9780813819235

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contributors
Making of a Wheat Plant
Wheat evolution, domestication, and improvement
Summary
Introduction
Wheat domestication and human civilization
Wheat cultivation
Origin, domestication, and evolution of wheat
Polyploidy, a form of plant evolution
Origin of the A genome
Origin of the B genome
Emmer and durum wheat
Origin of Triticum turgidum
Origin of Triticum dicoccoides (wild emmer)
Origin of hexaploid wheat
Genome evolution and modification
Mechanisms for chromosome evolution
Chromosomal rearrangements and repetitive DNA
Heterochromatin
Repetitive DNA
Repatterning of rDNA arrays in the wheat genome
Repetitive DNA and mobile elements as perpetual generators of diversity and evolution
The potential of wild emmer in wheat improvement
Concluding remarks on the process of wheat evolution
Future perspectives
References
Development of the wheat plant
Summary
Introduction
Scales of plant development
Canopies
Shoots or tillers
Phytomers
Morphological naming schemes
Leaves
Tillers
Inflorescence parts
Roots
Shoot development
Phenology
Shoot apex
Integrating phenology, the shoot apex, and phytomers
Environmental factors influencing shoot development
Temperature
Nontemperature environmental factors
Digital technologies for wheat development
Linking molecular biology and functional genomics to development
Future perspectives
References
The flowering pathway in wheat
Summary
Overview of flowering induction in wheat
Genetic locations of flowering time genes
Genetic loci regulating vernalization response
VRN-1 on the long arm of homoeologous chromosomes 5
VRN-A m 2 on chromosome 5Am in a genomic region translocated from chromosome 4Am
VRN-B3 on the short arm of chromosome 7B
Other vernalization genes in wheat
Genetic loci regulating photoperiod sensitivity
Genetic loci regulating plant development processes
Quantitative trait loci affecting flowering time
Epistatic interactions
Positional cloning of flowering time genes in wheat
VRN-A m 1 , an orthologue of AP1 , promotes flowering
VRN-A m 2 , a cct-domain-containing gene, represses flowering
VRN-B3 , an orthologue of FT , promotes flowering
Successes in positional cloning of vernalization genes
Orthologues of other known flowering time genes
Concomitant transcriptional profiles of flowering time genes
Comparative studies on flowering pathways in plants
Flowering pathways in model species
A model for the wheat flowering pathway
Future perspectives
References
Making of a Wheat Crop
Systems-based wheat management strategies
Summary
Introduction
Advances in wheat management
Yield building versus yield protecting factors
Intensive wheat management
Matching cultivar to environment
Fertility and pest management
Timeliness and precision
Previous crop management
Limitations of the system
Dual-purpose wheat
Description of the system and area of adaptation
Characterizing a suitable dual-purpose cultivar
Fertility management
Grazing termination and impact on grain yield
No-till wheat production
Why no-till has increased
Long-term experiments
Future perspectives
References
Diseases which challenge global wheat production-the wheat rusts
Summary
Introduction
Wheat leaf rust
Distribution and epidemiology
Origin and historical importance
Effects on grain and flour quality
Taxonomy, life cycle, and host range
Genetic variation in P. triticina
Virulence variation
Molecular variation
Leaf rust resistance in wheat
Race-specific resistance
Durable leaf rust resistance in wheat
Association with other disease resistance genes
Leaf rust resistance in durum wheat
Wheat stripe rust
Distribution and epidemiology
Origin and historical importance
Taxonomy, life cycle, and host range
Genetic variation in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
Virulence variation
Molecular variation
Stripe rust resistance in wheat
Race-specific resistance
High-temperature adult-plant resistance
Slow-rusting resistance
Wheat stem rust
Distribution and epidemiology
Origin and historical importance
Taxonomy, life cycle, and host range
Genetic variation in Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici
Stem rust resistance in wheat
Future perspectives
References
Diseases which challenge global wheat production-root, crown, and culm rots
Summary
Introduction
Common root rot
Symptoms and epidemiology
Causal organism
Disease management
Fusarium crown rot
Symptoms and epidemiology
Causal organisms
Disease management
Pythium root rot
Symptoms and epidemiology
Causal organisms
Disease management
Rhizoctonia root rot and bare patch
Symptoms and epidemiology
Causal organisms
Disease management
Take-all
Symptoms and epidemiology
Causal organism
Disease management
Cephalosporium stripe
Symptoms and epidemiology
Causal organism
Disease management
Eyespot
Symptoms and epidemiology
Causal organisms
Disease management
Future perspectives
References
Diseases which challenge global wheat production-powdery mildew and leaf and head blights
Summary
Introduction
Powdery mildew
Taxonomy and life history
Identification and symptomology
Distribution and losses
Pathogen variability
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Taxonomy and life history
Identification and symptomology
Distribution and losses
Pathogen variability
Septoria tritici blotch
Taxonomy and life history
Identification and symptomology
Distribution and losses
Pathogen variability
Tan spot
Taxonomy and life history
Identification and symptomology
Distribution and losses
Pathogen variability
Fusarium head blight
Taxonomy and life history
Identification and symptomology
Distribution and losses
Pathogen variability
Management of residue-borne diseases
Crop diversity
Host-plant resistance
Powdery mildew
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Septoria tritici blotch
Tan spot
Fusarium head blight
Future perspectives
References
Nematodes which challenge global wheat production
Summary
Introduction
Cereal cyst nematode
Symptoms and epidemiology
Causal organisms
Management
Root-lesion nematode
Symptoms and epidemiology
Causal organisms
Management
Future perspectives
References
Insects which challenge global wheat production
Summary
Hessian fly
Economic impact and distribution
Biology, plant damage, and control methods
Utilization of host-plant resistance
Bird cherry-oat aphid
Biology, plant damage, and control methods
Utilization of host-plant resistance
Greenbug
Economic impact and distribution
Biology, plant damage, and control methods
Utilization of host-plant resistance
Russian wheat aphid
Economic impact and distribution
Biology, plant damage, and control methods
Utilization of host-plant resistance
Future perspectives
References
Temporally and spatially dependent nitrogen management for diverse
environments
Summary
Introduction
Nitrogen-use efficiency as a driver of new technology
Case study: What defines diverse environments
Is nitrogen needed
Importance of spatial variability on N requirement
Importance of temporal and spatial variability combined
Nutrient deficiencies other than N
Prediction of yield potential
Prediction of N responsiveness independent of yield potential
Midseason N applications can result in maximum yields
Determination of midseason N rate
"Ramp" method of determining midseason N rate
Future perspectives
References
Grain yield improvement in water-limited environments
Summary
Introduction
Climate and crop growth
Water-limited yield potential
Characterizing target environments
Breeding for improved performance under drought
Yield potential and genetic gain in water-limited environments
Physiological breeding
Breeding tools
Indirect selection via correlated traits
High-throughput phenotyping
Quantitative trait loci
Functional genomics and beyond
Defining the breeding target
Increasing water uptake
Stem carbohydrate production
Tiller production
Early leaf area development
Transpiration efficiency
Maintenance of leaf area
Future perspectives
References
Cutting down on weeds to cut a cleaner wheat crop
Summary
Impact of weeds on wheat
Competition
Nutrients
Light (shading)
Water
Wheat grain yield
Wheat grain quality and marketability
Controlling weeds with integrated weed management systems
Preventative control
Cultural control
Mechanical control by tillage
Chemical control
Biological control
Weed spatial variation and precision farming
Putting it all together: Examples of effective systems
Winter wheat in North America: Winter wheat-summer crop-fallow
Spring wheat in North America
Spring wheat in Australia
Future perspectives
References
Making of a Wheat Cultivar
Wheat breeding: Procedures and strategies
Summary
Brief history of wheat breeding
The context of applied wheat breeding
Accessing genetic resources
Methods to generate genetic variation
Hybridization
Mutations
Variation from in vitro tissue culture
Transgenic wheat and its impact on wheat breeding
Methods to assess genetic variation
Methods of selecting while inbreeding to develop a cultivar
Pedigree selection
Bulk selection
Single-seed descent
Doubled haploid breeding
Backcrossing
Major issues all wheat breeders face
Early- vs late-generation selection
Impact of molecular markers on wheat breeding
The practice of wheat breeding
Extension of the theory
Cultivar release
Understanding the phenotype
Breeding hybrid wheat
Importance of technology
Future perspectives
Webliography
References
State of qtl detection and marker-assisted selection in wheat improvement
Summary
Introduction
Breeding by visual selection
Complex traits and gene pyramiding
Genetic mapping
Early progress and developments
Genetic maps
Consensus map
Progress in marker technology
Current progress in qtl analysis and deployment of mas
Single-gene traits and complex traits
Recurrent selection
Replicated field analysis
Haplotype analysis
Gene cloning and perfect markers
Complex traits
Future developments and uses of qtl analysis and mapping
Association mapping
Gene expression analysis
Future perspectives
References
Genome organization and comparative genomics
Summary
Mapping
Genetic mapping
Deletion mapping
Comparative genetics
Comparative mapping
Triticeae tribe
Pooideae subfamily
Poaceae family
Colinearity at the dna sequence level
Map-based cloning
Disease resistance genes
Lr21
Lr10
Lr1
Pm3
Genes involved in adaptation
Vrn-1 , vrn-2 , and vrn-3
Q
Ph1
Physical mapping in hexaploid wheat
Constructing subgenomic bac resources
Advantages of subgenomic bac resources
Chromosome-based approach offers more than subgenomic bac libraries
Physical map of chromosome 3B-a case study
Organization and evolution of the wheat genome
Organization of genes and repeats
Evolution of the wheat genome
Toward sequencing the wheat genome
Sanger sequencing
Hierarchical genome sequencing
Whole-genome shotgun sequencing
Sequencing of gene-rich bac clones
Sequencing the gene space using gene-enrichment methodologies
New-generation sequencing technologies
Future perspectives
References
Synthetic wheat-an emerging genetic resource
Summary
Introduction
Primary synthetic hexaploid wheat
New genetic variability for tolerance to biotic stress
Rust diseases
Septoria diseases and tan spot
Karnal bunt
Fusarium and powdery mildew diseases
Insect pests
Soilborne nematodes
New genetic variability for tolerance to abiotic stress
Drought
Salinity and waterlogging
Micronutrient imbalance
Temperature stress
Preharvest sprouting
Grain quality attributes
Strategies for using primary synthetics in applied wheat breeding
Performance of derived synthetics
Resistance to biotic stress
Tolerance to abiotic stress
Future perspectives
References
Success in wheat improvement
Summary
World yield gains
Genetic component of grain yield improvement
Empirical estimation of genetic gain
Grain yield
Yield components
Wheat yield gains in light of other crops
Future perspectives
References
Transgenic applications in wheat improvement
Summary
Introduction
Wheat transformation: Methods and results
Targets for wheat transformation
Dna delivery methods and integration
Identification of transformants
Regeneration of fertile plants
Efficiency of wheat transformation
Applications of wheat transformation
Promoters
Applications for functional genomics
Applications to understand or modify seed properties
Applications to improve pathogen and pest resistance
Applications to improve tolerance of abiotic stress
Other applications
Impacts on production agriculture
Limitations of wheat transformation technology
Genotype
Structures of integrated transgenes
Integration location
Inheritance anomalies
Transgene expression levels and stability
Unintended effects of transformation, transgene insertion, or expression
Practical considerations
Future perspectives
References
Making of a Wheat Industry
Overview of wheat classification and trade
Summary
Introduction
World production
Global wheat trade
Fundamental wheat classification criteria
US system of wheat classification
Grade factors
Nongrade factors
Moisture content
Protein content
Wheat ash content
Kernel weight
Grain hardness
Falling number
Starch viscosity
Wet gluten content
Dough performance
Product performance
Canadian system of classification and marketing
Australian system of classification and marketing
Purchasing decision making
Grain exchanges
Open outcry system
Farmer to elevator
Elevator to world
Future perspectives
References
Passing the test on wheat end-use quality
Summary
Introduction
Characteristics of major wheat-based foods
Essential bread requirements
Straight-dough processes
Sponge and dough and other pre-ferment processes
High-volume bread types
Steamed breads
Low-volume bread types
Two-layered bread
Single-layered bread
Asian noodles
Soft-bite noodles
Hard-bite noodles
Soft wheat products
Cookies and crackers
Cakes and batters
Durum pasta
Compositional analysis and grain testing
Moisture
Protein content
Kernel texture
Grain soundness and a-amylase
Polyphenol oxidase
Test milling
Grain and flour ash
Flour color
Speckiness
Starch and flour properties
Total starch content
Starch damage
Starch and flour paste viscosity and swelling power
Solvent retention capacity
Dough testing and prediction of dough properties
Sds sedimentation volume
Recording dough mixers
Measuring extensional properties of developed doughs
Uniaxial extension
Biaxial extension
Other dough rheology tests
End-product testing
Emerging opportunities
Spectroscopy
Cultivar identification
Future perpectives
References
The biochemical and molecular basis of wheat quality 495
Summary
Introduction
Diversity of wheat utilization
The range of uses of wheat-western foods
The range of uses of wheat-"exotic" foods
Industrial uses of wheat
Processing specifications for wheat utilization
Pan bread
Flat bread
Yellow alkaline noodles
White salted noodles
Cookies (biscuits) and cakes
Chinese steamed bread
Starch-gluten manufacture
Pasta
Protein composition and wheat quality
Dough quality and functional proteins
Dough quality and polypeptide composition
Grain hardness
Starch pasting properties
Protein composition and genotype identification
Application of principles: Defects explained
Lipid composition and wheat quality
Lipid composition and distribution
Interaction with gluten proteins
The role of flour lipids in baking
Dough structure and gas cell stabilization
Starch composition and wheat quality
Amylose content
Starch granules
Gelatinization temperature
Viscosity of starch
Swelling power
Nonstarch polysaccharide composition and wheat quality
Flour color and wheat quality
Enzymes and wheat quality
Lipase and lipoxygenase
Polyphenol oxidase
Peroxidase
Enzymes in sprouted or lma-affected grain
Proteases
Selection for wheat quality in breeding
Future perspectives
References
New uses for wheat and modified wheat products
Summary
Introduction
White wheat
White wheat breeding
Hard white wheat-consumer markets
Low polyphenol oxidase wheat
Altered starch
Altered starch breeding
Waxy (amylose-free) wheat
High-amylose wheat
Sweet wheat
Altered starch characteristics
Unique waxy wheat flour properties
Waxy wheat starch structure and properties
High-amylose wheat
Wheat phytochemicals
Phenolics
Carotenoids
Vitamin E
Lignans
b-Glucan
Phytosterols
Dietary fiber, inulin, and resistant starch
Betaine
Industrial wheat
Breeding wheat for nonfood uses
Wheat conversion to ethanol
New market for wheat in ethanol industry
Soft and waxy wheat for ethanol production
Feedstock criteria for ethanol production
Evaluation techniques for feedstock and co-product quality
Recent advances in technology
Fermentation technology
Processing technology
Future perspectives
References
US wheat marketing system and price discovery
Summary
Introduction
Marketing system
Price discovery and determination
Commodity futures exchanges
Hedges
Cash price relationships
Physical flow of wheat
Cash prices
Quality discounts and premiums
Future perspectives
Reference
Index
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Wheat : Science and Trade

0813819237

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