Writing : A College Handbook

by James A. W. Heffernan; John E. Lincoln

• ISBN13: 9780393964707
• ISBN10: 0393964701
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1994-03-01
• Publisher: W W Norton & Co Inc

Summary

Writing: A College Workbook, Fourth Edition, is a sure guide to writing effective sentences and managing punctuation, sentence mechanics, and spelling. It parallels and supplements Part 2, 'Writing Sentences, ' and Part 3, 'Punctuation and Mechanics, ' of Writing: A College Handbook, Fourth Edition. The Workbooks positive and supportive approach and its easily understood explanations and examples help build sentence power, while the exercises ensure that power is retained.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Fourth Edition	xxiii
Acknowledgments	xxvii
Introduction	3	(738)
Talking and Writing	3	(1)
Standard English, Other Dialects, and Discourse Communities	4	(3)
Grammar and Rhetoric	7	(1)
Using This Book	8	(5)
Part 1 WRITING ESSAYS
Pre-Writing	13	(19)
Branching	13	(3)
Choosing a Topic	16	(2)
Making an Assigned Topic Your Own	18	(1)
Narrowing the Topic	19	(1)
Triple-Viewing the Topic: Particle, Wave, and Field	20	(1)
Dramatizing the Topic with Questions	21	(2)
Choosing a Basic Question to Define a Problem or Conflict	23	(1)
Getting Reactions to Your Question	24	(1)
Using Analogies	25	(1)
Working with a Nugget	26	(1)
Active Reading	26	(6)
Finding Your Aim	32	(14)
Thinking about Your Aim	32	(2)
Directed Freewriting	34	(3)
Formulating a Thesis	37	(3)
Finding Your Tone	40	(6)
Sounding Personal	41	(1)
Sounding Impersonal	42	(1)
Sounding Straightforward	43	(1)
Being Ironic	44	(2)
Organizing Your Essay	46	(22)
Thinking about Your Readers	47	(4)
Arranging Your Major Points	51	(4)
Making an Outline	55	(2)
Outlining with a Tree Diagram	55	(1)
Outlining with a Vertical List	55	(1)
Using Your Outline and Making It Grow	56	(1)
Introducing Your Essay	57	(6)
Composing a Title	57	(1)
Writing the Introduction	58	(5)
Shaping the Middle Paragraphs	63	(1)
Ending Your Essay	64	(4)
Revising Your Essay	68	(19)
Making and Getting Written Comments on a Draft	69	(2)
Peer Comments: Reviewing Another Student's Draft	69	(2)
Reconsidering Your General Aim	71	(1)
Reconsidering Your Tone	72	(1)
Reconsidering Your Structure	73	(2)
Developing Texture	75	(3)
Sample Student Essay: Draft and Revision	78	(9)
Editing Your Essay	87	(16)
Making Your Sentences Rhetorically Effective	87	(2)
Checking Your Choice of Words	89	(1)
Checking Your Grammar	90	(2)
Checking Your Punctuation	92	(1)
Checking Your Spelling, Capitalization, and Apostrophes	92	(1)
Proofreading Your Essay	93	(3)
Preparing and Submitting Your Final Copy	96	(7)
Methods of Development	103	(30)
Using Description	103	(3)
External Description	104	(1)
Analytical or Technical Description	104	(1)
Evocative Description	105	(1)
Using Narration	106	(3)
Chronological Narration	107	(1)
Nonchronological Narration	108	(1)
Combining Description and Narration	109	(2)
Using Examples	111	(1)
Using Analogy	112	(2)
Using Comparison and Contrast	114	(5)
Block Structure and Alternating Structure	115	(1)
Writing an Essay of Comparison and Contrast	116	(3)
Using Definitions	119	(2)
Combining Methods of Definition	121	(1)
Explaining by Analyzing: Classification and Division	121	(4)
Explaining a Process	125	(2)
Teaching a Process	125	(1)
Reporting a Process	126	(1)
Explaining Cause and Effect	127	(5)
Combining Methods of Development	132	(1)
Persuasion and Argument	133	(34)
What Is an Argument?	135	(3)
Supporting Claims with Evidence	138	(4)
Giving Statements of Fact and Examples	138	(2)
Citing Statistics	140	(1)
Citing Sources and Authorities	141	(1)
Deduction and Induction	142	(8)
Deduction and Validity	143	(1)
Making Deductive Arguments Persuasive	144	(2)
Induction and Probable Conclusions	146	(1)
Making Inductive Arguments	146	(1)
Combining Induction and Deduction	147	(3)
Avoiding Fallacies	150	(5)
Arguing by Association	150	(1)
Shifting the Meaning of a Key Term	151	(1)
Begging the Question (Circular Argument)	151	(1)
False Alternative	152	(1)
False Analogy	152	(1)
Personal Attack	152	(1)
False Cause	152	(1)
Irrelevant Conclusion	153	(1)
Hasty Generalization	153	(2)
Treating the Opposition with Respect	155	(4)
Making Concessions	156	(1)
Defining the Position You Will Oppose	157	(2)
Appealing to the Emotions	159	(1)
Using Rhetorical Questions	160	(1)
Constructing an Argumentative Essay	161	(6)
Writing Paragraphs	167	(25)
Why Use Paragraphs?	167	(3)
Direction	170	(6)
Forecasting Your Main Point	170	(2)
Signaling Turns: Transitions within the Paragraph	172	(4)
Coherence	176	(5)
Using List Structure	176	(1)
Using Chain Structure	177	(2)
Combining List Structure and Chain Structure	179	(2)
Strengthening Weak Connections	181	(1)
Emphasizing Your Main Point	181	(2)
Repeating Key Words or Phrases	182	(1)
Placing the Main Point	182	(1)
Paragraphing in Action: Rearranging Sentences	183	(5)
Linking and Turning: Transitions between Paragraphs	188	(4)
Choosing Words	192	(30)
Choosing Your Level of Diction	192	(4)
Middle Level	192	(2)
Highly Formal Level	194	(1)
Informal or Low Level: Colloquialisms and Slang	194	(1)
Mixed Levels: Pro and Con	195	(1)
Using the Dictionary	196	(4)
Choosing Words for Their Denotation	200	(1)
Choosing Words for Their Connotation	201	(2)
Choosing General and Specific Words	203	(3)
Using Words Figuratively: Simile and Metaphor	206	(1)
Avoiding Mixed Metaphor	207	(1)
Controlling Cliches	207	(2)
Using Idioms	209	(2)
Avoiding Jargon, Pretentious Words, and Euphemisms	211	(2)
Jargon	211	(1)
Pretentious Words	211	(1)
Euphemisms	212	(1)
Using Gender-Inclusive (Nonsexist) Language	213	(2)
Respecting Others	215	(1)
Avoiding Wordiness	216	(6)
Identifying the Most Important Words	216	(1)
Avoiding Specific Sources of Wordiness	217	(5)
Reading in Order to Write	222	(33)
Guidelines for Critical Reading	222	(2)
Subjective Response	224	(9)
Analytical Response	233	(15)
Catching the Tone	233	(3)
Finding the Writer's Main Point	236	(3)
Summarizing	239	(2)
Paraphrasing	241	(1)
Judging the Supporting Points in an Essay	242	(3)
Writing an Interpretive Essay	245	(3)
Imitative Response: Reading for Style	248	(7)
Part 2 WRITING SENTENCES
The Simple Sentence	255	(16)
The Subject and the Predicate	255	(1)
Verbs and Verb Phrases	256	(1)
Types of Verbs	256	(3)
Linking Verbs	256	(1)
Intransitive Verbs	257	(1)
Transitive Verbs	257	(2)
Writing the Subject	259	(2)
Putting the Subject after the Verb	261	(1)
Omitting the Subject	262	(1)
Using Modifiers	262	(2)
Using Compound Phrases	264	(2)
Editing Mixed Constructions	266	(1)
Editing Faulty Predication	267	(2)
Adding the Possessive before a Gerund	269	(2)
Modifiers	271	(24)
What Modifiers Do	271	(1)
Using Adjectives and Adjective Phrases	272	(1)
Overusing Nouns as Adjectives	272	(1)
Using Adverbs and Adverb Phrases	273	(1)
Misusing Adjectives as Adverbs	274	(1)
Forming and Using Comparatives and Superlatives	274	(2)
Comparatives	274	(1)
Superlatives	275	(1)
Special Forms	276	(1)
Misusing Comparatives and Superlatives	276	(1)
Double Negatives	277	(1)
Using Appositives	277	(1)
Using Participles and Participle Phrases	278	(2)
Punctuating Participles	279	(1)
Misforming the Past Participle	280	(3)
Using Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases	283	(1)
Avoiding the Split Infinitive	284	(1)
Using Absolute Phrases	285	(1)
Placing Modifiers	286	(2)
Editing Misplaced Modifiers	288	(3)
Editing Squinting Modifiers	289	(1)
Editing Misplaced Restricters	289	(2)
Editing Dangling Modifiers	291	(4)
Coordination: Making Compound Sentences	295	(12)
Making Compound Sentences	295	(1)
Compounding with Conjunctions	296	(1)
Punctuation with Conjunctions	296	(1)
Overusing and	297	(1)
Compounding with the Semicolon	298	(1)
Compounding with Conjunctive Adverbs	298	(4)
Punctuation with Conjunctive Adverbs	299	(3)
Editing Comma Splices	302	(2)
Editing Run-on (Fused) Sentences	304	(3)
Parallel Construction	307	(6)
Why Choose Parallelism?	307	(1)
Writing Parallel Constructions	308	(1)
Using Correlatives with Parallelism	309	(1)
Editing Faulty Parallelism	310	(3)
Subordination: Complex Sentences	313	(21)
What Subordination Does	313	(2)
What Subordinate Clauses Are	315	(1)
Using Adjective (Relative) Clauses	316	(1)
Choosing Relative Pronouns	317	(2)
Placing the Adjective Clause	319	(2)
Punctuating Adjective Clauses	321	(1)
Overusing Adjective Clauses	322	(2)
Using Adverb Clauses	324	(1)
Choosing Subordinators	325	(2)
Placing Adverb Clauses	327	(1)
Punctuating Adverb Clauses	328	(1)
Making Adverb Clauses Complete: Avoiding Faulty Comparisons	329	(2)
Using Noun Clauses	331	(3)
Coordination and Subordination	334	(7)
Using Coordination and Subordination Together	334	(4)
Untangling Sentences	338	(3)
Sentence Fragments	341	(5)
Using and Misusing Sentence Fragments	341	(1)
Spotting and Editing Sentence Fragments	342	(4)
Using Pronouns	346	(20)
Using Pronouns with Antecedents	346	(1)
Using Pronouns without Antecedents	347	(1)
Using Pronouns Clearly	347	(1)
Avoiding Unclear Pronoun Reference	348	(5)
Ambiguity	348	(1)
Broad Reference	348	(1)
Muffled Reference	349	(1)
Free-Floating they and it	349	(1)
Indefinite you and your	350	(1)
Remote Reference	351	(2)
Making Antecedents and Pronouns Agree in Gender	353	(1)
Making Antecedents and Pronouns Agree in Number	353	(1)
Resolving Problems in Number	354	(3)
Avoiding Faulty Shifts in Pronoun Reference	357	(2)
Pronoun Case Forms	359	(1)
Using Pronoun Case	360	(2)
Subject Case	360	(1)
Object Case	360	(1)
Possessive Case	360	(1)
Reflexive/Emphatic Case	361	(1)
Using who, whom, whose, whoever, and whomever	362	(1)
Misusing Pronoun Case Forms	363	(3)
Subject-Verb Agreement	366	(14)
What Is Agreement?	366	(1)
Making Verbs Agree with Subjects	367	(1)
Making the Verb be Agree with Subjects	368	(1)
Avoiding Dialectal Mistakes in Agreement	368	(3)
Finding the Subject	371	(1)
Recognizing the Number of the Subject	372	(8)
Nouns Meaning One Thing	372	(1)
Nouns Meaning More Than One Thing	372	(1)
Pronouns Fixed in Number	373	(1)
Pronouns Variable in Number	373	(1)
Verbal Nouns and Noun Clauses	374	(1)
Nouns Followed by a Form of the Verb be	374	(1)
Modified Nouns and Pronouns	374	(1)
Compounds Made with and	375	(1)
Items Joined by or, either...or, etc.	375	(1)
Nouns Spelled the Same Way in Singular and Plural	376	(1)
Collective Nouns and Nouns of Measurement	376	(1)
Subjects Beginning with every	376	(1)
The Word number as Subject	376	(1)
Foreign Words and Expressions	377	(3)
Verbs: Tense	380	(16)
Tense and Time	380	(1)
Forming the Tenses	381	(2)
Forming the Present	381	(1)
Forming the Past	382	(1)
Forming Tenses with Auxiliaries	382	(1)
Using the Common and Progressive Forms	382	(1)
Using the Present	383	(2)
Using the Present Perfect	385	(1)
Using the Past	386	(1)
Using the Past Perfect	386	(1)
Using the Future	387	(1)
Using the Future Perfect	388	(2)
Misusing Tenses	390	(1)
Managing Tense and Time with Participles and Infinitives	390	(1)
Forming the Principal Parts of Commonly Used Irregular Verbs	391	(5)
Verbs: Sequence of Tenses	396	(10)
Understanding Sequence of Tenses	396	(1)
Sequences in Compound Sentences	396	(1)
Sequences in Complex Sentences	397	(2)
Main Verb in the Present	397	(1)
Main Verb in the Present Perfect	397	(1)
Main Verb in the Past	398	(1)
Main Verb in the Past Perfect	398	(1)
Main Verb Indicating Future	398	(1)
Main Verb in the Future Perfect	399	(1)
Using Sequences in Paragraphs	399	(2)
Correcting Faulty Tense Shifts in Sentences	401	(1)
Correcting Faulty Tense Shifts in Paragraphs	402	(4)
Verbs: Active and Passive Voice	406	(9)
What Voice Is	406	(1)
Forming the Active and the Passive Voice	407	(1)
Changing from Active to Passive	407	(1)
Changing from Passive to Active	407	(1)
Passive Voice versus Progressive Form	408	(1)
Choosing the Active Voice	408	(1)
Choosing the Passive	409	(1)
Misusing the Passive	410	(5)
Verbs: Mood	415	(8)
What Mood Is	415	(1)
Using the Indicative	415	(1)
Using the Imperative	416	(1)
Using the Subjunctive: Modal Auxiliaries	416	(3)
Misusing Modal Auxiliaries	418	(1)
Using the Subjunctive: Special Verb Forms	419	(1)
Forming and Using Conditional Sentences	420	(3)
The Possible Condition	420	(1)
The Impossible or Contrary-to-Fact Condition	420	(1)
Misusing would have in Conditional Clauses	421	(2)
Direct and Indirect Reporting of Discourse	423	(8)
Direct Reporting	423	(2)
Using Tenses in Tags	424	(1)
Quoting Extended Dialogue	424	(1)
Quoting Several Lines of Prose or Poetry	425	(1)
Indirect Reporting of Statements	425	(2)
Direct Reporting of Questions	427	(1)
Indirect Reporting of Questions	427	(1)
Confusing the Direct and Indirect Reporting of Questions	428	(3)
Fitting Quotations into Your Own Prose	429	(1)
Misfitted Quotations	429	(2)
Invigorating Your Style	431	(10)
Vary Your Sentences	431	(2)
Use Verbs of Action Instead of be	433	(1)
Use the Active Voice More Often Than the Passive	433	(1)
Ask Questions	434	(1)
Cut Any Words You Don't Need	435	(6)
Part 3 PUNCTUATION AND MECHANICS
The Comma	441	(14)
Using Commas with Conjunctions	441	(1)
Misusing Commas with Conjunctions	441	(1)
Misusing Commas between Independent Clauses: The Comma Splice	442	(1)
Using Commas after Introductory Elements	443	(2)
Using Commas with Nonrestrictive Elements	445	(1)
Misusing Commas with Restrictive Elements	446	(2)
Using Commas with Coordinate Items in a Series	448	(1)
Misusing Commas with Coordinate Items in a Series	448	(2)
Using Commas to Prevent a Misreading	450	(1)
Using Commas with Dates, Addresses, Greetings, Names, and Large Numbers	450	(1)
Misusing Commas with Dates and Addresses	451	(1)
Using Commas with Quotation Marks	452	(1)
Misusing the Comma between Basic Parts of a Sentence	453	(2)
The Semicolon and the Colon	455	(5)
Using the Semicolon	455	(1)
Misusing the Semicolon	456	(1)
Using the Colon	457	(1)
Misusing the Colon	458	(2)
End Marks	460	(4)
Using the Period	460	(1)
Misusing the Period	461	(1)
Using the Question Mark	462	(1)
Misusing the Question Mark	462	(1)
Using the Exclamation Point	463	(1)
Quotation Marks and Quoting	464	(10)
Quoting Words, Phrases, and Short Passages of Prose	464	(1)
Using Double and Single Quotation Marks	464	(1)
Using Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation	465	(2)
Quoting Long Prose Passages	467	(1)
Quoting Verse	468	(1)
Using Brackets and Ellipsis Dots to Mark Changes in a Quotation	469	(2)
Using Brackets to Mark Words Added to a Quotation	469	(1)
Using Ellipsis Dots (...) to Mark Words Left Out of a Quotation	470	(1)
Special Uses of Quotation Marks	471	(1)
Misusing Quotation Marks	472	(2)
The Dash, Parentheses, the Slash	474	(5)
Using the Dash	474	(1)
Misusing the Dash	475	(1)
Using Parentheses	475	(1)
Using the Slash	476	(3)
Spelling, Hyphen, Apostrophe	479	(13)
Checking Your Spelling with a Computer Program	479	(1)
Listing Your Spelling Demons	480	(1)
Learning How to Add Suffixes	480	(1)
Learning How to Add Prefixes	481	(1)
Recognizing Homonyms	482	(1)
Pluralizing Simple Nouns	482	(2)
Pluralizing Compound Nouns	484	(1)
Using the Hyphen	485	(3)
Forming Compound Nouns	486	(1)
Attaching Prefixes	487	(1)
Writing Out Numbers	487	(1)
Using the Apostrophe	488	(2)
Misusing the Apostrophe	490	(2)
Mechanics	492	(15)
Using Capital Letters	492	(2)
Using Italics or Underlining	494	(2)
Titles	496	(3)
Using Abbreviations	499	(2)
Misusing Abbreviations	501	(1)
Using Numbers	502	(5)
Part 4 THE RESEARCH PAPER
Preparing the Research Paper	507	(24)
Choosing a Topic	508	(2)
Using the Library: The Reference Section	510	(8)
Learning What Your Topic Is Called	511	(1)
A Book-and-Article Bibliography	511	(2)
A Computerized Index	513	(1)
General Encyclopedias	513	(1)
Specialized Encyclopedias	513	(1)
Compilations of Facts and Statistics	514	(1)
Biographical Guides	514	(1)
General Indexes to Periodicals	514	(2)
Specialized Indexes to Periodicals	516	(1)
Government Publications	517	(1)
Finding Books: The On-Line Catalog and the Card Catalog	518	(2)
Using the On-Line Catalog	518	(1)
Using the Card Catalog	518	(2)
Getting Books Your Library Doesn't Have	520	(1)
Finding Articles	520	(1)
Keeping Track of Your Sources	520	(2)
Source Card for a Book	521	(1)
Source Card for an Article	521	(1)
Using Microtexts	522	(1)
Conducting an Interview	522	(2)
Choosing Which Sources to Consult	524	(2)
Examining and Evaluating Your Sources	526	(1)
Taking Notes	527	(3)
Identifying Your Sources	527	(1)
Photocopying	527	(1)
Taking Notes with a Word Processor	528	(2)
Taking Notes on Index Cards	530	(1)
Filling Gaps in Your Research	530	(1)
Writing the Research Paper	531	(15)
Formulating Your Thesis	531	(1)
Making an Outline	531	(4)
Branching Diagram	533	(1)
Topic Outline	534	(1)
Full Sentence Outline	534	(1)
Avoiding Plagiarism	535	(4)
Signaling Use of a Source	539	(1)
Introducing Source Material	539	(1)
Parenthetical Citing After Each Use	540	(1)
Quoting	540	(2)
Summarizing and Paraphrasing	542	(1)
Composing the Paper as a Whole	543	(3)
Documenting the Research Paper	546	(19)
The MLA Parenthetical Style: Basic Procedures	546	(5)
Parenthetical Citing	548	(2)
Listing the Works Cited	550	(1)
Citing and Listing Various Sources	551	(14)
Preparing the Final Copy of the Research Paper	565	(14)
Basic Procedures	565	(2)
Sample Research Paper with MLA Parenthetical Style	567	(12)
Writing about Literature	579	(35)
The Literary Work as a Created World	579	(1)
Literary Genre: Poetry, Fiction, Drama	580	(9)
Poetry	581	(2)
Fiction	583	(3)
Drama	586	(3)
Pre-Writing about Literature	589	(5)
Noting Significant Detail	589	(1)
Recording Your Personal Reactions	590	(1)
Choosing and Refining Your Topic	591	(2)
Consulting Secondary Sources	593	(1)
Formulating a Thesis	593	(1)
Summarizing and Interpreting: Knowing the Difference	594	(1)
Developing Your Interpretation: Quoting and Citing Sources	595	(3)
Giving Evidence	595	(1)
Citing Sources	596	(2)
Sample Essay on a Short Story: No Secondary Sources	598	(6)
Sample Essay on a Poem: Secondary Sources Used	604	(6)
Linking Literature to History	610	(4)
Writing and Research across the Curriculum	614	(127)
Three Disciplines Illustrated: Specialists Writing for Specialists	615	(3)
Asking the Question That Fits Your Discipline	618	(5)
Writing in the Humanities: Focus on the Work and Its Context	618	(3)
Writing in the Social Sciences: Focus on Social Groups	621	(1)
Writing in the Natural Sciences: Focus on Physical Properties	622	(1)
Writing on Specialized Topics for Nonspecialists	623	(1)
Organizing a Research Paper in the Humanities	624	(3)
Documenting Sources in the Humanities	627	(1)
Organizing Research Papers in the Social Sciences	627	(2)
Writing Abstracts for Social Science Papers	628	(1)
Documenting Sources in the Social Sciences: The APA Parenthetical Style	629	(4)
Writing APA Parenthetical Citations	630	(2)
Writing the Reference List: APA Style	632	(1)
Organizing Research Papers in the Natural Sciences	633	(1)
Documenting Sources in the Sciences	634	(4)
Citing Sources in the Natural Sciences: CBE Style	636	(1)
Writing the Reference List: CBE Style	637	(1)
Tables and Figures in Research Papers	638	(5)
Presenting Tables	638	(1)
Presenting Figures	639	(4)
GLOSSARIES
Glossary of Usage	643	(29)
Glossary of Grammatical Terms	672	(23)
APPENDICES
Appendix I Standard American English as a Second Language: A Brief Guide	695	(31)
A1.1 / Using a, an, the, and Other Determiners	696	(1)
A1.1a / Determiners Defined	696	(1)
A1.1b / Countable and Uncountable Nouns	697	(1)
A1.1c / Using a/an	697	(1)
A1.1d / Misusing or Mistakenly Omitting a/an	698	(1)
A1.1e / Using the	699	(1)
A1.1f / Misusing the	699	(1)
A1.1g / Using and Misusing the with Names	700	(2)
A1.1h / Using some, any, no, and not	702	(1)
A1.1i / Using the Demonstratives (this, that, these, those)	702	(1)
A1.1j / Using the Possessives	702	(1)
A1.1k / Using Group 2 Determiners: Ordinal Numbers	703	(1)
A1.1l / Using Group 3 Determiners: Cardinal Numbers and Words Denoting Quantity	703	(1)
A1.1m / All, both, half, and Other Predeterminers	704	(3)
A1.2 Using Gerunds and Infinitives	707	(1)
A1.2a / Choosing between Gerunds and Infinitives	708	(2)
A1.3 Multiword Verbs (Verb-Particle Combinations)	710	(1)
A1.3b / Separable Multiword Verbs	711	(1)
A1.3b / Common Multiword Verbs: A Brief List	711	(5)
A1.4 Making Sentences Complete: Subjects, Linking Verbs, Expletives	716	(1)
A1.4a / Supplying a Subject	716	(1)
A1.4b / Using Linking Verbs (is, are, was, were)	716	(1)
A1.4c Using there and it (Expletives) to Start a Sentence	717	(1)
A1.5 Using do and does	718	(1)
A1.5a / Do as a Main Verb	718	(1)
A1.5b / Do as a Helping Verb	718	(1)
A1.5c / Misusing s with does	719	(1)
A1.6 Avoiding Redundant Pronouns	720	(1)
A1.7 Using Participles	721	(1)
A1.7a / Using Present and Past Participles in Verb Phrases	721	(1)
A1.7b / Using Past and Present Participles as Modifiers	722	(1)
A1.7c / Present and Past Participles Commonly Confused	722	(1)
A1.8 Using Progressive Forms of the Verb	723	(1)
A1.8a / Using the Progressive Forms	723	(1)
A1.8b / Misusing the Progressive Forms	724	(2)
Appendix 2 Beyond Freshman English: Writing Examinations, Applications, and Letters	726	(15)
A2.1 Writing Examination Essays	726	(3)
A2.2 Applying for Admission to a School of Business, Law, Medicine, or Graduate Study: The Personal Statement	729	(4)
A2.3 Applying for a Job: The Resume and the Cover Letter	733	(2)
A2.4 Writing a Business Letter: The Proper Format	735	(2)
A2.5 Writing for Your Rights: The Letter of Protest	737	(4)
Index of Authors and Titles	741	(6)
Subject Index	747