Women's Religions in the Greco-Roman World A Sourcebook

by Kraemer, Ross Shepard

• ISBN13: 9780195142785
• ISBN10: 0195142780
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-03-04
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

This is a substantially expanded and completely revised edition of a book originally published in 1988 as Maenads, Martyrs, Matrons, Monastics. The book is a collection of translations of primary texts relevant to women's religion in Western antiquity, from the fourth century BCE to the fifthcentury CE. The selections are taken from the plethora of ancient religions, including Judaism and Christianity, and are translated from the six major languages of the Greco-Roman world: Greek, Latin, Aramaic, Hebrew, Syriac, and Coptic. The texts are grouped thematically in six sections:Observances, Rituals, and Festivals; Researching Real Women: Documents to, from and by Women; Religious Office; New Religious Affiliation and Conversion; Holy, Pious, and Exemplary Women; and The Feminine Divine. Women's Religions in the Greco-Roman World provides a unique and invaluable resourcefor scholars of classical antiquity, early Christianity and Judaism, and women's religion more generally.

Author Biography

Ross Shepard Kraemer is Professor of Religious Studies at Brown University. She is the author of Her Share of the Blessings: Women's Religions Among Pagans, Jews, and Christians in the Greco-Roman World and When Aseneth Met Joseph: A Late Antique Tale of the Biblical Patriarch and His Egyptian Wife, Reconsidered

Table of Contents

Abbreviations	xxv
Introduction	3	(9)
ONE Observances, Rituals, and Festivals
Why Women Are Compelled to Worship Dionysos Euripides Bacchae 23--42	12	(1)
The Rites of the First Bacchic Worshipers Euripides Bacchae 677--768	13	(3)
Women Worshipers of a Dionysian Deity, Sabos Demosthenes On the Crown 259--60	16	(1)
Rituals for Brides and Pregnant Women in the Worship of Artemis LSCG Suppl. 115	17	(1)
Objects Dedicated to Artemis Brauronia IG II2 1514	18	(1)
Women Participants at a Festival of Adonis Theocritus Idyll 15, 95--149	18	(2)
Ritual Regulations in a Dionysiac Thiasos LSAM 48	20	(1)
Epitaph of Alcmeonis, a Priestess of Dionysos Henrichs HSCP 82 (1978): 148	21	(1)
The Establishment of Dionysiac Rites in Magnesia I. Magn. 215a.24--40	21	(1)
Ritual Equipment for a Women's Festival in Hellenistic Egypt P. Hib. 54	22	(1)
Three Excerpts from Ovid on the Rites of Roman Women	22	(5)
Roman Matrons Who Celebrate the Matralia (A Festival to the Goddess, Mother Matuta) Ovid Fasti 6.473--568	23	(2)
Roman Matrons Who Wash the Statue of Venus on April 1 Ovid Fasti 4.133--62	25	(1)
The Ritual Practices of an Old Woman Ovid Fasti 2.571--82	25	(2)
Women's Rites of Dionysos in Greek Cities Diodorus of Sicily Library 4.3.2--5	27	(1)
Women Members of a Monastic Jewish Community Outside Alexandria Philo On the Contemplative Life 2, 32--33, 65--69, 83--85, 87--89	28	(4)
(Jewish?) Women in Alexandrian Public Life Philo The Special Laws 3.169--75	32	(1)
The Women's Court of the Jerusalem Temple Josephus The Jewish War 5.198--200, Against Apion 2.102--4	33	(2)
Excerpts from Plutarch on Greek and Roman Women's Religions	35	(4)
Devotees of Dionysos Protected by Women from the Town of Amphissa On the Bravery of Women 13 (Moralia 249)	35	(1)
The Dionysiac Proclivities of Olympias, Mother of Alexander the Great Life of Alexander 2.1--5	36	(1)
How Women's Bacchic Frenzy Explains an Epithet of the God (Bacchus) Roman Questions 104 (Moralia 288--89)	36	(1)
Why Roman Matrons Founded a Temple to the Goddess Carmenta Roman Questions 56 (Moralia 278)	37	(1)
Why Women Use Milk but Not Wine in Offerings to Rumina Roman Questions 57 (Moralia 278)	37	(1)
Gender Distinctions in Sacrifices to Hercules Roman Questions 60 (Moralia 278)	38	(1)
Why Seduced Vestal Virgins Are Buried Alive Roman Questions 96 (Moralia 286--87)	38	(1)
Why Roman Women Wash Their Heads on the Ides of August Roman Questions 100 (Moralia 287)	38	(1)
Excerpts from the Travel Writer Pausanias on Greek Women's Religions	39	(4)
The Public and Secret Rites to Demeter Performed by Elder Women in Corinth Description of Greece 2 (Corinth) 35.6--8	39	(1)
The Athletic Contests for Women in Honor of Hera at Elis Description of Greece 5 (Elis 1) 16.2--8	40	(1)
Women's Worship of Eileithyia and Sosipolis at Elis Description of Greece 5 (Elis 1) 20.2--3	41	(1)
Women's Rites to Demeter at Achaia Description of Greece 7 (Achaia) 27.9--10	41	(1)
The Festival Laphria, in Honor of Artemis Description of Greece 7 (Achaia) 18.11--12	42	(1)
Women Attacked during a Festival to Demeter, Who Defend Themselves with Sacrificial Implements Description of Greece 4 (Messenia) 17	42	(1)
The Religious Activities of Roman Women as Viewed by a Skeptical Satirist Juvenal Satire 6	43	(2)
Women (and Men) in a Procession to Isis Apuleius Metamorphoses 11.9--10	45	(2)
The Deeds of the Saga Meroe Apuleius Metamorphoses 1.7--10	47	(2)
Photis Reveals the Nefarious Deeds of Her Mistress, Pamphile Apuleius Metamorphoses 3.15--18	49	(2)
A Grieving Mother Resurrects and Interrogates the Corpse of Her Son Using ``Magic Arts'' Heliodorus An Ethiopian Story 6.13--15	51	(3)
Callirhoe Entreats Aphrodite at Her Shrines and Temple Chariton Chareas and Callirhoe 2.2, 7.5, 8.8	54	(2)
Festivals and Sacrifices at the Birth of Callirhoe's Son Chariton Chareas and Callirhoe 3.7--9	56	(2)
Prospective Brides and Grooms at a Festival of Artemis of Ephesos Xenophon of Ephesos Ephesian Tale of Anthia and Habrocomes 1.2	58	(1)
Anthia Entreats Isis and Apis Xenophon of Ephesos Ephesian Tale of Anthia and Habrocomes 4.3, 5.4	59	(1)
Offerings and Festivals for Helios at Rhodes Xenophon of Ephesos Ephesian Tale of Anthia and Habrocomes 5.10--13	60	(3)
Anthia and Habrocomes, Reunited, at the Temple of Artemis in Ephesos Xenophon of Ephesos Ephesian Tale of Anthia and Habrocomes 5.15	63	(1)
Leucippe Takes Refuge in a Sanctuary of Artemis Achilles Tatius Leucippe and Clitophon 7.13	63	(1)
Chloe and Daphnis Worship the Nymphs Longus Daphnis and Chloe 2.2, 4.39	64	(1)
Devotions at a Private Feast in a Temple of Hermes	65	(1)
Heliodorus An Ethiopian Story 5.15, 5.34	65	(1)
Charikleia at the Statue's Feet 5.34	65	(1)
A Woman Whose Acceptance of Ascetic Christianity Causes Her Husband to Bring Charges Against Her and Her Christian Teachers Justin Martyr Second Apology 2	65	(2)
A Tour of Hellish Torments Related by a Murdered Christian Woman Raised from the Dead by the Apostle Thomas Acts of Thomas 6	67	(5)
Admonitions against the Participation of Menstruating Christian Women (and of Men Who Have Had a Nocturnal Emission) in the Eucharist Dionysius of Alexandria Epistle to the Bishop Basilides, canons II, IV	72	(2)
Rabbinic Purity Regulations Concerning Menstruation and Other Blood Flow Mishnah Niddah 1.1--2.4	74	(4)
Rabbinic Arguments Against a Misogynist Tradition Babylonian Talmud Sotah 22b	78	(2)
Discussions between Matrona and Rabbi Jose ben Halafta	80	(5)
Genesis Rabbah 4.6; 17.7; 25.1; 63.8; 68.4; 84.21; 87.6	81	(2)
Leviticus Rabbah 8.1	83	(1)
Exodus Rabbah 3.12.2	83	(1)
Leviticus Rabbah 28.6	84	(1)
Numbers Rabbah 3.2	84	(1)
Ecclesiastes Rabbah 3.21.1	85	(1)
Arabian Christian Women of Thracian Descent Who Bake Cakes to the Virgin Mary and Function as Priests Epiphanius Medicine Box 78.23	85	(1)
A Heresiologist's Attempts to Refute the Teachings of Christian Women with Regard to Mary and to Disparage the Rituals and Religious Offices of Women Epiphanius Medicine Box 79	86	(7)
Why Christian Women May Not Write Books in Their Own Names The Debate between a Montanist and an Orthodox	93	(1)
Christian Women in Antioch Participating in Jewish Festivals and Attending Synagogue John Chrysostom Against Judaizing Christians 2.3.3--6, 4.7.3	94	(2)
A Christian Matron from Rome Visiting the Hermitic Abbot Arsenius Sayings of the Desert Fathers 2.7	96	(2)
Women Monastics and Women Visitors at a Pachomian Women's Monastery in Fourth-Century C.E. Egypt Palladius Lausiac History 33, 52, 143	98	(2)
Women Blowing the Shofar on Rosh Hashanah (the New Year) Babylonian Talmud Rosh Hashanah 32b	100	(1)
Exempting Women from the Obligation to Eat in the Sukkah during the Jewish Festival of Sukkoth Babylonian Talmud Sukkah 28a--b	100	(3)
Rabbinic Discussions on the Differences in Rabbinic Law between a Man and a Woman Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 29a--b, 34a--36a	103	(7)
Jewish Women Forcibly Converted to Christianity (and a Christian Woman Visionary) on the Island of Minorca Severus of Minorca Letter on the Conversion of the Jews (selections)	110	(11)
TWO Researching Real Women: Documents to, from, and by Women
Epitaphs of Women from Leontopolis, Site of an Alternative Jewish Temple	121	(2)
Epitaph of a Jewish/Judean Woman Who Died on Her Wedding Day CPJ/CIJ 1508; JIGRE 31	121	(1)
Epitaph of a Woman, Her Husband, and Daughter CPJ/CIJ 1509; JIGRE 32	121	(1)
Epitaph of a Woman Who Died in Childbirth CPJ/CIJ 1510; JIGRE 33	122	(1)
Epitaph of a Thirty-Year-Old Woman CPJ/CIJ 1513; JIGRE 36	122	(1)
A Dialogue Epitaph of a Young Married Woman CPJ/CIJ 1530; JIGRE 38	122	(1)
Disposition of a Lawsuit between a Woman and a Man Living in Egypt, Both Called ``Jews/Judeans'' CPJ 19; P. Petr. 3.21 (g); P. Gurob 2, Sp 256	123	(1)
A Jewish/Judean Woman's Attacks on a Pregnant Neighbor CPJ 133; P. Tebt. 800	124	(1)
The Contract of a Wet Nurse, Possibly Jewish/Judean CPJ 146; BGU 1106	125	(1)
A Divorce Agreement from Egypt, Perhaps Jewish/Judean CPJ 144; BGU 1102	126	(1)
A Woman, Possibly Jewish/Judean, Settling Her Share of a Debt CPJ 148; BGU 1155	127	(1)
Sale of a House between Two Women, the Buyer Perhaps Jewish/Judean CPJ 483; BGU 854	127	(1)
Jewish Women Enumerated in a Tax Document from Egypt CPJ 421	128	(2)
Manumission of a Jewish/Judean Female Slave CPJ 473; P. Oxy. 1205	130	(1)
Epitaph of a Woman Cursed by Spells CIL 8.2756	131	(1)
A Woman Seeking to Attract the Love of Another Woman with a Spell PGM 32.1--19	131	(1)
A Woman Imploring Oserapis to Avenge Her Against Her Daughter's Father PGM 40.1--18	132	(1)
Royal Women of Judea	133	(5)
Herodias Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 18.109--19, 240--55	133	(3)
The Daughters and Other Descendants of Herod the Great Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 18.130--42	136	(1)
Drusilla Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 20.137--43	137	(1)
Historians' Reports about the Herodian Princess Berenice, Coruler with Her Brother, King Agrippa II, and Lover of the Roman Emperor Titus	138	(5)
Josephus on Berenice Antiquities of the Jews 19.277, 20.145--46; Jewish War 2.309--14	138	(2)
Tacitus on Berenice Histories 2.1.1, 2.2.1, 2.79, 2.81.1--3	140	(1)
Suetonius on Berenice The Divine Titus 7.1--2	141	(1)
Cassius Dio on Berenice Roman History 66.15.3--5	142	(1)
A Late Epitome on Berenice Epitome of the Emperors 10.4--7	142	(1)
Personal Papers of Babatha of Maoza	143	(9)
Babatha's Marriage Contract P. Yadin 10	144	(1)
Babatha Summons the Guardian of Her Son to Court in Petra P. Yadin 14	145	(1)
Babatha's Deposition, Including a Statement of Her Illiteracy P. Yadin 15	146	(1)
Babatha's Registration of Land, Sworn by the Genius of the Emperor P. Yadin 16	147	(2)
Babatha's Loan to Her Second Husband, Judah P. Yadin 17	149	(1)
The Marriage Contract of Babatha's Stepdaughter, Shelamzion P. Yadin 18	150	(1)
A Deed of Gift from Babatha's Husband, Judah, to His Daughter, Shelamzion P. Yadin 19	151	(1)
Disputes between Babatha and Her Co-widow, Miriam P. Yadin 26	152	(1)
The Personal Papers of Salome, Also Called Komaise	152	(4)
Deed of Gift from Salome Gropte to Her Daughter, Salome Komaise P. XHev/Se gr 64	153	(1)
Marriage Contract of Salome Komaise and Her Second Husband P. XHev/Se gr 65 (= P. Yadin 37)	154	(1)
Canceled Marriage Contract, Where the Bride's Mother Gives the Bride P. XHev/Se gr 69	155	(1)
A Divorce Bill, Possibly Given by a (Jewish) Woman, Shelamzion, to Her Husband, Eleazar P. Se'elim 13	156	(1)
Women Associated with the Famous Christian Teacher Origen (ca. 185 to ca. 254 C.E.)	157	(2)
Origen Teaches Women and Men Eusebius History of the Church 6.8.1--3	157	(1)
Origen's Unnamed Female Patron Eusebius History of the Church 6.2.12--14	158	(1)
Juliana's Copies of the Works of Symmachus Eusebius History of the Church 6.17.1	158	(1)
Origen's Female Scribes Eusebius History of the Church 6.23.1--2	159	(1)
Burial Inscriptions, Vows, and Donations of and by Women in Asia Minor	159	(4)
A Family Tomb Erected by a Woman under the Protection of the Mother of the Gods I. Smyr. 232	160	(1)
Sarcophagus Inscription of a Jewish/Judean Woman, Her Husband, and Their Children CIJ 775	160	(1)
Burial Inscription for a Woman and Her Mother Mama 6.231	161	(1)
A Father's Inscription on the Funerary Urn of His Jewish/ Judean Daughter TAM 3 (1941): 448	161	(1)
A Christian Woman Establishes a Family Tomb Gibson Christians for Christians, 32	161	(1)
A Burial Monument Funded by a Woman from Her Dowry CIJ 763	162	(1)
Epitaphs by Three Christian Women, Possibly Montanist, Set Up for Their Families Gibson Christians for Christians, 8, 12, 13	162	(1)
The Epitaph of a Married Couple, Probably Christian, with the Husband's Bequests Gibson Christians for Christians, 15	162	(1)
A Woman in Ionia Honored by the Jewish Community for Her Substantial Donations CIJ 738; Lifshitz, Donateurs, 13	163	(1)
A Woman Fulfilling a Vow CIG 2924; Lifshitz Donateurs 30	163	(1)
Tablet in Greek to Reunite a Woman and a Man Using Language Reminiscent of Jewish Scriptures in Greek Antike Fluchtafeln, no. 5	163	(2)
Ten Inscriptions from a Synagogue Commemorating Contributions from Women for the Paving of a Mosaic Floor Lifshitz Donateurs 41--46, 48, 51, 54--55 (I. Syrie 1322--27, 1329, 1332, 1335--36)	165	(1)
A Letter from the Abbot Shenoute to Tachom, Head of a Convent in Egypt CSCO 42.21--22	165	(2)
Instruction for Rearing a Virgin Christian Daughter Letter 107, Jerome to Laeta	167	(10)
The Life of Paula, Leader in Women's Early Monasticism Letter 108, Jerome to Eustochium	177	(27)
Discord between an Ascetic Mother and Daughter, Each of Whom Was Living with a Monk Letter 117, Jerome to the two unnamed women	204	(8)
The Life of Marcella, a Founder of Women's Ascetic Enclaves Letter 127, Jerome to Principia	212	(8)
A Consoling Letter from the Exiled John Chrysostom to His Friend Olympias, Seeking Her Political Support Letter 9, John Chrysostom to Olympias	220	(7)
The Life of Olympias, Ascetic and Supporter of John Chrysostom Life of Olympias	227	(9)
The Pilgrim Egeria Visits the Shrine of St. Thecla and the Deaconess Marthana Egeria Diary of a Pilgrimage 22--23	236	(2)
Epitaph of a Gnostic Woman, Flavia Sophe Ferrua Rivista di Archeologia Cristiana 21 (1944/45): 185--93	238	(1)
Epitaph of Euterpe, a Christian Woman Called Companion of the Muses Guarducci Epigrafia, 4:525	239	(1)
Donation by a Christian Shipowner and Her Daughter Guarducci Epigrafia, 4:373	239	(6)
THREE Religious Office
Honors and Privileges Bestowed on a Priestess of Athena after a Procession to Pythian Apollo IG II2 1136	245	(1)
The Institution of the Vestal Virgins Plutarch Life of Numa Pompilius 10	245	(2)
How Vestal Virgins Are Chosen Aulus Gellius Attic Nights 1.12	247	(1)
Honors for Priestesses	248	(2)
The Titles, Honors, and Offices of Tata of Aphrodisias Mama 7.492b	249	(1)
Honors for the Priestess Berenice IG 12, 5, 655	249	(1)
A Priestess Honored by the Senate IG 11, 8, 389	250	(1)
Juliane, the First High Priestess of Asia IvMag 158	250	(1)
Three Women Heads of Synagogues	251	(1)
Epitaph Set Up by Rufina, Head of the Synagogue CIJ 741	251	(1)
Epitaph of Sophia of Gortyn, Head of the Synagogue CIJ 1.2731c	251	(1)
Inscription of Theopempte, Head of the Synagogue CIJ 756	252	(1)
An Unnamed Woman Head of a Synagogue in Ancient Cappadocia Unpublished inscription	252	(1)
Epitaph of a Jewish Woman ``Leader'' CIJ 1.2696b	253	(1)
Seven Epitaphs of Jewish Women Elders	253	(1)
CIJ 400; JIWE 2: no. 24	253	(1)
CIJ 581; JIWE 1: no. 59	253	(1)
CIJ 590; JIWE 1: no. 62	254	(1)
CIJ 597; JIWE 1: no. 71	254	(1)
CIJ 692	254	(1)
SEG 27 (1977), 1201	254	(1)
Kraemer HTR 78, nos. 3--4 (1985): 431--38	254	(1)
Three Epitaphs of Jewish Women Possibly Called ``Priestesses''	254	(2)
Epitaph of a Jewish Woman from Egypt CPJ/CIJ 1514; JIGRE 84	255	(1)
Epitaph of a Jewish Woman from Rome CIJ 315; JIWE 2: no. 11	255	(1)
Epitaph of the Mother of a Jewish Woman CIJ 1007	255	(1)
Two Epitaphs of Christian Women Elders	256	(1)
Epitaph of Kale Piraino Inscrizioni, 36--37, no. 13	256	(1)
Epitaph of Ammion, Perhaps Montanist Korte Inscriptiones Bureschianae, 31, no. 55	256	(1)
Six Inscriptions of (Christian) Women Deacons	257	(2)
Epitaph of Sophia the Deacon, the Second Phoebe Alt Griechischen Inschriften, no. 17	257	(1)
Epitaph of the Deaconess Athanasia Guarducci Epigrafia, 4:345, no. 4	258	(1)
Epitaph of the Deacon Maria Jacopi Esplorazioni: 33--36	258	(1)
Monument Erected by Domna, the Deacon Mama 7.471	259	(1)
A Vow Fulfilled by the Deacon Agrippiane Petsas Arch. Delt. 26 (1971): 161--63	259	(1)
A Vow Fulfilled by a Deaconess NewDocs 2 (1982 [1977]): 194	259	(1)
Opposition to Teaching and Baptizing by Women	259	(3)
Tertullian On Baptism 17	260	(1)
Tertullian On the Veiling of Virgins 9	261	(1)
Tertullian On the Prescription against Heretics 41	261	(1)
A Montanist Visionary Who Submits Her Revelation to Careful Scrutiny Tertullian On the Soul 9	262	(1)
Hippolytus on the Montanist Prophets Maximilla and Priscilla Hippolytus Refutation of All Heresies 8.12	263	(1)
Women Bishops, Presbyters, and Prophets among the Followers of Quintilla and Priscilla Epiphanius Medicine Box 49	264	(1)
Fourth-Century Writers on the Montanist Prophets Maximilla and Priscilla	265	(2)
Eusebius on Maximilla Eusebius History of the Church 5.16	265	(1)
A Saying of Priscilla Epiphanius Medicine Box 49.1.3	266	(1)
Sayings of Maximilla Epiphanius Medicine Box 48	266	(1)
The Epitaph of the Female Prophet Nanas Haspels Highlands of Phrygia, no. 107	267	(1)
A Woman Philosopher(?), Probably Christian NewDocs 4 (1987 [1979]): 257, no. 126	268	(1)
Regulations for Deaconesses Constitutions of the Holy Apostles 2.26	268	(2)
Regulations for Christian Widows Constitutions of the Holy Apostles 3.3--9, 13--15	270	(7)
Regulations for Deaconesses, Virgins, Widows, and Other Christians during the Worship Service Constitutions of the Holy Apostles 2.57	277	(6)
FOUR New Religious Affiliation and Conversion
The Spread of the Bacchic Rites to Rome in 186 B.C.E., Attracting Women and Men to Their Frenzied Observance Livy Annals of Rome 39.8--18	283	(9)
Helena, Queen of Adiabene, Converts to Judaism Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 20.17--53, 92--96	292	(4)
The Jewish Proclivities of Some Non-Jewish Women	296	(1)
Women of Damascus Josephus Jewish War 2.559--61	296	(1)
Poppaea Sabina, Wife of the Emperor Nero Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 20.189--98	296	(1)
Thecla of Iconium, an Ascetic Christian and the Prototypical Convert The Acts of Thecla	297	(11)
How the Egyptian Virgin Aseneth Becomes a Devotee of the God of Israel and Marries the Patriarch Joseph Aseneth 1--21	308	(19)
Two Roman Women Proselytes	327	(1)
CIJ 462; JIWE 2, no. 62	327	(1)
CIJ 523; JIWE 2, no. 577	327	(1)
Two Women Called ``God-fearers''	328	(4)
IG 12.1, 593; CIJ 1.2731e	328	(1)
CIJ 642; JIWE 1, no. 9	328	(4)
FIVE Holy, Pious, and Exemplary Women
The Exemplary Self-Control and Piety of a Jewish Mother Forced to Watch the Martyrdom of Her Seven Sons 2 Maccabees 7; 4 Maccabees 14.11--18.24	332	(8)
The Spiritual Inheritance of the Daughters of Job The Testament of Job 46--52	340	(3)
Two Juxtaposed Narratives of the Gullibility of Pious Women Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 18.65--80, 81--84	343	(3)
The Trial Account of Carthaginian Christian Women and Men The Acts of the Martyrs of Scilli	346	(2)
The Martyrdom of the Christian Blandina and Three Male Companions in 177 C.E. Letter of the Churches of Lyons and Vienne, in Eusebius History of the Church 5.1.3--63	348	(8)
A First-Person Account of a Christian Woman's Persecution The Martyrdom of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas	356	(12)
The Martyrdom of Potamiena in the Early Third Century C.E. Eusebius History of the Church 6.5.1--7	368	(1)
Women Martyred at Antioch under Diocletian in the Early Fourth Century C.E. Eusebius History of the Church 8.12.3--5	369	(1)
Three Epitaphs from Fourth-Century Rome	370	(4)
Praises for the Traditional Roman Piety of Aconia Fabia Paulina ILS 1259--61	370	(1)
Epitaph of Regina, Extolled for Her Piety and Observance of (Jewish) Law CIJ 476; JIWE 2, no. 103	371	(1)
Epitaph of Theodora, Teacher of the Faith ICUR 1.317 / ILCV 1.316	371	(3)
Charikleia, Condemned as a Poisoner, Rescued by Divine Intervention Heliodorus An Ethiopian Story 8.9	374	(1)
A Letter Written in the Name of a Woman to ``Ignatius of Antioch'' Pseudo-Ignatius The Letter of Maria the Proselyte to Ignatius	375	(2)
A Former Prostitute Becomes a Christian Ascetic, Taking on Male Disguise The Life of Saint Pelagia the Harlot	377	(18)
An Orphaned Prostitute Returns to the Christian Asceticism of Her Youth The Life of Saint Mary the Harlot	395	(9)
The Endurance of Two Syrian Christian Monastic Women Theodoret of Cyrrhus A History of the Monks of Syria 29	404	(1)
A Syrian Monastic Woman Living in a Hut in Her Mother's Garden Theodoret of Cyrrhus A History of the Monks of Syria 30	405	(3)
Sayings Attributed to Ascetic Desert Monastic Women Sayings of the Desert Fathers	408	(10)
Sayings Attributed to Amma Sarah	408	(1)
Sayings Attributed to Amma Syncletica	409	(4)
Sayings Attributed to Amma Theodora	413	(5)
SIX The Feminine Divine
The Principal Version of the Myth of Demeter The Homeric Hymn to Demeter	418	(9)
Two Accounts of the Origins of the Worship of the Great Mother at Rome	427	(4)
Ovid Fasti 4.247--348	427	(3)
Livy Annals of Rome 29.14	430	(1)
Imagery of Lactation and Childbearing in a Christian Ode The Odes of Solomon 19	431	(1)
The Female Spirit of the Lord The Odes of Solomon 36	432	(1)
A Version of the Myth of Isis Plutarch On Isis and Osiris 12--19 (Moralia 355--58)	433	(5)
The Experiences of a Male Initiate of Isis Apuleius Metamorphoses bk. 11	438	(16)
The Titles of the Goddess Isis	454	(4)
P. Oxy. 11.1380	454	(2)
The Kyme Aretalogy	456	(2)
Aspects of Female Divinity in Three Gnostic Texts	458	(14)
Thunder, Perfect Mind	459	(6)
The Thought of Norea	465	(1)
The Hypostatis of the Archons; or, The Reality of the Rulers	465	(7)
The Fall and Deliverance of the Soul, Which Is Feminine The Exegesis on the Soul	472	(7)
Index of Names	479	(5)
Index of Ancient Sources	484