Wilderness Management

by Hendee, John C.

• ISBN13: 9781555918552
• ISBN10: 1555918557
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-07-01
• Publisher: Consortium

Summary

For nearly 15 years Wilderness Management has presented the most comprehensive and authoritative information available on wilderness stewardship and the protection of its resources and values. Directed toward wilderness stewards everywhere, especially in U.S. federal land management agencies, this new and completely revised third edition retains relevant material from the first and second editions and embraces new literature, experiences, events, changes and materials that have occurred in wilderness-related professions over the past decade. This reference classic will serve as an invaluable addition to environmentalists and conservationists, resource managers, researchers, teachers, students, scientists, policy makers, and wilderness users around the world.

Author Biography

Professor of Resource, Recreation, and Tourism, and Professor Emeritus of the University of Idaho Wilderness Research Center, John C. Hendee is editor-in-chief for the International Journal of Wilderness and a director of the WILD Foundation Chad P. Dawson is professor of Recreation Resources Management in the College of Environmental Science and Forestry at the State University of New York-Syracuse (ESF-SUNY). He is managing editor for the International Journal of Wilderness

Table of Contents

Publisher's Preface	ix
Vance G. Martin
Foreword by National Wilderness Coordinator, U.S. Federal Agencies, and other Wilderness Leaders	xi
History, Authorship, and Sponsorship of the Book	xiii
John C. Hendee
Chad P. Dawson
Authors Preface	xv
Organization of the Third Edition	xvi
Emphasis and Illustration	xvii
Terminology	xvii
Topic Area 1---The Setting
Wilderness Management: Philosophical Direction	3	(28)
Introduction	3	(1)
Wilderness and Other Land Uses	4	(1)
What Is Wilderness?	5	(1)
Historical Origins of the Wilderness Concept	5	(1)
Wilderness and the Early American Scene	6	(1)
Historical Wilderness Themes and Values	7	(5)
Wilderness Management and Wilderness Designation	12	(1)
The Effects of Wilderness Designation Decisions on Management	13	(3)
The Need for Wilderness Management	16	(2)
Alternatives to Management?	18	(1)
Wilderness Philosophy and Wilderness Management	18	(1)
Anthropocentric and Biocentric Perspectives	19	(2)
In Support of Biocentric Management	21	(4)
Summary	25	(1)
Study Questions	25	(1)
References	25	(2)
Reader Exercise: How Do Your Personal Wilderness Values Rate?	27	(4)
Historical Roots of Wilderness Management	31	(18)
Introduction	31	(1)
The Intellectual Dilemma	31	(1)
Destruction by Popularity---The Alternative	32	(2)
Roots of Wilderness Appreciation	34	(1)
Evolution of Wilderness in the National Parks	35	(3)
Evolution of Wilderness in the National Forests	38	(3)
The Wilderness Management Idea Begins	41	(3)
Wilderness Management Evolves	44	(2)
Study Questions	46	(1)
References	46	(1)
Acknowledgments	47	(2)
International Wilderness	49	(52)
Introduction	49	(1)
The Scarcity of Wilderness	50	(1)
Cultural Relativity and the Wilderness Concept	51	(1)
Wilderness-Related International Protection of Nature	52	(5)
Three Classes of Wilderness Protection: A Global Review	57	(35)
The World Wilderness Congresses (www.worldwilderness.org)	92	(2)
Summary	94	(1)
Study Questions	95	(1)
References	95	(4)
Acknowledgments	99	(2)
Topic Area 2---U.S. Legal Authority and Process for Wilderness
The Wilderness Act: Legal Basis for Wilderness Management	101	(74)
Introduction	101	(1)
The L-20 Regulation	102	(1)
The U Regulations	102	(1)
Statutory Protection for Wilderness	103	(2)
A Brief Legislative History of the Wilderness Act	105	(3)
The Wilderness Act of 1964	108	(12)
Some Exceptions and Ambiguities in Wilderness Legislation	120	(1)
Some Features in the Evolution of Wilderness Protection	120	(1)
Study Questions	121	(1)
References	121	(2)
Acknowledgments	123	(2)
Wilderness Designation Process, Legislation, and Management Implications
Part 1: Evolution of the Designation
Process	125	(1)
Introduction	125	(1)
Evaluation of Roadless Lands for Wilderness Suitability	126	(4)
Designation of Nonreserved National Forestlands	130	(11)
Designation of Department of the Interior Roadless Lands: NPS; FWS	141	(5)
The Bureau of Land Management	146	(5)
Alaska---A Special Case?	151	(2)
Summary---Part I	153	(2)
Study Questions	155	(1)
References	155	(1)
Acknowledgments	156	(1)
Wilderness Designation Process, Legislation, and Management Implications
Part II: Wilderness Designation Laws and Their Management Implications	157	(1)
Introduction	157	(1)
Milestones in Wilderness Legislation: Benchmark Laws	158	(2)
Management Direction and Special Provisions in Wilderness Legislation	160	(2)
Legislative Management Direction for Specific Issues	162	(4)
Special Provisions and Congressional Direction	166	(2)
Wilderness Legislation: A View of the Future	168	(2)
Conclusion/Predictions	170	(1)
Study Questions	170	(1)
References	171	(2)
Acknowledgments	173	(2)
The National Wilderness Preservation System and Complementary Conservation Areas	175	(16)
Introduction	175	(1)
The National Wilderness Preservation System	175	(5)
Complementary Conservation Areas	180	(8)
Summary	188	(1)
Study Questions	188	(1)
References	189	(1)
Acknowledgments	189	(2)
Topic Area 3---Wilderness Management and Planning Concepts Chapter
Principles of Wilderness Management	191	(18)
Introduction	191	(1)
Principle I: Manage Wilderness as the Most Pristine Extreme on the Environmental Modification Spectrum	191	(1)
Principle 2: Manage Wilderness Comprehensively, Not as Separate Parts	192	(1)
Principle 3: Manage Wilderness, and Sites Within, Under a Nondegradation Concept	193	(2)
Principle 4: Manage Human Influences, a Key to Wilderness Protection	195	(1)
Principle 5: Manage Wilderness Biocentrically to Produce Human Values and Benefits	196	(1)
Principle 6: Favor Wilderness-Dependent Activities	197	(1)
Principle 7: Guide Wilderness Management Using Written Plans with Specific Area Objectives	198	(1)
Principle 8: Set Carrying Capacities as Necessary to Prevent Unnatural Change	199	(1)
Principle 9: Focus Management on Threatened Sites and Damaging Activities	200	(1)
Principle 10: Apply Only the Minimum Tools, Regulations, or Force to Achieve Wilderness-Area Objectives	201	(1)
Principle 11: Involve the Public as a Key to the Success of Wilderness Management	202	(2)
Principle 12: Monitor Wilderness Conditions and Experience Opportunities to Guide Long-Term Wilderness Stewardship	204	(1)
Principle 13: Manage Wilderness in Relation to Management of Adjacent Lands	205	(1)
Summary	206	(1)
Study Questions	206	(1)
References	206	(3)
Wilderness Management Planning	209	(22)
Introduction	209	(1)
The Need for Planning	209	(2)
Evolution of wilderness Planning Direction	211	(1)
Plan Flexibility and Effectiveness	211	(1)
Wilderness Planning Under the National Environmental Policy Act	212	(1)
Wilderness Management Planning in the U.S. Federal Agencies	212	(3)
Planning Terminology and Logic	215	(1)
A Goal-achievement Framework for Writing wilderness Management Plans	216	(1)
Applying the Framework-Examples from Plans	217	(1)
The Limit of Acceptable Change framework for Wilderness Planning	218	(4)
Preparing Wilderness Management Plans: Problems and Suggestion	222	(6)
Summary	228	(1)
Study Questions	228	(1)
References	228	(1)
Acknowledgements	229	(2)
Managing for Appropriate Wilderness Conditions: The Limits of Acceptable Change Process	231	(32)
Introduction	231	(1)
The Carrying-Capacity Concept	232	(2)
Considerations in Managing Visitor Use and Impact	234	(1)
The Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) Concept	235	(12)
Implementing the LAC Process	247	(10)
Direct Visitors Management May Be Necessary When Standard Are Exceeded	257	(2)
Summary	259	(1)
Study Questions	259	(1)
References	259	(2)
Acknowledgements	261	(2)
Topic Area 4---Wilderness Resources, Values, and Threats to Them
Wilderness Ecosystems	263	(24)
Introduction	263	(1)
An Ecosystems Primer	264	(4)
The Nature of Wilderness Ecosystems	268	(4)
Changes in Wilderness Ecosystems	272	(3)
Managing Wilderness Ecosystems	275	(7)
Summary	282	(1)
Study Questions	282	(1)
References	282	(3)
Acknowledgments	285	(2)
Fire in Wilderness Ecosystems	287	(34)
Introduction	287	(2)
Fire Occurrence and Behavior	289	(3)
The Natural (Historical) Role of Fire in Wilderness Ecosystems	292	(4)
How Has the Historical Role of Fire Been Modified by Fire Suppression?	296	(1)
Objectives of Wilderness Fire Management	297	(4)
Wilderness Fire Policy Alternatives and Their Consequences	301	(3)
Wilderness Fire-Management Planning: Considerations and Constraints	304	(4)
History and Evolution of Wilderness Fire-Management Programs	308	(1)
Fire-Dependent Ecosystems in American Wilderness Regions	309	(4)
Trends and Future Needs	313	(1)
Needs for Research	314	(1)
Wilderness Fire Programs and Ecosystem Management	314	(1)
Study Questions	315	(1)
References	315	(4)
Acknowledgments	319	(2)
Wildlife in Wilderness: A North American and International Perspective	321	(30)
Introduction	321	(1)
The Wilderness Wildlife Resource	322	(9)
Wildlife-Related Problems in Wilderness Stewardship	331	(9)
Wilderness Management Objectives and Guidelines for Wildlife	340	(1)
Some Key Guidelines	340	(4)
Summary	344	(1)
Study Questions	345	(1)
References	345	(4)
Acknowledgments	349	(2)
Potential Threats to Wilderness Resources and Values	351	(22)
Introduction	351	(2)
Wilderness Conditions and Values Affected by Threats	353	(2)
Potential Threats to Wilderness	355	(13)
Monitoring Threats to Wilderness	368	(1)
Summary	368	(1)
Study Questions	369	(1)
References	369	(2)
Acknowledgments	371	(2)
Topic Area 5---Wilderness Uses and Their Management
Wilderness Use and User Trends	373	(40)
Introduction	373	(1)
The Importance of Understanding Wilderness Use and Users	374	(1)
Wilderness-Dependent Uses	374	(1)
Wilderness Use: An Overview	374	(10)
Wilderness Recreational Use	384	(15)
User Characteristics	399	(1)
Factors Affecting Wilderness Use Trends and Management	400	(4)
Wilderness Recreation Use Projections	404	(1)
Summary	405	(1)
Study Questions	406	(1)
References	406	(5)
Acknowledgments	411	(2)
Ecological Impacts of Wilderness Recreation and Their Management	413	(48)
Introduction	413	(1)
Importance of Wilderness Recreation Impacts	414	(2)
Recreation Activities and Associated Impacts	416	(10)
Managing Campsite Impacts	426	(15)
Managing Trail Impacts	441	(6)
Managing Pack and Saddlestock	447	(6)
Summary	453	(1)
Study Questions	454	(1)
References	454	(5)
Acknowledgments	459	(2)
Wilderness Visitor Management: Stewardship for Quality Experiences	461	(44)
Introduction	461	(1)
Visitor Management Considerations	462	(5)
Elements of Visitor Use Subject to Management	467	(2)
Managing for Wilderness Experiences	469	(3)
Wilderness Visitor Management Approaches	472	(4)
Indirect and Direct Management Techniques	476	(16)
Other Management Tools and Techniques	492	(3)
Use Simulation Models	495	(4)
Summary	499	(1)
Study Questions	500	(1)
References	500	(3)
Acknowledgments	503	(2)
Topic Area 6---The Future: Issues, Problems, and Opportunities
Future Issues and Challenges in Wilderness Stewardship	505	(8)
Wilderness-Past, Present, and Future	505	(1)
A Growing Importance of Wilderness	506	(1)
Trends in Wilderness Use	507	(2)
Management Funding and Resources	509	(1)
An Expanding-but Ultimately Limited-Wilderness System	510	(1)
Conclusion	511	(1)
References	511	(2)
Appendix A---The Wilderness Act of 1964	513	(6)
Appendix B---Chronological Listing of Wilderness Designation and Wilderness-Related Laws	519	(6)
Appendix C---Abstracts of Wilderness Laws, 1964-2000	525	(64)
Appendix D---NWPS Data: Areas and Acres by State	589	(18)
Appendix E---The National Wilderness Preservation System 1964-1999	607	(2)
Appendix F---NWPS by Federal Managing Agency	609	(2)
Glossary	611	(6)
Acronyms	617	(2)
Index	619	(21)
About the Authors	640