Wildlife Ecology and Management

by Bolen, Eric G.; Robinson, William

• ISBN13: 9780130662507
• ISBN10: 013066250X
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-07-10
• Publisher: PEARSON

Summary

This exceptionally comprehensive, single-source introduction to the art, science, theories, practices, and issues of wildlife management is ideal for the novice in the subject.Features full-chapters on predators, urban wildlife, policy, water, soil, diseases, conservation biology. New, up-to-date issues covered include the removal of dams, global warming, emerging diseases among elk and deer, adaptive harvest management, animal rights groups, women hunters, population data, migratory animals and more.For anyone interested in an exceptionally comprehensive introduction to wildlife management and conservation.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xv
Preface	xvii
What is Wildlife Management?	1	(6)
A Brief History	3	(2)
What Does a Wildlife Manager Do?	5	(2)
Summary	5	(2)
Neglect and Exploitation	7	(13)
In the Beginning	7	(3)
Bison: A Story of Near Extinction	10	(1)
The Passenger Pigeon: An American Tragedy	11	(1)
Others, Too, Are Gone	12	(2)
Wood Ducks, Wild Turkeys, and Other Near Extinctions	14	(1)
Problems of Excess: Reindeer, Deer, and Blackbirds	15	(2)
Predator Control: Bounties, Baits, and Blunders	17	(1)
Exotic Wildlife	18	(2)
Summary	18	(2)
Some Successes in Managing Wildlife	20	(12)
Restoration of Bison	22	(1)
Lead Poisoning: Almost Gone	22	(3)
Return of Wood Ducks	25	(1)
Wild Turkeys: Turning Failure into Success	26	(1)
Restoration of Mammals in North America	26	(1)
Marine Mammals	27	(2)
Some Successes With Birds	29	(1)
Elusive Measures of Successful Management	30	(2)
Summary	31	(1)
Ecosystems and Natural Communities	32	(16)
Matter and Energy	34	(3)
Range of Tolerance	37	(2)
Niche	39	(2)
Natural Communities-Changes in Time and Space	41	(2)
Succession and Wildlife Management	43	(1)
Diversity and Stability	44	(4)
Summary	46	(2)
Population Ecology	48	(22)
Some Definitions	48	(1)
The Logistic Equation	49	(3)
Field Studies	52	(2)
Births and Deaths	54	(3)
Sex Ratios and Mating Systems	54	(1)
Age-Specific Birth Rates	55	(2)
Additive and Compensatory Mortality	57	(1)
Life Tables and Survivorship Curves	58	(3)
Sources of Population Data	61	(3)
Organization of a Population-Management Problem	64	(1)
Metapopulations	65	(1)
Population Models	66	(2)
The Human Population	68	(2)
Summary	69	(1)
Animal Behavior and Wildlife Management	70	(22)
Habitat Selection	70	(1)
Courtship Behavior	71	(2)
Reproductive Physiology and Behavior	73	(1)
Territorial Behavior	74	(2)
Sexual Segregation	76	(1)
Circadian Rhythms	76	(1)
Dispersal	76	(1)
Responses of Wildlife to Humans	77	(2)
Imprinting and Parental Care	79	(2)
Migration	81	(7)
Birds	81	(2)
Reptiles	83	(1)
Mammals	84	(3)
Invertebrates	87	(1)
Managing Migratory Animals	88	(1)
Too Many Geese	89	(3)
Summary	90	(2)
Food and Cover	92	(26)
Food	92	(4)
Digestive Systems of Birds and Mammals	92	(3)
Energy	95	(1)
Carbohydrates	95	(1)
Fats	95	(1)
Proteins	95	(1)
Vitamins	96	(1)
Macronutrients	96	(1)
Micronutrients	96	(1)
Ecology and Evolution of Feeding Behavior and Defense	96	(7)
Quality of Food	98	(3)
Quantity of Food	101	(1)
Responses to Food Shortages	102	(1)
Physical Condition and Nutrition	103	(1)
Food Management	103	(4)
Cover	107	(6)
Cover As Shelter	108	(2)
Cover As Concealment	110	(3)
Edges and Edge Effect	113	(5)
Summary	116	(2)
Wildlife Diseases	118	(31)
Why Study Wildlife Diseases?	118	(4)
Perspectives	122	(5)
Diseases and Habitat	127	(5)
Diseases and Populations	132	(6)
Diseases and Biological Controls	138	(2)
``New'' Diseases	140	(3)
Lyme Disease	143	(2)
Wildlife Diseases and Humans	145	(4)
Summary	148	(1)
Predators and Predation	149	(29)
Predator Behavior and Prey Survival	149	(3)
Predation in Natural Communities	152	(16)
Theoretical Predator-Prey Systems	153	(1)
Laboratory Studies of Predator-Prey Systems	154	(2)
Field Observations of Predator-Prey Systems	156	(7)
Field Experiments with Predator-Prey Systems	163	(3)
Wolf Control in Alaska	166	(2)
Deer-Predator Relationships: A Hard Look at the Literature	168	(1)
Predation on Domestic Animals	168	(10)
Extent of the Problem	170	(1)
Control Methods	170	(2)
Effectiveness of Control Methods on Coyote Numbers	172	(2)
Effects of Coyote Control on Other Animals	174	(1)
Public Policy and Predator Control	174	(3)
Summary	177	(1)
Hunting and Trapping	178	(22)
To Hunt or Not to Hunt	179	(1)
Should Hunting Continue in North America?	179	(4)
The Effects of Hunting on Populations of Animals	183	(1)
Harvest and Hunting	184	(8)
Mallard	186	(2)
American Woodcock	188	(2)
Wild Turkey	190	(1)
Deer	191	(1)
Managing for the Hunter	192	(1)
Women as Hunters	193	(1)
Hunting by Native Americans	194	(1)
The Millennium Accord on North America's Hunting Heritage	195	(1)
Trapping and Furbearers	195	(5)
Trapping in Ontario	196	(2)
Traps	198	(1)
Trapping and Hunting Education	198	(1)
Summary	199	(1)
Wildlife and Water	200	(42)
Some Properties of Water	200	(2)
Some Ecological Influences of Water	202	(2)
Water, Distribution, and Isolation	204	(2)
Water and Wildlife Populations	206	(4)
Physiological and Behavioral Responses	210	(3)
Water, Disasters, and Hard Times	213	(4)
Reservoir Effect and Management	217	(2)
Beaver, Water, and Wildlife	219	(2)
Alligators and Marsh Ecology	221	(2)
Oil, Water, and Birds Don't Mix	223	(2)
Water and Raw Sewage	225	(2)
``Acid Rain:'' A Changing Environment	227	(4)
Water Developments and Wildlife	231	(5)
1996 Experimental Flood in the Grand Canyon	236	(1)
Removal of Dams, An Emerging Trend?	237	(5)
Summary	241	(1)
Wildlife and Soils	242	(23)
Some Features of Soil	242	(5)
Some Influences of Soil on Wildlife	247	(11)
A Tropical Paradox	253	(3)
Desertification	256	(2)
Some Influences of Wildlife on Soils	258	(3)
Fertilization	261	(4)
Summary	264	(1)
Wildlife and Farmlands	265	(33)
Agriculture: A Brief History	265	(1)
What's Happened to Farms and Farmland?	266	(4)
Farm Crops as Wildlife Food	270	(8)
Erosion, Sedimentation, and Wildlife	278	(2)
Agricultural Chemicals and Wildlife	280	(8)
Some Kinds of Insecticides	283	(4)
Herbicides	287	(1)
Fertilizers	287	(1)
Farming for Wildlife	288	(10)
Shelterbelts	288	(4)
Odd Areas and Roadsides	292	(2)
Tillage	294	(2)
``Wildlife Partners'' Calendars	296	(1)
Summary	296	(2)
Wildlife and Rangelands	298	(30)
Grasses	298	(2)
The Animal Unit	300	(1)
Management of Range Vegetation	300	(8)
Mechanical Methods	303	(2)
Herbicides	305	(2)
Fire	307	(1)
Grazing and Wildlife	308	(9)
Overgrazing	310	(3)
Grazing and Trout	313	(2)
Grazing Systems	315	(2)
Range Fires and Wildlife	317	(2)
Fencing	319	(2)
Burros and Rangelands	321	(1)
Game Ranching	322	(6)
An African Saga	325	(1)
Summary	326	(2)
Forest Management and Wildlife	328	(21)
Some Basics of Forest Management	330	(2)
A System for Considering Needs of Forest Wildlife in Federal and State Forests	332	(1)
Clear-cutting and Wildlife	332	(3)
Snags	335	(1)
Deadwood and Fuel	336	(1)
Forest Fires and Wildlife	337	(3)
Old-Growth Forests---A Special Case?	340	(2)
Private Woodlands	342	(2)
Forest Management for Ruffed Grouse---An Example of Featured-Species Management	344	(5)
Summary	348	(1)
Wildlife in Parks and Refuges	349	(21)
Enjoyment of Wildlife by Park Visitors	349	(2)
National Parks	351	(4)
Overpopulation of Animals in Parks	355	(2)
Bears	357	(2)
Preservation, Human Populations, and Park Development	359	(3)
Transfrontier Parks	362	(1)
Refuges	363	(7)
State Wildlife Refuges	364	(1)
Management Overview	364	(1)
Some Functions of Refuges	365	(1)
Organic Act	366	(1)
Problems	367	(1)
Summary	368	(2)
Urban Wildlife	370	(26)
Urban Wildlife Resources	372	(6)
Urban Monoculture	378	(1)
Urban Zones	379	(1)
Multiple-Use Management in the City	380	(3)
Aspects of Urban Management	383	(5)
Urban Conservation Treaties	388	(1)
Urban Wildlife as Pests	389	(7)
Summary	395	(1)
Exotic Wildlife	396	(30)
The Case for Exotic Game	401	(8)
A Pattern of Success?	402	(2)
Reasons for Failure	404	(1)
Some Concerns about Exotics	404	(5)
North America's Outdoor Zoo	409	(6)
Transplants Within North America	415	(4)
Some North American Exports	419	(3)
For Better or Worse?	422	(1)
Guidelines and Policies	423	(3)
Summary	425	(1)
Nongame and Endangered Wildlife	426	(26)
Definition	427	(1)
Economic Values	427	(2)
An Unfinished Agenda	429	(1)
State Funding for Nongame Management	430	(1)
Status and Concerns of Nongame Management	431	(1)
Out of Africa: Vulture Restaurants	432	(2)
Endangered Species	434	(2)
A Brief History of Nongame and Endangered Species	436	(5)
Endangered Species Legislation	437	(4)
Triage: The Crush of Decision	441	(1)
``Safe Harbor''	442	(2)
Management of Endangered Species	444	(8)
Summary	451	(1)
Economics of Wildlife	452	(14)
National Surveys	452	(1)
Nonconsumptive Value of Wildlife	453	(2)
The Owl Wars	455	(1)
Economics of Fisheries	455	(1)
Farming Wildlife	456	(3)
Economics of Sport Hunting	459	(4)
Economics of Mitigation	463	(1)
Beyond Dollars and Cents	464	(2)
Summary	465	(1)
Conservation Biology and Wildlife Management	466	(30)
``On the Ground'' with Conservation Biology	468	(1)
Levels of Conservation Biology	468	(4)
Examples of Conservation Biology Interacting with Wildlife Management	472	(4)
Population Genetics	472	(1)
The Wolves of Isle Royale	473	(1)
Northern Spotted Owl	474	(2)
Conservation in Other Lands	476	(1)
Island Biogeography	476	(4)
Corridors	480	(4)
Songbirds and Fragmented Forests	484	(2)
Biodiversity: Hot Spots and Managed Lands	486	(1)
Minimum Viable Populations	487	(4)
Global Warming and Wildlife	491	(3)
Human Population	494	(2)
Summary	494	(2)
Wildlife as A Public Trust	496	(40)
Sources	497	(1)
Agency Structure and Development	498	(5)
National Biological Service	503	(1)
New Training, New Profession	504	(1)
Policy and Wildlife Law	504	(7)
Biological Foundation	504	(2)
Enforcement	506	(5)
Policy: Social and Economic Factors	511	(1)
Policy: Scientific and Technological Factors	512	(1)
Legal Jurisdiction	513	(1)
National Policies	514	(7)
Lacey Act	514	(1)
Restoration Acts	515	(1)
Land and Water Policies	516	(2)
National Environmental Policy Act	518	(3)
Policies of Sentiment	521	(2)
Public Attitudes	523	(3)
Who and What?	524	(1)
Americans and Issues	525	(1)
Public Awareness	526	(1)
Canadian Wildlife Service	526	(2)
Resource Management in Mexico: SEMARNAP	528	(1)
A Contrast in Europe	529	(7)
Summary	535	(1)
Conclusion	536	(4)
Glossary	540	(13)
Literature Cited	553	(60)
Index	613

Excerpts

For nearly 20 years,Wildlife Ecology and Managementhas endured as a basic text in its field and, because of its continuing acceptance, we pleased to present the fifth edition. Despite the intervening years, however, our goal remains unchanged. Namely, we wish to introduce undergraduate students to wildlife management by presenting a broad overview across a spectrum of topics--wildlife diseases to public policy, exotic introductions to forest management, and predation to urban wildlife. These students, we hope, will include not only those completing degrees in disciplines associated with the conservation of natural resources--forestry, range and watershed management, outdoor recreation, as well as wildlife management--but also those "nonmajors" from other academic areas. Our presentation accordingly does not assume that students have acquired more than modest exposure to the biological sciences. The Glossary remains a major element in the fifth edition, as does a fundamental treatment of ecology in Chapter 4. WHAT'S NEWWe sought new studies--especially those appearing in the most recent three to four years prior to press time--to revitalize concepts already presented in the book or to present entirely new areas of interest. Among the latter is the removal of dams, not only to restore fish runs, but also to restore, as much as possible, the biota and functions of entire watersheds to their former state. Similarly, this edition includes an overview of global warming in relation to wildlife management and highlights the occurrence of emerging diseases such as chronic wasting disease in deer and elk. We also describe adaptive harvest management--a performance-based strategy for regulating the influence of hunting on wildlife populations--and draw attention to the influence of animal rights groups as well as to the responsibilities of hunters. Continued broadening of the termwildlifealso is reflected in this edition, including expanded coverage of marine mammals and concerns for species such as bog turtles and monarch butterflies.In all, more than 390 new references are cited, of which 71 percent bear dates of 1999 to 2002. Still, older literature often remains the best source to establish a strong and necessary foundation for many subjects, and the implications and results reported in these earlier papers are no less true today than when they first appeared in the literature (e.g., DDT-induced eggshell thinning). Interests also shift through time, and some areas currently attract little, if any, attention. Invasive species have stimulated an avalanche of literature, for example, but wildlife economics and soil-animal ecology have not, and our attempt to update these and some other subjects has not always been fulfilled satisfactorily.New information boxes describe additional institutions dedicated to wildlife research and management, and another new box features an influential conservationist from yesteryear. As in the past, we complement these with profiles of colleagues who work "in the real world" where problems of funding, politics, and bureaucratic limitations pose daily challenges to their work.