World History to 1800: Volume 1

by William J. Duiker; Jackson J. Spielvogel

• ISBN13: 9780534531188
• ISBN10: 0534531180
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-12-08
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Table of Contents

Map List	xxi	(2)
Chronology List	xxiii	(2)
Preface	xxv	(4)
Acknowledgements	xxix	(2)
A Note to Students about Languages and the Dating of Time	xxxi
PART I The First Civilizations and the Rise of Empires	1	(196)
CHAPTER I The First Civilization: The People of Western Asia and Egypt	6	(38)
The First Humans	7	(1)
The Hunter-Gatheres of the Old Stone Age	8	(1)
The Agricultural Revolutions, c. 10,000-4000 B.C.E.	9	(2)
The Emergence of Civilization	11	(1)
Civilization in Mesopotamia	12	(7)
The City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia	12	(2)
Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia	14	(3)
The Culture of Mesopotamia	17	(2)
Egyptian Civilization: "The Gift of the Nile"	19	(10)
Old Hand and Middle Kingdoms	20	(3)
Society and Economic in Ancient Egypt	23	(1)
The Culture of Egypt	24	(2)
Chaos and a New Order: The New Kingdom	26	(1)
Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: Family and Marriage	27	(2)
New Centers of Civilization	29	(6)
The Impact of the Indo-Europeans	29	(1)
The Phoenicians	30	(1)
The Hebrews: The "Children of Israel"	30	(5)
The Rise of New Empires	35	(6)
The Assyrian Empire	35	(2)
The Persian Empire	37	(4)
Conclusion	41	(1)
Chapter Notes	42	(1)
Suggested Readings	42	(2)
CHAPTER 2 Ancient India	44	(34)
Background to the Emergence of Civilization in India	46	(1)
Harappan Civilization: A Fascinating Enigma	46	(3)
Political and Social Structures	47	(1)
Harappan Culture	48	(1)
The Arrival of the Aryans	49	(11)
The Art of Statecraft in Ancient India: The Arthasatra	51	(3)
Caste and Class: Social Structure in Ancient India	54	(4)
The Economy	58	(2)
Escaping the Wheel of Life: The Religious World of Ancient India	60	(8)
Hinduism	61	(3)
Buddhism: The Middle Path	64	(4)
The Rule of the Fishes: India after the Mauryas	68	(1)
The Exuberant World of Indian Culture	68	(6)
Literature	68	(3)
Architecture and Sculpture	71	(3)
Conclusion	74	(2)
Chapter Notes	76	(1)
Suggested Readings	76	(2)
CHAPTER 3 China in Antiquity	78	(36)
The Land and People of China	79	(2)
The Dawn of Chinese Civilization: The Shang Dynasty	81	(2)
Political Organization	81	(2)
Social Structures	83	(1)
The Zhou Dynasty	83	(9)
Political Structures	84	(2)
Economy and Society	86	(1)
The Hundred Schools of Ancient Philosophy	87	(5)
The Rise of the Chinese Empire: The Qin and the Han	92	(11)
The Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.E.)	93	(5)
The Glorious Han Dynasty (202 B.C.E.-221 C.E.)	98	(5)
Daily Life in Ancient China	103	(3)
The Humble Estate: Women in Ancient China	105	(1)
The World of Culture	106	(5)
Metalwork and Sculpure	106	(2)
Language and Literature	108	(3)
Music	111	(1)
Conclusion	111	(1)
Chapter Notes	112	(1)
Suggested Readings	112	(2)
CHAPTER 4 The Civilization of the Greeks	114	(38)
Early Greece	115	(3)
Minoan Crete	116	(1)
The Mycenaean Greeks	117	(1)
The Greeks in a Dark Age (c. 1100-c. 750 B.C.E.)	118	(2)
Homer	118	(2)
The World of the Greek City-States (c.750-c.500 B.C.E.)	120	(5)
The Polis	120	(1)
Colonization and the Rise of Tyrants	121	(2)
Sparta	123	(2)
Athens	125	(1)
The High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Greece	125	(13)
The Challenge of Persia	125	(1)
The Growth of an Athenian Empire in the Age of Pericles	126	(2)
The Great Peloponnesian War and the Decline of the Greek States	128	(1)
The Culture of Classical Greece	129	(6)
Greek Religion	135	(1)
Daily Life in Classical Athens	136	(2)
The Rise of Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander	138	(3)
Alexander the Great	138	(3)
The World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms	141	(3)
Economic and Social Trends	143	(1)
Culture in the Hellenistic World	144	(5)
New Directions in Literature and Art	144	(2)
A Golden Age of Science	146	(1)
Philosophy: New Schools of Thought	146	(2)
Religion in the Hellenistic World	148	(1)
Conclusion	149	(1)
Chapter Notes	150	(1)
Suggested Readings	150	(2)
CHAPTER 5 The Roman World	152	(45)
The Emergence of Rome	153	(2)
The Greeks and Etruscans	154	(1)
Early Rome	154	(1)
The Roman Republic	155	(4)
The Roman Conquest of Italy	156	(1)
The Roman State	157	(2)
The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264-133 B.C.E.)	159	(3)
The Punic Wars	159	(1)
The Eastern Mediteranean	160	(1)
The Nature of Roman Imperialism	160	(2)
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.E.)	162	(4)
A New Role For the Roman Army: Marius and Sulla	163	(1)
The Collapse of the Republic	164	(2)
The Age of Augustus (31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.)	166	(2)
Augustan Society	167	(1)
The Early Empire (14-180)	168	(3)
The Five "Good Emperors" (96-180)	168	(1)
The Roman Empire at Its Height: Fronters and the Provinces	169	(1)
Prosperity in the Early Empire	170	(1)
Culture and Society in the Roman World	171	(11)
Roman Literature	172	(3)
Art	175	(1)
Roman Law	175	(1)
The Roman Family	176	(1)
Slaves and Their Masters	177	(2)
Imperial Rome	179	(2)
The Gladiatorial Shows	181	(1)
Religion in the Roman World: The Rise of Christianity	182	(3)
The Religious World of the Romans	182	(1)
The Jewish Background	182	(1)
The Rise of Christianity	183	(2)
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire	185	(4)
The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine	186	(1)
The Triumph of Christianity	187	(1)
The Fall of the Western Roman Empire	188	(1)
Conclusion	189	(1)
Chapter Notes	189	(1)
Suggested Readings	190	(7)
PART II New Patterns of Civilization	197	(290)
CHAPTER 6 The New World	202	(28)
The First Americans	203	(2)
Early Civilization in Central America	205	(15)
Teotihuacan: America's First Metropolis	206	(1)
The Mysterious Maya	207	(5)
The Aztecs	212	(8)
The First Civilization in South America	220	(6)
The Inca	223	(3)
Stateless Societies in the New World	226	(2)
Conclusion	228	(1)
Chapter Notes	229	(1)
Suggested Readings	229	(1)
CHAPTER 7 The World of Islam	230	(30)
The Rise of Islam	231	(4)
The Teachings of Muhammad	235	(1)
The Arab Empire and Its Successors	236	(8)
The Umayyads	237	(1)
The Rise of the Abbasids	238	(3)
The Seljuk Trucks	241	(1)
The Crusades	242	(1)
The Mongols	242	(2)
Islamic Civilization	244	(14)
Political Structures	244	(1)
The Wealth of Araby: Trade and Manufacturing in the Middle East	245	(1)
Islamic Society	246	(1)
The Culture of Islam	247	(11)
Conclusion	258	(1)
Chapter Notes	258	(1)
Suggested Readings	259	(1)
CHAPTER 8 Early Civilization in Africa	260	(32)
The Land	261	(2)
The Emergence of Civilization	263	(7)
Kush	263	(1)
Axum, Son of Saba	264	(2)
The Sahara and Its Environs	266	(2)
East Africa, Land of Zanj	268	(2)
South Africa	270	(1)
The Coming of Islam	270	(1)
The Kingdom of Ethiopia: A Christian Island in a Muslim Sea	271	(1)
East Africa and the Indian Ocean Trade	271	(2)
State Building in West Africa	273	(4)
Ghana	273	(2)
Mali	275	(1)
Government and Kingship in West Africa	276	(1)
States and Stateless Societies in Southern Africa	277	(2)
Zimbabwe	278	(1)
Aspects of African Society	279	(3)
Urban Life	279	(2)
Family, Village, and Women	281	(1)
Slavery	282	(1)
Religious Beliefs in Traditional Africa	282	(1)
African Culture	283	(5)
Painting and Sculpture	283	(1)
Music	284	(2)
Architecture	286	(1)
Literature	287	(1)
Conclusion	288	(2)
Chapter Notes	290	(1)
Suggested Readings	290	(2)
CHAPTER 9 The Expansion of Civilization in Southern Asia	292	(38)
India from the Mauryas to the Mughals	293	(21)
The Kushan Kingdom: Linchpin of the Silk Road	293	(1)
The Gupta Dynasty	294	(6)
Islam on the March	300	(6)
Economy and Daily Life	306	(2)
The Wonder of Indian Culture	308	(6)
The Golden Region: Early Southeast Asia	314	(12)
The Beginnings of Civilization	315	(1)
The Formation of States	316	(4)
Spices and Paddy Fields: The Economy of Southeast Asia	320	(1)
Daily Life	321	(2)
World of the Spirits: Religious Belief	323	(2)
The Cultural World of Southeast Asia	325	(1)
Conclusion	326	(2)
Chapter Notes	328	(1)
Suggested Readings	328	(2)
CHAPTER 10 From the Tang to the Mongols: The Flowering of Traditional China	330	(40)
China after the Han	332	(1)
China Reunified: The Sui, the Tang, and the Song	333	(12)
Political Structures: The Triumph of Confucianism	337	(3)
Economy and Society	340	(5)
Explosion in Central Asia: The Mongol Empire	345	(6)
Mongol Rule in China	348	(3)
The Mongols' Place in History	351	(1)
The Ming Dynasty	351	(2)
Ming Hongwu: The People's Emperor	352	(1)
The Ming Turn Inward	353	(1)
In Search of the Way	353	(5)
The Rise and Decline of Buddhism and Daoism	353	(3)
Neo-Confucianism: The Investigation of Things	356	(2)
The Apogee of Chinese Culture	358	(8)
Literature	358	(5)
Art	363	(3)
Conclusion	366	(1)
Chapter Notes	367	(1)
Suggested Readings	368	(2)
CHAPTER 11 The East Asian Rimlands: Early Japan, Korea, and Vietnam	370	(32)
Japan: Land of the Rising Sun	371	(22)
A Gift from the Gods: Prehistoric Japan	372	(2)
The Rise of the Japanese State	374	(6)
Economic and Social Structures	380	(6)
In Search of the Pure Land: Religion in Early Japan	386	(1)
Sources of Traditional Japanese Culture	387	(5)
Japan and the Chinese Model	392	(1)
Korea	393	(3)
The Three Kingdoms	393	(1)
Unification	394	(2)
Under the Mongols	395	(1)
Vietnam: The Smaller Dragon	396	(4)
The Rise of Great Viet	397	(2)
Society and Family Life	399	(1)
Conclusion	400	(1)
Chapter Notes	400	(1)
Suggested Readings	401	(1)
CHAPTER 12 The Making of Europe and the World of the Byzantine Empire, 500-1300	402	(44)
The Transformation of the Roman World	403	(8)
The New Germanic Kingdoms	403	(2)
The Role of the Christian Church	405	(2)
Charlemagne and the World of the Carolingians	407	(4)
The World of Feudalism	411	(4)
Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries	411	(1)
The Development of Feudalism	411	(2)
The Nobility of the Middle Ages	413	(2)
The Growth of European Kingdoms	415	(6)
England in the High Middle Ages	415	(2)
The Growth of the French Kingdom	417	(1)
The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire	418	(1)
The Slavic Peoples of Central and Eastern Europe	419	(2)
The World of the Peasants	421	(3)
The New Agriculture	421	(1)
The Manorial System	422	(1)
Daily Life of the Peasantry	423	(1)
The New World of Trade and Cities	424	(4)
The Revival of Trade	424	(1)
The Growth of Cities	425	(2)
Industry in Medieval Cities	427	(1)
Christianity and Medieval Civilization	428	(4)
The Popal Monarchy	428	(1)
New Religious Orders and New Spiritual Ideals	429	(2)
Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages	431	(1)
The Intellectual and Artistic World of the High Middle Ages	432	(4)
The Rise of Universities	432	(1)
The Development of Scholasticism	433	(1)
Vernacular Literature	433	(1)
Romanesque Architecture: "A White Mantle of Churches"	434	(1)
The Gothic Cathedral	435	(1)
The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades	436	(6)
The Reign of Justinian (527-565)	436	(1)
From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire	437	(2)
New Heights and New Problems	439	(1)
The Crusades	440	(2)
Conclusion	442	(2)
Chapter Notes	444	(1)
Suggested Readings	444	(2)
CHAPTER 13 Crisis and Rebirth: Europe in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries	446	(41)
A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis	447	(7)
Famine and the Black Death	447	(4)
Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval	451	(2)
Economic Recovery	453	(1)
Political Instability and Political Renewal	454	(11)
The Hundred Years' War	454	(2)
Political Instability	456	(1)
Political Recovery: The "New Monarchies"	456	(4)
The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire	460	(1)
The Italian States	460	(3)
Machiavelli and the New Statecraft	463	(2)
The Decline of the Church	465	(4)
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State	465	(1)
The Papacy at Avignon (1305-1378)	465	(1)
The Great Schism	466	(1)
The Problems of Heresy and Reform	467	(1)
The Renaissance Papacy	468	(1)
Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance	469	(1)
Social Changes in the Renaissance	469	(3)
The Social Classes: The Nobility	470	(1)
The Social Classes: The Third Estate of Peasants and Townspeople	470	(1)
Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy	471	(1)
The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy	472	(5)
Italian Renaissance Humanism	472	(2)
Education in the Renaissance	474	(1)
The Development of Vernacular Literature	475	(2)
The Impact of Printing	477	(1)
The Artistic Renaissance	478	(2)
The Northern Artistic Renaissance	478	(2)
Conclusion	480	(2)
Chapter Notes	482	(1)
Suggested Readings	482	(5)
PART III The Emergence of New World Patterns (1500-1800)	487
CHAPTER 14 New Encounters: The Creation of a World Market	492	(38)
An Age of Exploration and Expansion	493	(13)
Islam and the Spice Trade	493	(1)
A New Player Enters the Game	494	(2)
The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire	496	(3)
Voyages to the "New World"	499	(3)
The Impact of European Expansion	502	(1)
New Rivals Enter The Scene	503	(3)
African in an Era of Transition	506	(10)
The Slave Trade	508	(3)
Political and Social Structure in a Changing Continent	511	(5)
Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade	516	(12)
Building Stable Political Systems on the Mainland	517	(2)
The Arrival of the West	519	(3)
State and Society in Precolonical Southeast Asia	522	(6)
Conclusion	528	(1)
Chapter Notes	528	(1)
Suggested Readings	529	(1)
CHAPTER 15 Religious Reform and State Building in Europe	530	(40)
The Protestant Reformation	531	(12)
Prelude to Reformation	531	(1)
Church and Religion on the Eva of the Reformation	532	(1)
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany	533	(4)
The Spread of the Protestant Reformation	537	(3)
The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation	540	(3)
The Catholic Reformation	543	(1)
Europe in Crisis: War, Revolution, and Social Disintegration 1560-1650	544	(6)
Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century	544	(3)
Economic and Social Crises: The Witchcraft Craze	547	(1)
Seventeenth-Century Crises: Revolution and War	548	(2)
Response to the Crisis: The Practice of Absolutism	550	(7)
The Practice of Absolutism: France under Louis XIV	551	(3)
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe	554	(3)
Limited Monarchy: England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy	557	(4)
Revolution and Civil War	557	(1)
Restoration and a Glorious Revolution	558	(3)
Responses to Revolution	561	(1)
The World of European Culture	561	(6)
Art	561	(2)
A Golden Age of Literature: England and Spain	563	(2)
The Theater: The Triumph of French Neoclassicism	565	(2)
Conclusion	567	(1)
Chapter Notes	567	(1)
Suggested Readings	568	(2)
CHAPTER 16 The Muslim Empires	570	(36)
The Ottoman Empire	571	(12)
Expansion of the Empire	573	(4)
The Nature of Turkish Rule	577	(1)
Religion and Society in the Ottoman World	578	(1)
The Ottoman in Decline	579	(2)
Ottoman Art	581	(2)
The Safavids	583	(4)
Safavid Politics and Society	585	(1)
Safavid Art and Literature	586	(1)
The Grandeur of the Mughals	587	(15)
The Mughal Dynasty: A "Gunpowder Empire"?	588	(2)
Akbar and Indo-Muslim Civilization	590	(2)
Twilight of the Mughals	592	(2)
The Impact of Western Power in India	594	(3)
Society and Culture under the Mughals	597	(5)
Conclusion	602	(2)
Chapter Notes	604	(1)
Suggested Readings	604	(2)
CHAPTER 17 The East Asian World	606	(40)
China at Its Apex	607	(19)
From the Ming to the Qing	608	(6)
The Greatness of the Qing	614	(5)
Changing China	619	(2)
Daily Life in Qing China	621	(2)
Cultural Developments	623	(3)
Tokugawa Japan	626	(14)
The Three Great Unifiers	626	(2)
Opening to the West	628	(3)
The Tokugawa "Great Peace"	631	(5)
Life in the Village	636	(1)
Tokugawa Culture	637	(3)
Korea: The Hermit Kingdom	640	(1)
Conclusion	641	(2)
Chapter Notes	643	(1)
Suggested Readings	644	(2)
CHAPTER 18 Towards a New Heaven and a New Earth: An Intellectual Revolution in the West	646	(34)
The Scientific Revolution	647	(13)
Background to the Scientific Revolution	648	(1)
Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy	648	(5)
The Breakthrough in Medicine	653	(1)
Women in the Origins of Modern Science	654	(2)
Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind	656	(1)
Science and Religion in the Seventeenth Century	657	(2)
The Spread of Scientific Knowledge	659	(1)
The Enlightenment	660	(9)
The Paths to Enlightenment	661	(1)
The Philosophes and Their Ideas	662	(6)
The Social Environment of the Philosophes	668	(1)
Culture and Society in an Age of Enlightenment	669	(5)
Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature	669	(3)
High Culture	672	(1)
Popular Culture	672	(1)
Crime and Punishment	673	(1)
Religion and the Churches	674	(3)
Toleration and Religious Minorities	674	(1)
Popular Religion in the Eighteenth Century	674	(3)
Conclusion	677	(1)
Chapter Notes	677	(1)
Suggested Readings	678	(2)
CHAPTER 19 Europe on the Eve of a New World Order	680
Economic Changes and the Persistence of a Traditional Social Order	681	(7)
Population, Food, and Industry	681	(1)
Worldwide Trade	682	(2)
Society in the Eighteenth Century	684	(4)
Changing Patterns of War: Global Confrontation	688	(3)
The Seven Years' War(1756-1763): A Global War	688	(2)
European Armies and Warfare in the Eighteenth Century	690	(1)
Colonial Empires and Revolution	691	(9)
The Society of Latin America	691	(5)
British North America	696	(4)
Toward a New Political Order	700	(19)
Background: Enlightened Absolutism in the Eighteenth Century	700	(5)
The French Revolution	705	(8)
The Age of Napoleon	713	(6)
Conclusion	719	(1)
Chapter Notes	719	(1)
Suggested Readings	720
Index	I-1	(22)
Document Credits	I-23	(8)
Map Credits	I-31	(2)
Photo Credits	I-33