greeks and Western Thought	35	(1)
In Perspective	36	(1)
Review Questions	36	(1)
Suggested Readings	37	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	37	(1)
The Rise of Greek Civilization	38	(30)
The Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland to about 1150 B.C.E.	40	(4)
The Minoans	40	(1)
The Mycenaeans	41	(3)
The Greek ``Middle Ages'' to about 750 B.C.E.	44	(3)
Greek Migrations	44	(1)
The Age of Homer	44	(3)
The Polis	47	(2)
Development of the Polis	47	(1)
The Hoplite Phalanx	47	(2)
The Importance of the Polis	49	(1)
Expansion of the Greek World	49	(3)
Magna Graecia	49	(1)
The Greek Colony	50	(1)
The Tyrants (about 700--500 B.C.E.)	51	(1)
The Major States	52	(5)
Sparta	52	(2)
Athens	54	(3)
Life in Archaic Greece	57	(3)
Society	57	(2)
Religion	59	(1)
Encountering the Past: Greek Athletics	60	(1)
A Closer Look: The Trireme	61	(2)
Poetry	62	(1)
The Persian Wars	63	(3)
The Ionian Rebellion	63	(1)
The War in Greece	63	(3)
In Perspective	66	(1)
Review Questions	66	(1)
Suggested Readings	67	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	67	(1)
Classical and Hellenistic Greece	68	(40)
Aftermath of Victory	70	(1)
The Delian League	70	(1)
The Rise of Cimon	71	(1)
The First Peloponnesian War: Athens against Sparta	71	(1)
The Breach with Sparta	71	(1)
The Division of Greece	71	(1)
Classical Greece	72	(2)
The Athenian Empire	72	(1)
Athenian Democracy	73	(1)
Encountering the Past: Going to Court in Athens	74	(6)
The Women of Athens: Legal Status and Everyday Life	75	(4)
Slavery	79	(1)
Religion in Public Life	80	(1)
The Great Peloponnesian War	80	(3)
Causes	81	(1)
Strategic Stalemate	82	(1)
The Fall of Athens	82	(1)
Competition for Leadership in the Fourth Century B.C.E.	83	(1)
The Hegemony of Sparta	83	(1)
The Hegemony of Thebes: The Second Athenian Empire	84	(1)
The Culture of Classical Greece	84	(6)
The Fifth Century B.C.E.	84	(5)
The Fourth Century B.C.E.	89	(1)
Philosophy and the Crisis of the Polis	90	(1)
A Closer Look: The Erechtheum: Porch of the Maidens	90	(6)
The Hellenistic World	96	(5)
The Macedonian Conquest	96	(2)
Alexander the Great	98	(2)
The Successors	100	(1)
Hellenistic Culture	101	(4)
Philosophy	101	(2)
Literature	103	(1)
Architecture and Sculpture	103	(1)
Mathematics and Science	104	(1)
In Perspective	105	(1)
Review Questions	106	(1)
Suggested Readings	106	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	107	(1)
Rome: From Republic to Empire	108	(36)
Prehistoric Italy	110	(1)
The Etruscans	110	(1)
Government	110	(1)
Religion	110	(1)
Women	111	(1)
Dominion	111	(1)
Royal Rome	111	(2)
Government	111	(1)
The Family	112	(1)
Women in Early Rome	112	(1)
Clientage	113	(1)
Patricians and Plebeians	113	(1)
The Republic	113	(2)
Constitution	113	(2)
A Closer Look: Lictors	115	(7)
The Conquest of Italy	116	(2)
Rome and Carthage	118	(3)
The Republic's Conquest of the Hellenistic World	121	(1)
Civilization in the Early Roman Republic	122	(2)
Religion	122	(2)
Encountering the Past: Two Roman Festivals: The Saturnalia and Lupercalia	124	(4)
Education	125	(3)
Slavery	128	(1)
Roman Imperialism: The Late Republic	128	(7)
The Aftermath of Conquest	128	(1)
The Gracchi	129	(5)
Marius and Sulla	134	(1)
The Fall of the Republic	135	(6)
Pompey, Crassus, Caesar, and Cicero	135	(1)
The First Triumvirate	136	(1)
Julius Caesar and his Government of Rome	137	(3)
The Second Triumvirate and the Triumph of Octavian	140	(1)
In Perspective	141	(1)
Review Questions	142	(1)
Suggested Readings	143	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	143	(1)
The Roman Empire	144	(44)
The Augustan Principate	146	(3)
Administration	146	(1)
The Army and Defense	147	(1)
Religion and Morality	148	(1)
Civilization of the Ciceronian and Augustan Ages	149	(2)
The Late Republic	149	(1)
The Age of Augustus	150	(1)
Imperial Rome, 14 to 180 C.E.	151	(2)
The Emperors	151	(2)
A Closer Look: Spoils from Jerusalem on the Arch of Titus in Rome	153	(8)
The Administration of the Empire	154	(2)
Women of the Upper Classes	156	(2)
Life in Imperial Rome: The Apartment House	158	(1)
The Culture of the Early Empire	159	(2)
The Rise of Christianity	161	(1)
Jesus of Nazareth	161	(1)
Encountering the Past: Chariot Racing	162	(5)
Paul of Tarsus	163	(2)
Organization	165	(1)
The Persecution of Christians	165	(2)
The Emergence of Catholicism	167	(1)
Rome as a Center of the Early Church	167	(1)
The Crisis of the Third Century	167	(2)
Barbarian Invasions	168	(1)
Economic Difficulties	168	(1)
The Social Order	169	(1)
Civil Disorder	169	(1)
The Late Empire	169	(8)
The Fourth Century and Imperial Reorganization	169	(4)
The Triumph of Christianity	173	(4)
Arts and Letters in the Late Empire	177	(2)
The Preservation of Classical Culture	178	(1)
Christian Writers	178	(1)
The Problem of the Decline and Fall of the Empire in the West	179	(1)
In Perspective	180	(1)
Review Questions	180	(1)
Suggested Readings	180	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	181	(1)
The West & the World: Ancient Warfare	182	(6)
PART 2 The Middle Ages 476 C.E.--1300 C.E.	188	(100)
Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Creating a New European Society and Culture (476--1000)	190	(36)
On the Eve of the Frankish Ascendancy	192	(2)
Germanic Migrations	192	(1)
New Western Masters	193	(1)
The Byzantine Empire	194	(6)
The Reign of Justinian	195	(4)
The Spread of Byzantine Christianity	199	(1)
Persians and Muslims	199	(1)
Islam and the Islamic World	200	(4)
Muhammad's Religion	200	(2)
Islamic Diversity	202	(1)
Islamic Empires	202	(1)
The Western Debt to Islam	203	(1)
Western Society and the Developing Christian Church	204	(5)
Monastic Culture	204	(2)
The Doctrine of Papal Primacy	206	(1)
The Religious Division of Christendom	207	(2)
The Kingdom of the Franks From Clovis to Charlemagne	209	(6)
Governing the Franks	209	(2)
The Reign of Charlemagne (768--814)	211	(3)
Breakup of the Carolingian Kingdom	214	(1)
A Closer Look: A Multicultural Book Cover	215	(4)
Feudal Society	219	(1)
Origins	219	(1)
Encountering the Past: Medieval Cooking	220	(4)
Vassalage and the Fief	221	(1)
Daily Life and Religion	222	(2)
Fragmentation and Divided Loyalty	224	(1)
In Perspective	224	(1)
Review Questions	225	(1)
Suggested Readings	225	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	225	(1)
The High Middle Ages: The Rise of European Empires and States (1000--1300)	226	(30)
Otto I and the Revival of the Empire	228	(1)
Unifying Germany	228	(1)
Embracing the Church	228	(1)
The Reviving Catholic Church	229	(7)
The Cluny Reform Movement	229	(2)
The Investiture Struggle: Gregory VII and Henry IV	231	(2)
The Crusades	233	(3)
A Closer Look: European Embrace of a Black Saint	236	(6)
The Pontificate of Innocent III (r. 1198--1216)	237	(5)
England and France: Hastings (1066) to Bouvines (1214)	242	(4)
William the Conqueror	242	(1)
Henry II	243	(1)
Eleanor of Aquitaine and Court Culture	243	(2)
Popular Rebellion and Magna Carta	245	(1)
Philip II Augustus	245	(1)
Encountering the Past: Pilgrimages	246	(1)
France in the Thirteenth Century: The Reign of Louis IX	247	(1)
Generosity Abroad	247	(1)
Order and Excellence at Home	247	(1)
The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152--1272)	248	(6)
Frederick I Barbarossa	248	(2)
Henry VI and the Sicilian Connection	250	(1)
Otto IV and the Welf Interregnum	250	(1)
Frederick II	251	(2)
Romanesque and Gothic Architecture	253	(1)
In Perspective	254	(1)
Review Questions	254	(1)
Suggested Readings	254	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	255	(1)
Medieval Society: Hierarchies, Towns, Universities, and Families (1000--1300)	256	(32)
The Traditional Order of Life	258	(1)
Nobles	258	(1)
A Closer Look: The Joys and Pains of the Medieval Joust	259	(2)
Encountering the Past: Warrior Games	261	(6)
Clergy	262	(2)
Peasants	264	(3)
Towns and Townspeople	267	(5)
The Chartering of Towns	268	(1)
The Rise of Merchants	268	(1)
Challenging the Old Lords	268	(1)
New Models of Government	269	(2)
Towns and Kings	271	(1)
Jews in Christian Society	271	(1)
Schools and Universities	272	(7)
University of Bologna	273	(1)
Cathedral Schools	274	(1)
University of Paris	274	(2)
The Curriculum	276	(1)
Philosophy and Theology	276	(3)
Women in Medieval Society	279	(1)
Image and Status	280	(1)
Life Choices	280	(1)
Working Women	280	(1)
The Lives of Children	280	(2)
Children as ``Little Adults''	281	(1)
Childhood as a Special Stage	282	(1)
In Perspective	282	(1)
Review Questions	283	(1)
Suggested Readings	283	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	283	(1)
The West & The World The Invention of Printing in China and Europe	284	(4)
PART 3 Europe in Transition 1300--1750	288	(260)
The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300--1453)	290	(26)
The Black Death	292	(4)
Preconditions and Causes of the Plague	292	(1)
Popular Remedies	292	(2)
Social and Economic Consequences	294	(2)
Encountering the Past: Dealing with Death	296	(2)
New Conflicts and Opportunities	297	(1)
The Hundred Years' War and the Rise of National Sentiment	298	(4)
The Causes of the War	298	(1)
Progress of the War	299	(3)
Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church	302	(10)
The Thirteenth-Century Papacy	302	(2)
Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair	304	(2)
The Avignon Papacy (1309--1377)	306	(1)
John Wycliffe and John Huss	307	(2)
The Great Schism (1378--1417) and the Conciliar Movement to 1449	309	(3)
Medieval Russia	312	(1)
Politics and Society	312	(1)
Mongol Rule (1243--1480)	312	(1)
A Closer Look: The Delights and Dangers of the Medieval Bath	313	(1)
In Perspective	314	(1)
Review Questions	314	(1)
Suggested Readings	314	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	315	(1)
Renaissance and Discovery	316	(36)
The Renaissance in Italy (1375--1527)	318	(4)
The Italian City-State	319	(2)
Humanism	321	(1)
Encountering the Past: The Renaissance Garden	322	(6)
Renaissance Art	327	(1)
A Closer Look: Leonardo Plots the Perfect Man	328	(3)
Slavery in the Renaissance	330	(1)
Italy's Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494--1527)	331	(4)
Charles VIII's March Through Italy	332	(1)
Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family	332	(1)
Pope Julius II	332	(1)
Niccolo Machiavelli	333	(2)
Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe	335	(3)
France	336	(1)
Spain	336	(1)
England	337	(1)
The Holy Roman Empire	337	(1)
The Northern Renaissance	338	(4)
The Printing Press	339	(1)
Erasmus	340	(1)
Humanism and Reform	341	(1)
Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East	342	(8)
The Portuguese Chart the Course	342	(1)
The Spanish Voyages of Columbus	342	(3)
The Spanish Empire in the New World	345	(2)
The Church in Spanish America	347	(1)
The Economy of Exploitation	347	(2)
The Impact on Europe	349	(1)
In Perspective	350	(1)
Review Questions	350	(1)
Suggested Readings	351	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	351	(1)
The Age of Reformation	352	(36)
Society and Religion	354	(2)
Social and Political Conflict	354	(1)
Popular Religious Movements and Criticism of the Church	354	(2)
Martin Luther and the German Reformation to 1525	356	(1)
Justification by Faith Alone	356	(1)
A Closer Look: A Saint at Peace in the Grasp of Temptation	357	(7)
The Attack on Indulgences	358	(2)
Election of Charles V	360	(1)
Luther's Excommunication and the Diet of Worms	360	(2)
Imperial Distractions: War with France and the Turks	362	(1)
How the Reformation Spread	362	(1)
The Peasants' Revolt	362	(2)
The Reformation Elsewhere	364	(6)
Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation	364	(3)
Anabaptists and Radical Protestants	367	(1)
John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation	368	(2)
Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation	370	(1)
The Diet of Augsburg	370	(1)
The Expansion of the Reformation	370	(1)
Reaction Against Protestants	371	(1)
The Peace of Augsburg	371	(1)
The English Reformation to 1553	371	(3)
The Preconditions of Reform	371	(1)
The King's Affair	372	(1)
The ``Reformation Parliament''	372	(1)
Wives of Henry VIII	373	(1)
The King's Religious Conservatism	373	(1)
The Protestant Reformation under Edward VI	374	(1)
Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation	374	(3)
Sources of Catholic Reform	374	(1)
Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits	375	(1)
The Council of Trent (1545--1563)	375	(2)
The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe	377	(4)
The Revolution in Religious Practices and Institutions	377	(2)
The Reformation and Education	379	(2)
The Reformation and the Changing Role of Women	381	(1)
Family Life in Early Modern Europe	381	(1)
Encountering the Past: A Child Is Born: Welcoming the Newborn in Late Medieval Europe	382	(2)
Later Marriages	383	(1)
Arranged Marriages	383	(1)
Family Size	383	(1)
Birth Control	383	(1)
Wet Nursing	383	(1)
Loving Families?	384	(1)
Literary Imagination in Transition	384	(2)
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: Rejection of Idealism	384	(1)
William Shakespeare: Dramatist of the Age	385	(1)
In Perspective	386	(1)
Review Questions	386	(1)
Suggested Readings	386	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	387	(1)
The Age of Religious Wars	388	(28)
Renewed Religious Struggle	390	(1)
A Closer Look: Baroque and Plain Church: Architectural Reflections of Belief	390	(2)
The French Wars of Religion (1562--1598)	392	(5)
Appeal of Calvinism	392	(1)
Catherine de Medicis and the Guises	393	(1)
The Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre	394	(2)
The Edict of Nantes	396	(1)
Imperial Spain and Philip II (R. 1556--1598)	397	(5)
Pillars of Spanish Power	397	(2)
The Revolt in the Netherlands	399	(3)
England and Spain (1553--1603)	402	(2)
Mary I (r. 1553--1558)	402	(1)
Elizabeth I (r. 1558--1603)	403	(1)
Encountering the Past: Going to the Theater	404	(3)
The Thirty Years' War (1618--1648)	407	(8)
Preconditions for War	408	(2)
Four Periods of War	410	(3)
The Treaty of Westphalia	413	(2)
In Perspective	415	(1)
Review Questions	415	(1)
Suggested Readings	415	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	415	(1)
European State Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries	416	(36)
The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline	418	(1)
Urban Prosperity	418	(1)
Economic Decline	419	(1)
Two Models of European Political Development	419	(1)
Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England	420	(2)
James I	420	(2)
Encountering the Past: Early Controversy over Tobacco and Smoking	422	(6)
Charles I	423	(1)
The Long Parliament and Civil War	423	(1)
Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic	424	(1)
Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy	425	(1)
The ``Glorious Revolution''	426	(1)
The Age of Walpole	427	(1)
Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV	428	(2)
Years of Personal Rule	428	(1)
Versailles	429	(1)
King by Divine Right	429	(1)
Louis's Early Wars	429	(1)
A Closer Look: Versailles	430	(8)
Louis's Repressive Religious Policies	432	(1)
Louis's Later Wars	433	(4)
France After Louis XIV	437	(1)
Central and Eastern Europe	438	(5)
Poland: Absence of Strong Central Authority	438	(1)
The Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction	439	(1)
Prussia and the Hohenzollerns	440	(3)
Russia Enters the European Political Arena	443	(4)
The Romanov Dynasty	443	(1)
Peter the Great	443	(4)
The Ottoman Empire	447	(3)
Religious Toleration and Ottoman Government	447	(2)
The End of Ottoman Expansion	449	(1)
In Perspective	450	(1)
Review Questions	450	(1)
Suggested Readings	451	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	451	(1)
New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries	452	(28)
The Scientific Revolution	454	(5)
Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an Earth-Centered Universe	454	(3)
Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler Make New Scientific Observations	457	(1)
Galileo Galilei Argues for a Universe of Mathematical Laws	457	(1)
Isaac Newton Discovers the Laws of Gravitation	458	(1)
Philosophy Responds to Changing Science	459	(7)
Nature as Mechanism	459	(1)
Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method	459	(2)
Rene Descartes: The Method of Rational Deduction	461	(1)
Thomas Hobbes: Apologist for Absolute Government	462	(2)
John Locke: Defender of Moderate Liberty and Toleration	464	(2)
The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge	466	(2)
Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution	468	(2)
The New Science and Religious Faith	470	(2)
The Case of Galileo	470	(2)
A Closer Look: The Sciences and the Arts	472	(1)
Blaise Pascal: Reason and Faith	472	(1)
The English Approach to Science and Religion	473	(1)
Continuing Superstition	473	(2)
Witch-Hunts and Panic	474	(1)
Village Origins	474	(1)
Influence of the Clergy	474	(1)
Who Were the Witches?	474	(1)
End of the Witch-Hunts	475	(1)
Baroque Art	475	(2)
Encountering the Past: Midwives	477	(1)
In Perspective	478	(1)
Review Questions	478	(1)
Suggested Readings	478	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	478	(2)
Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century	480	(34)
Major Features of Life in the Old Regime	482	(1)
Maintenance of Tradition	482	(1)
Hierarchy and Privilege	482	(1)
The Aristocracy	482	(1)
A Closer Look: An Aristocratic Couple	483	(2)
Varieties of Aristocratic Privilege	484	(1)
Aristocratic Resurgence	485	(1)
The Land and Its Tillers	485	(3)
Peasants and Serfs	485	(2)
Aristocratic Domination of the Countryside: The English Game Laws	487	(1)
Family Structures and the Family Economy	488	(5)
Households	489	(1)
The Family Economy	490	(1)
Women and the Family Economy	490	(2)
Children and the World of the Family, Economy	492	(1)
The Revolution in Agriculture	493	(4)
New Crops and New Methods	494	(3)
Expansion of the Population	497	(1)
The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century	497	(7)
A Revolution in Consumption	498	(1)
Industrial Leadership of Great Britain	499	(1)
New Methods of Textile Production	499	(2)
The Steam Engine	501	(1)
Iron Production	501	(1)
The Impact of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions on Working Women	502	(2)
The Growth of Cities	504	(2)
Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization	504	(1)
Urban Classes	505	(1)
Encountering the Past: Water, Washing, and Bathing	506	(4)
The Urban Riot	508	(2)
The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto	510	(1)
In Perspective	510	(2)
Review Questions	512	(1)
Suggested Readings	512	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	513	(1)
The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion	514	(34)
Periods of European Overseas Empires	516	(1)
Mercantile Empires	517	(2)
Mercantilist Goals	517	(1)
French-British Rivalry	518	(1)
The Spanish Colonial System	519	(4)
Colonial Government	519	(1)
Trade Regulation	519	(1)
Colonial Reform Under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs	519	(4)
Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy	523	(3)
The African Presence in the Americas	524	(2)
Encountering the Past: Sugar Enters the Western Diet	526	(5)
Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy	527	(1)
The Experience of Slavery	528	(3)
A Closer Look: The Slave Ship Brookes	531	(1)
Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars	532	(3)
The War of Jenkins's Ear	532	(1)
The War of the Austrian Succession (1740--1748)	532	(1)
The ``Diplomatic Revolution'' of 1756	533	(1)
The Seven Years' War (1756--1763)	534	(1)
The American Revolution and Europe	535	(6)
Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue	536	(1)
The Crisis and Independence	537	(1)
American Political Ideas	537	(1)
Events in Great Britain	538	(3)
Broader Impact of the American Revolution	541	(1)
In Perspective	541	(1)
Review Questions	542	(1)
Suggested Readings	542	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	543	(1)
The West & The World: The Columbian Exchange: Disease, Animals, and Agriculture	544	(4)
Part 4 Enlightenment and Revolution 1700--1850	548	(180)
The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought	550	(42)
Formative Influences on the Enlightenment	552	(2)
Ideas of Newton and Locke	552	(1)
The Example of British Toleration and Political Stability	552	(1)
The Emergence of a Print Culture	553	(1)
The Philosophes	554	(1)
Encountering the Past: Coffeehouses and Enlightenment	555	(3)
Voltaire---First Among the Philosophes	557	(1)
The Enlightenment and Religion	558	(6)
Deism	559	(1)
Toleration	559	(1)
Radical Enlightenment Criticism of Christianity	560	(1)
Jewish Thinkers in the Age of Enlightenment	560	(2)
Islam in Enlightenment Thought	562	(2)
The Enlightenment and Society	564	(3)
The Encyclopedia: Freedom and Economic Improvement	564	(1)
Beccaria and Reform of Criminal Law	564	(1)
The Physiocrats and Economic Freedom	565	(1)
Adam Smith on Economic Growth and Social Progress	566	(1)
Political Thought of the Philosophes	567	(4)
Montesquieu and Spirit of the Laws	567	(1)
Rousseau: A Radical Critique of Modern Society	567	(2)
Enlightened Critics of European Empires	569	(2)
Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment	571	(4)
Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art	575	(3)
A Closer Look: An Eighteenth-Century Artist Appeals to the Ancient World	578	(2)
Enlightened Absolutism	580	(9)
Frederick the Great of Prussia	580	(4)
Joseph II of Austria	584	(2)
Catherine the Great of Russia	586	(2)
The Partition of Poland	588	(1)
The End of the Eighteenth Century in Central and Eastern Europe	588	(1)
In Perspective	589	(1)
Review Questions	590	(1)
Suggested Readings	590	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	591	(1)
The French Revolution	592	(34)
The Crisis of the French Monarchy	594	(2)
The Monarchy Seeks New Taxes	594	(1)
Necker's Report	595	(1)
Calonne's Reform Plan and the Assembly of Notables	595	(1)
Deadlock and the Calling of the Estates General	596	(1)
The Revolution of 1789	596	(2)
The Estates General Becomes the National Assembly	596	(2)
A Closer Look: Challenging the French Political Order	598	(5)
Fall of the Bastille	599	(2)
The ``Great Fear'' and the Night of August 4	601	(1)
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	601	(2)
The Parisian Women's March on Versailles	603	(1)
The Reconstruction of France	603	(2)
Political Reorganization	603	(1)
Economic Policy	604	(1)
Encountering The Past: The Metric System	605	(4)
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy	607	(1)
Counterrevolutionary Activity	608	(1)
The End of the Monarchy: A Second Revolution	609	(3)
Emergence of the Jacobins	609	(1)
The Convention and the Role of the Sans-culottes	610	(2)
Europe at War with the Revolution	612	(3)
Edmund Burke Attacks the Revolution	613	(1)
Suppression of Reform in Britain	613	(1)
The Second and Third Partitions of Poland, 1793, 1795	613	(2)
The Reign of Terror	615	(5)
War with Europe	615	(1)
The Republic Defended	615	(1)
The ``Republic of Virtue'' and Robespierre's Justification of Terror	616	(2)
Repression of the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women	618	(1)
De-Christianization	618	(1)
Revolutionary Tribunals	619	(1)
The End of the Terror	619	(1)
The Thermidorian Reaction	620	(4)
Establishment of the Directory	622	(1)
Removal of the Sans-culottes from Political Life	622	(2)
In Perspective	624	(1)
Review Questions	625	(1)
Suggested Readings	625	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	625	(1)
The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism	626	(30)
The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte	628	(1)
Early Military Victories	628	(1)
The Constitution of the Year VIII	628	(1)
The Consulate in France (1799--1804)	629	(1)
Suppressing Foreign Enemies and Domestic Opposition	629	(1)
Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church	629	(1)
The Napoleonic Code	630	(1)
Establishing a Dynasty	630	(1)
Napoleon's Empire (1804--1814)	630	(2)
Conquering an Empire	630	(2)
A Closer Look: The Coronation of Napoleon	632	(1)
The Continental System	633	(1)
European Response to the Empire	633	(1)
Encountering the Past: Sailors and Canned Food	634	(6)
German Nationalism and Prussian Reform	635	(2)
The Wars of Liberation	637	(1)
The Invasion of Russia	638	(1)
European Coalition	639	(1)
The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement	640	(3)
Territorial Adjustments	640	(1)
The Hundred Days and the Quadruple Alliance	641	(2)
The Romantic Movement	643	(1)
Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy of Reason	643	(2)
Rousseau and Education	643	(1)
Kant and Reason	644	(1)
Romantic Literature	645	(3)
The English Romantic Writers	645	(2)
The German Romantic Writers	647	(1)
Romantic Art	648	(1)
The Cult of the Middle Ages and Neo-Gothicism	648	(1)
Nature and the Sublime	649	(1)
Religion in the Romantic Period	649	(2)
Methodism	650	(1)
New Directions in Continental Religion	651	(1)
Romantic Views of Nationalism and History	651	(3)
Herder and Culture	652	(1)
Hegel and History	652	(1)
Islam, the Middle East, and Romanticism	652	(2)
In Perspective	654	(1)
Review Questions	655	(1)
Suggested Readings	655	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	655	(1)
The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815--1832)	656	(32)
The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism	658	(4)
The Emergence of Nationalism	658	(1)
Early-Nineteenth-Century Political Liberalism	659	(3)
Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order	662	(5)
Conservative Outlooks	662	(2)
Liberalism and Nationalism Resisted in Austria and the Germanies	664	(3)
Encountering the Past: Gymnastics and German Nationalism	667	(3)
Postwar Repression in Great Britain	668	(1)
Bourbon Restoration in France	668	(2)
The Conservative International Order	670	(2)
The Congress System	670	(1)
The Spanish Revolution of 1820	670	(1)
Revolt Against Ottoman Rule in the Balkans	671	(1)
A Closer Look: An English Poet Appears as an Albanian	672	(1)
The Wars of Independence in Latin America	673	(5)
Revolution in Haiti	673	(2)
Wars of Independence on the South American Continent	675	(2)
Independence in New Spain	677	(1)
Brazilian Independence	678	(1)
The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe	678	(7)
Russia: The Decembrist Revolt of 1825	678	(2)
Revolution in France (1830)	680	(2)
Belgium Becomes Independent (1830)	682	(1)
The Great Reform Bill in Britain (1832)	683	(2)
In Perspective	685	(1)
Review Questions	686	(1)
Suggested Readings	686	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	687	(1)
Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830--1850)	688	(40)
Toward an Industrial Society	690	(2)
Population and Migration	690	(1)
Railways	691	(1)
The Labor Force	692	(1)
The Emergence of a Wage-Labor Force	692	(1)
Encountering the Past: The Potato and the Great Hunger in Ireland	693	(2)
Working-Class Political Action: The Example of British Chartism	694	(1)
Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution	695	(1)
The Family in the Early Factory System	695	(1)
A Closer Look: The Great Exhibition in London	696	(1)
Women in the Early Industrial Revolution	697	(5)
Opportunities and Exploitation in Employment	699	(1)
Changing Expectations in the Working-Class Marriage	700	(2)
Problems of Crime and Order	702	(2)
New Police Forces	702	(1)
Prison Reform	703	(1)
Classical Economics	704	(1)
Malthus on Population	704	(1)
Ricardo on Wages	704	(1)
Government Policies Based on Classical Economics	704	(1)
Early Socialism	705	(5)
Utopian Socialism	706	(1)
Anarchism	707	(1)
Marxism	708	(2)
1848: Year of Revolutions	710	(10)
France: The Second Republic and Louis Napoleon	712	(3)
The Habsburg Empire: Nationalism Resisted	715	(2)
Italy: Republicanism Defeated	717	(2)
Germany: Liberalism Frustrated	719	(1)
In Perspective	720	(1)
Review Questions	720	(1)
Suggested Readings	720	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	721	(1)
The West & the World: The Abolition of Slavery in the Transatlantic Economy	722	(6)
PART 5 Toward the Modern World 1850--1939	728	(208)
The Age of Nation-States	730	(30)
The Crimean War (1853--1856)	732	(1)
Peace Settlement and Long-Term Results	732	(1)
Reforms in the Ottoman Empire	732	(1)
A Closer Look: The Crimean War Recalled	733	(1)
Italian Unification	734	(4)
Romantic Republicans	734	(1)
Cavour's Policy	735	(3)
The New Italian State	738	(1)
German Unification	738	(5)
Bismarck	739	(2)
The Franco-Prussian War and the German Empire (1870--1871)	741	(2)
France: From Liberal Empire to the Third Republic	743	(3)
The Paris Commune	744	(1)
The Third Republic	744	(1)
The Dreyfus Affair	745	(1)
The Habsburg Empire	746	(4)
Formation of the Dual Monarchy	746	(1)
Unrest of Nationalities	747	(3)
Russia: Emancipation and Revolutionary Stirrings	750	(2)
Reforms of Alexander II	750	(1)
Revolutionaries	751	(1)
Great Britain: Toward Democracy	752	(2)
The Second Reform Act (1867)	753	(1)
Encountering the Past: The Arrival of Penny Postage	754	(4)
Gladstone's Great Ministry (1868--1874)	755	(1)
Disraeli in Office (1874--1880)	755	(1)
The Irish Question	756	(2)
In Perspective	758	(1)
Review Questions	758	(1)
Suggested Readings	759	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	759	(1)
The Building of European Supremacy: Society and Politics to World War I	760	(34)
Population Trends and Migration	762	(1)
The Second Industrial Revolution	762	(3)
New Industries	763	(2)
Economic Difficulties	765	(1)
The Middle Classes in Ascendancy	765	(2)
Social Distinctions Within the Middle Classes	765	(2)
Encountering the Past: Bicycles: Transportation, Freedom, and Sport	767	(1)
Late-Nineteenth-Century Urban Life	768	(4)
The Redesign of Cities	768	(1)
Urban Sanitation	769	(1)
Housing Reform and Middle-Class Values	770	(2)
Varieties of Late-Nineteenth-Century Women's Experiences	772	(8)
Women's Social Disabilities	772	(1)
New Employment Patterns for Women	773	(2)
Working-Class Women	775	(1)
Poverty and Prostitution	775	(1)
Women of the Middle Class	775	(2)
The Rise of Political Feminism	777	(3)
Jewish Emancipation	780	(1)
Differing Degrees of Citizenship	780	(1)
Broadened Opportunities	780	(1)
Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I	781	(9)
Trade Unionism	781	(1)
Democracy and Political Parties	782	(1)
Karl Marx and the First International	782	(1)
Great Britain: Fabianism and Early Welfare Programs	783	(1)
France: ``Opportunism'' Rejected	784	(1)
Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism	784	(1)
Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth of Bolshevism	785	(5)
A Closer Look: Bloody Sunday, St. Petersburg 1905	790	(2)
In Perspective	792	(1)
Review Questions	792	(1)
Suggested Readings	793	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	793	(1)
The Birth of Modern European Thought	794	(32)
The New Reading Public	796	(1)
Advances in Primary Education	796	(1)
Reading Material for the Mass Audience	796	(1)
Science at Midcentury	797	(1)
Comte, Positivism, and the Prestige of Science	797	(1)
Encountering the Past: The Birth of Science Fiction	798	(2)
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection	799	(1)
Science and Ethics	799	(1)
Christianity and the Church under Siege	800	(3)
Intellectual Skepticism	800	(1)
Conflict Between Church and State	801	(1)
Areas of Religious Revival	802	(1)
The Roman Catholic Church and the Modern World	802	(1)
A Closer Look: Conflict Between Church and State in Germany	803	(2)
Islam and Late-Nineteenth-Century European Thought	804	(1)
Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind	805	(15)
Science: The Revolution in Physics	805	(1)
Literature: Realism and Naturalism	806	(2)
Modernism in Literature	808	(1)
The Coming of Modern Art	809	(3)
Friedrich Nietzsche and the Revolt Against Reason	812	(1)
The Birth of Psychoanalysis	813	(2)
Retreat from Rationalism in Politics	815	(1)
Racism	815	(3)
Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Zionism	818	(2)
Women and Modern Thought	820	(4)
Antifeminism in Late-Century Thought	820	(1)
New Directions in Feminism	821	(3)
In Perspective	824	(1)
Review Questions	824	(1)
Suggested Readings	824	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	825	(1)
Imperialism, Alliances, and War	826	(50)
Expansion of European Power and the New Imperialism	828	(2)
The New Imperialism	828	(1)
Motives for the New Imperialism	829	(1)
The ``Scramble for Africa''	830	(1)
A Closer Look: The French in Morocco	830	(8)
Asia	836	(2)
Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873--1890)	838	(5)
Bismarck's Leadership	838	(3)
Forging the Triple Entente (1890--1907)	841	(2)
World War I	843	(11)
The Road to War (1908--1914)	843	(2)
Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War (June-August 1914)	845	(3)
Strategies and Stalemate: 1914--1917	848	(6)
The Russian Revolution	854	(4)
The Provisional Government	854	(1)
Lenin and the Bolsheviks	855	(1)
The Communist Dictatorship	856	(2)
The End of World War I	858	(4)
Germany's Last Offensive	859	(1)
The Armistice	860	(1)
The End of the Ottoman Empire	861	(1)
The Settlement at Paris	862	(1)
Obstacles the Peacemakers Faced	862	(1)
Encountering the Past: War Propaganda and the Movies: Charlie Chaplin	863	(5)
The Peace	864	(3)
Evaluating the Peace	867	(1)
In Perspective	868	(1)
Review Questions	868	(1)
Suggested Readings	869	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	869	(1)
The West & The World: Imperialism: Ancient and Modern	870	(6)
Political Experiments of the 1920s	876	(30)
Political and Economic Factors after the Paris Settlement	878	(2)
Demands for Revision of the Paris Settlement	878	(1)
Postwar Economic Problems	878	(1)
New Roles for Government and Labor	879	(1)
The Soviet Experiment Begins	880	(3)
War Communism	880	(1)
The New Economic Policy	880	(2)
Stalin Versus Trotsky	882	(1)
The Third International	883	(1)
A Closer Look: Bolshevik Visions of World Revolution	883	(3)
Women and the Family in the Early Soviet Union	885	(1)
The Fascist Experiment in Italy	886	(5)
The Rise of Mussolini	887	(2)
The Fascists in Power	889	(1)
Motherhood for the Nation in Fascist Italy	890	(1)
Joyless Victors	891	(3)
France: The Search for Security	891	(1)
Great Britain: Economic Confusion	892	(2)
Encountering the Past: The Coming of Radio: The BBC	894	(1)
Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe	895	(3)
Economic and Ethnic Pressures	895	(1)
Poland: Democracy to Military Rule	896	(1)
Czechoslovakia: A Viable Democratic Experiment	896	(1)
Hungary: Turn to Authoritarianism	897	(1)
Austria: Political Turmoil and Nazi Occupation	897	(1)
Southeastern Europe: Royal Dictatorships	897	(1)
The Weimar Republic in Germany	898	(6)
Constitutional Flaws	898	(1)
Lack of Broad Popular Support	898	(1)
Invasion of the Ruhr and Inflation	899	(1)
Hitler's Early Career	899	(3)
The Stresemann Years	902	(1)
Locarno	903	(1)
In Perspective	904	(1)
Review Questions	904	(1)
Suggested Readings	905	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	905	(1)
Europe and the Great Depression of the 1930s	906	(30)
Toward the Great Depression	908	(3)
The Financial Tailspin	908	(1)
Problems in Agricultural Commodities	909	(1)
Depression and Government Policy	910	(1)
Confronting the Great Depression in the Democracies	911	(4)
Great Britain: The National Government	912	(1)
France: The Popular Front	913	(2)
Germany: The Nazi Seizure of Power	915	(2)
Depression and Political Deadlock	915	(1)
Hitler Comes to Power	915	(1)
Hitler's Consolidation of Power	916	(1)
Encountering the Past: Cinema of the Political Left and Right	917	(7)
The Police State and Anti-Semitism	919	(2)
Racial Ideology and the Lives of Women	921	(2)
Nazi Economic Policy	923	(1)
A Closer Look: The Nazi Party Rally	924	(1)
Italy: Fascist Economics	925	(1)
Syndicates	925	(1)
Corporations	925	(1)
Stalin's Soviet Union: Central Economic Planning, Collectivization, and Party Purges	926	(7)
The Decision for Rapid Industrialization	926	(1)
The Collectivization of Agriculture	927	(3)
Flight to the Soviet Cities	930	(1)
Urban Consumer Shortages	930	(1)
Foreign Reactions and Repercussions	931	(1)
The Purges	932	(1)
In Perspective	933	(1)
Review Questions	934	(1)
Suggested Readings	934	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	935	(1)
PART 6 Global Conflict, Cold War, and New Directions 1939-2005	936
World War II	938	(40)
Again the Road to War (1933--1939)	940	(8)
Hitler's Goals	940	(1)
Italy Attacks Ethiopia	941	(1)
Remilitarization of the Rhineland	942	(1)
The Spanish Civil War	943	(1)
Austria and Czechoslovakia	944	(1)
Munich	945	(3)
The Nazi-Soviet Pact	948	(1)
World War II (1939--1945)	948	(7)
The German Conquest of Europe	948	(1)
The Battle of Britain	949	(1)
The German Attack on Russia	950	(2)
Hitler's Plans for Europe	952	(1)
Japan and the United States Enter the War	952	(1)
The Tide Turns	953	(2)
Encountering the Past: Rosie the Riveter and American Women in the War Effort	955	(5)
The Defeat of Nazi Germany	956	(2)
Fall of the Japanese Empire	958	(2)
The Cost of War	960	(1)
Racism and the Holocaust	960	(6)
The Destruction of the Polish Jewish Community	960	(1)
Polish Anti-Semitism Between the Wars	961	(2)
The Nazi Assault on the Jews of Poland	963	(1)
Explanations of the Holocaust	964	(2)
The Domestic Fronts	966	(2)
Germany: From Apparent Victory to Defeat	966	(1)
France: Defeat, Collaboration, and Resistance	967	(1)
A Closer Look: The Vichy Regime in France	968	(4)
Great Britain: Organization for Victory	969	(2)
The Soviet Union: ``The Great Patriotic War''	971	(1)
Preparations for Peace	972	(2)
The Atlantic Charter	972	(1)
Tehran: Agreement on a Second Front	972	(1)
Yalta	973	(1)
Potsdam	974	(1)
In Perspective	974	(2)
Review Questions	976	(1)
Suggested Readings	976	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	977	(1)
The Cold War Era and the Emergence of a New Europe	978	(46)
The Emergence of the Cold War	980	(9)
Containment in American Foreign Policy	981	(2)
Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe	983	(1)
The Postwar Division of Germany	984	(2)
NATO and the Warsaw Pact	986	(1)
The Creation of the State of Israel	987	(1)
The Korean War	988	(1)
The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet Union	989	(3)
Khrushchev's Domestic Policies	990	(1)
The Three Crises of 1956	990	(2)
Later Cold War Confrontations	992	(1)
The Berlin Wall	992	(1)
The Cuban Missile Crisis	992	(1)
The Brezhenev Era	993	(3)
1968: The Invasion of Czechoslovakia	993	(1)
The United States and Detente	993	(1)
The Invasion of Afghanistan	994	(1)
Communism and Solidarity in Poland	995	(1)
Relations with the Reagan Administration	995	(1)
Decolonization: The European Retreat from Empire	996	(4)
Major Areas of Colonial Withdrawal	996	(1)
India	996	(2)
Further British Retreat from Empire	998	(2)
The Turmoil of French Decolonization	1000	(3)
France and Algeria	1000	(1)
France and Vietnam	1001	(1)
Vietnam Drawn into the Cold War	1001	(1)
Direct United States Involvement	1002	(1)
The Collapse of European Communism	1003	(2)
Gorbachev Attempts to Reform the Soviet Union	1004	(1)
Encountering the Past: Rock Music and Political Protest	1005	(3)
1989: Revolution in Eastern Europe	1006	(2)
A Closer Look: Collapse of the Berlin Wall	1008	(6)
The Collapse of the Soviet Union	1009	(3)
The Yeltsin Decade and Putin	1012	(2)
The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War	1014	(1)
The Rise of Radical Political Islamism	1015	(3)
Arab Nationalism	1015	(1)
The Iranian Revolution	1016	(1)
Afghanistan and Radical Islamism	1016	(2)
A Transformed West	1018	(3)
In Perspective	1021	(1)
Review Questions	1021	(1)
Suggested Readings	1022	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	1023	(1)
The West at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century	1024
The Twentieth-Century Movement of People	1026	(2)
Displacement Through War	1026	(1)
External and Internal Migration	1026	(1)
The New Muslim Population	1027	(1)
European Population Trends	1028	(1)
Toward a Welfare State Society	1028	(3)
Christian Democratic Parties	1029	(1)
The Creation of Welfare States	1029	(1)
Resistance to the Expansion of the Welfare State	1030	(1)
New Patterns in Work and Expectations of Women	1031	(3)
Feminism	1031	(1)
More Married Women in the Work Force	1032	(1)
New Work Patterns	1032	(2)
Women in the New Eastern Europe	1034	(1)
Transformations in Knowledge and Culture	1034	(5)
Communism and Western Europe	1034	(1)
Existentialism	1035	(1)
Expansion of the University Population and Student Rebellion	1036	(2)
The Americanization of Europe	1038	(1)
A Consumer Society	1038	(1)
Encountering the Past: Toys from Europe Conquer the United States	1039	(1)
Environmentalism	1040	(1)
Art since World War II	1040	(2)
Cultural Divisions and the Cold War	1040	(1)
Memory of the Holocaust	1041	(1)
The Christian Heritage	1042	(2)
Neo-Orthodoxy	1042	(1)
Liberal Theology	1043	(1)
Roman Catholic Reform	1043	(1)
A Closer Look: The Copenhagen Opera House	1044	(1)
Late-Twentieth-Century Technology: The Arrival of the Computer	1045	(3)
The Demand for Calculating Machines	1045	(1)
Early Computer Technology	1046	(1)
The Development of Desktop Computers	1047	(1)
The Challenges of European Unification	1048	(2)
Postwar Cooperation	1048	(1)
The European Economic Community	1048	(1)
The European Union	1048	(1)
Discord over the Union	1049	(1)
In Perspective	1050	(1)
Review Questions	1051	(1)
Suggested Readings	1051	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	1051	(1)
The West & The World: Energy and the Modern World	1052
Glossary	1	(1)
Index	1