Preface | |
Acknowledgments | |
Introduction | |
Interpreting Literature | |
Strategies for Interpreting Literature | |
Why Do People Read Literature? | |
What Is Meaning? | |
What Is Interpretation? | |
How Do We Interpret? | |
Checklist for Interpreting Literature | |
Work Cited | |
What is Literature? | |
Literature Is Language | |
Literature Is Fictional | |
Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford | |
Literature Is True | |
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, My Friend, the Things that Do Attain | |
Literature Is Aesthetic | |
Literature Is Intertextual | |
Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love | |
Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd | |
Checklist for the Elements of Literature | |
Works Cited | |
Interpreting Fiction | |
The Elements of Fiction | |
Theme | |
Point of View | |
Plot | |
Characterization | |
Setting | |
Irony | |
Symbolism | |
Other Elements | |
Checklist for Interpreting Fiction | |
Works Cited | |
Interpreting Drama | |
The Nature of Drama | |
The Elements of Drama | |
Length | |
Audience | |
Plot | |
Characterization | |
Setting | |
Theme. | |
Irony | |
Subgenres | |
Checklist for Interpreting Drama | |
Works Cited and Consulted | |
Interpreting Poetry | |
What Is Poetry? | |
Emily Bront?, The Night Is Darkening Round Me | |
Sensein Poetry: Elements that Convey Meaning | |
Getting the Facts Straight (Reading a Poem the First Time) | |
Diction | |
"A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal." | |
Syntax | |
"Song for a Lyre." | |
Characterization, Point of View, Plot, and Setting | |
"In the Nursing Home." | |
"Dover Beach." | |
"My Last Duchess." | |
Imagery: Descriptive Language | |
Imagery: Figurative Language | |
"Love Is a Sickness." | |
"There Is a Garden in Her Face." | |
Symbolism | |
"The Sick Rose." | |
The Sound of Poetry: Musical Elements | |
Rhythm | |
"Sonnet 129." | |
Word Sounds | |
"To Helen." | |
Structure: Devices that Organize | |
Lines | |
Enjambment | |
Blank Verse | |
Stanza | |
Rhyme Scheme | |
Fixed and Nonce Forms | |
The Sonnet | |
"Sonnet 116." | |
"I, Being Born a Woman." | |
The Ballad | |
"The Daemon Lover." | |
Common Meter | |
"Because I Could Not Stop for Death." | |
The Haiku | |
Matsuo Basho, haiku | |
Taniguchi Buson, haiku | |
Kobayashi Issa, haiku | |
Free Verse | |
Psalm 23 | |
"Xenia." | |
"Road to the Yoshiwara." | |
"Vagabonds." | |
The Villanelle | |
"One Art." | |
Sight: The Visual Qualities of Poetry | |
Visual Poetry | |
George Herbert, Easter Wings | |
Modern Poetry. e. e. cummings, "l(a." | |
"We Real Cool." | |
Checklist for Interpreting Poetry | |
Works Cited | |
Specialized Approaches to Interpreting Literature | |
Literary Criticism | |
Cites of Meaning | |
Literary Theory | |
The Work | |
Anglo-American Criticism | |
Structuralism | |
Archetypal Criticism | |
Poststructuralism | |
Resources | |
Applications | |
The Author | |
Historical and Biographical Criticism | |
New Historicist | |
Criticism | |
Resources | |
Applications | |
The Reader | |
European Reader-Response Criticism | |
American Reader-Response Criticism | |
Resources | |
Applications | |
All of Reality | |
Psychological Criticism | |
Resources | |
Marxist Criticism | |
Resources | |
Feminist and Gender Criticism | |
Resources | |
Applications | |
Works | |
Cited | |
Writing About Literature | |
Writing about Literature | |
Why Write about Literature? | |
How Can You Write about Literature? | |
The Writing Process First Stage: Inventing | |
Second Stage: Drafting | |
Third Stage: Revising | |
Fourth Stage: Editing and Publishing | |
Choosing Topics | |
Preliminary Steps | |
Be an Active Reader | |
Identify Your Audience | |
Raise Questions about the Work | |
Narrow Your Topic | |
Search Strategies | |
Focus on the Work's Conventions (Its Formal Qualities) | |
Use Topoi (Traditional Patterns of Thinking) | |
Respond to Comments by Critics | |
Draw from Your Own Knowledge | |
Talking and Writing Strategies | |
Talk Out Loud | |
Make Outlines | |
Freewrite | |
Brainstorm | |
Create Graphic Organizers | |
Make Notes | |
Keep a Journal | |
Sample Essay about Literature | |
"Paradise Rejected in Homer's Odyssey." | |
Comments on the Essay | |
Checklist for Choosing Topics Works Cited | |
Drafting the Essay | |
The Argumentative Nature of Interpretive Essays | |
The Structure of Essays about Literature | |
The Argumentative Structure | |
The Rhetorical Structure | |
Guidelines for Writing First Drafts | |
Keep in Mind the Needs of Your Audience | |
Avoid Extreme Subjectivity (Overuse of "I") | |
Draw Up a Rough Outline | |
Begin Writing | |
Use Sound Deductive Reasoning | |
Support Key Claims with Facts | |
Use Sound Inductive Reasoning | |
Define Key Terms | |
Organize Evidence According to a Coherent Plan | |
Make Comparisons Complete and Easy to Follow | |
Checklist for Drafting the Essay | |
Works Cited | |
Revising and Editing | |
Revise Throughout the Writing Process | |
Revise for the Final Draft | |
Write a Clear and Readable Prose Style | |
Have Other People Read and Respond to Your Draft | |
Edit the Final Draft | |
Rules of Usage | |
Citations of Sources | |
Quotations | |
Other Rules of Usage Related to Essays about Literature | |
Physical Format | |
Sample Essay in Two Drafts | |
Early Draft | |
Comments on the Early Draft | |
Final Draft | |
"A Comparison of Mary and Warren in Robert Frost's 'The Death of the Hired Man'" | |
Comments on the Final Draft | |
Checklist for Revising and Editing | |
Works Cited | |
Documentation and Research | |
Primary Sources | |
Secondary Sources | |
Research Papers and the Use of Secondary Sources | |
How to Find Information and Opinions about Literature | |
Library Catalogs and Stacks | |
Library Reference Area | |
Library Periodicals Area | |
Information and Opinion on the Web | |
Evaluating the Quality of Internet Sites | |
Giving Credit to Sources | |
Why Should You Give Credit? | |
When Should You Give Credit? | |
Where Should You Give Credit? | |
Correct Documentary Form | |
Guidelines for Parenthetical Citations | |
Guidelines for Using Footnotes and Endnotes | |
Guidelines and Form for the Works Cited List: General Rules | |
Sample Entries for Non-periodical Print Materials | |
Sample Entry for Periodical Publications in Print | |
Sample Entries for Web Publications | |
Sample Entries for Other Nonprint Sources | |
Frequently Used Abbreviations | |
Sample Research Paper | |
"The Monster's Education in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein." | |
Comments on the Research Paper | |
Checklist for Documentation and Research | |
Taking Essay Tests | |
Guidelines for Taking Essay Tests | |
Sample Test Essays | |
Essay 1 (A Mediocre Essay) | |
Comments on Essay 1 | |
Essay 2 (A Good Essay) | |
Comments on Essay 2 | |
Essay 3 (A Very Good Essay) | |
Comments on Essay 3 | |
Checklist for Taking Essay Tests | |
Sample Essays | |
Essay on a Poem | |
"Point of View in Edwin Arlington Robinson's 'Richard Cory'." | |
Essay on a Short Story | |
"Montresor's Fate in Edgar Allan Poe's 'The Cask of Amontillado'." | |
Essay on a Play | |
"The Meaning of Physical Objects in Susan Glaspell's Trifles." | |
Essay on a Novel | |
"First Love, Lost Love in George Eliot's Adam Bede." | |
Appendix | |
Poems | |
"Richard Cory" (1897) | |
"The Death of the Hired Man" (1914) | |
Short Stories | |
"Hills Like White Elephants" (1927) | |
"Yours" (1983) | |
"The Cask of Amontillado" (1847) | |
Play | |
Susan Glaspell, Trifles (1916) | |
Glossary | |
Credits | |
Index of Concepts and Terms | |
Index of Critics, Authors, and Works | |
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