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Table of Contents
PART I. FOUNDATIONS
1. Practical Speaking
Personal Reasons for Developing Speaking Skills
Satisfying Your Personal Needs
Meeting the Personal Needs of Others
Professional Reasons for Developing Speaking Skills
Promoting Your Professional Self
Presenting Ideas to Decision Makers
Creating Change in the Workplace
Becoming a Functioning Force in Meetings
Developing Active Listening Skills
Public Reasons for Developing Speaking Skills
Becoming a Critical Thinker
Functioning as an Informed Citizen
Preserving Freedom of Speech
Raising the Level of Public Discourse
The Public Speaking Transaction
The Situation
The Speaker and the Audience Members
Messages: Content and Relational Components
Constructing and Interpreting Symbols
Channels
Perceptions
Words and Things
Box 1.1 Considering Diversity: A Passion for Speaking: Jonathan Studebaker
Box 1.2 Self-Assessment: How Much Experience Do You Have Speaking?
2. Your First Speech
First Things First
Analyzing the Situation
Choosing a Topic
Choosing a General Speech Purpose
Writing Your Specific Purpose Statement
Writing Your Thesis Statement
Preparing Your Speech
Begin with your own experience
Look to general sources of information
Interview experts
Conduct computerized searches
Consider specialized sources of information
Organizing Your Speech
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
Presenting Your Speech
Use Your Voice Effectively
Use Your Face and Eyes Effectively
Use Your Body Effectively
Methods of Delivery
Box 2.1 Speaking Of: Brainstorming for Topics
Box 2.2 In Their Own Words: Sample Speech Outline: Go Sun Smart by Shelly LeeBox 2.3 Profile: The Dole Stroll by Nichola D. Gutgold
3. Managing Speech Anxiety
Physiological Arousal and Speech Anxiety
The Psychology of Arousal and Performance
Roots: Why some are more anxious than others
Pessimistic Attitude
Inadequate Preparation and Practice
Negative or Insufficient Experience
Unrealistic Goals
Negative Self-Talk
Misdirected Concerns
Stage One: Managing Anxiety Before You Speak
Visual Imagery
Making Effective Use of Relaxation Techniques
Combining Techniques
Stage Two: Managing Anxiety During Your Speech
The Audience
Appearance
Self Talk
Stage Three: Managing Anxiety After Your Speech
Box 3.1 Self-Assessment: How Anxious Are You About Public Speaking?
Box 3.2 Self-Assessment: What Are the Sources of Your Speech Anxiety?
Box 3.3 Profiles: An Athlete's Approach to Anxiety: Kristi Yamaguchi
4. Listening
Everyday Importance of Listening
The Nature of Listening
Active Mindfulness
Selective Attention
Sensorial Involvement
Comprehension
Retention
Misconceptions About Listening
“It’s Easy to Listen”
“I’m Smart, So I’m a Good Listener”
“There’s No Need to Plan Ahead”
“I Can Read, So I Can Listen”
Obstacles to Listening
Physical Conditions
Cultural Differences
Personal Problems
Bias
Connotative Meanings
Anxiety
Goals of Listening
Listening to Understand
Listening to Appreciate
Critical Listening
Techniques to Improve Your Listening Skills
Setting Goals
Blocking Out Distracting Stimuli
Suspending Judgment
Focusing on Main Points
Recognizing Highlights and Signposts
Taking Effective Notes
Being Sensitive to Metacommunication
Paraphrasing
Questioning
Box 4.1 Considering Diversity: Listening in High- and Low- Context Cultures
Box 4.2 Self-Assessment: What Is Your Level of Receiver Apprehension?
PART II. ADAPTING TO THE AUDIENCE
5. Adapting to Your Audience
Goals and Specific Purpose
The Audience
Audience Diversity
Discovering Cultural Diversity
Adapting to Cultural Diversity
Demographic Diversity
Individual Diversity
The Situation
How Your Audience Can Help You Achieve Your Goals
Confronting Constraints
Box 5.1 In Their Own Words: Excerpt of Mary Fisher AIDS speech
Box 5.2 Considering Diversity: Between Two Cultures: Tomoko Mukawa
Box 5.3 Self Assessment: How Collectivistic or Individualistic Are You?
6. Ethical Speaking
Basic Ethical Questions
Why Care About Ethics?
Is Everything Relative?
Are There Rules for Every Situation?
Does the Good of the Many Outweigh the Good of the Few?
How Do Specific Situations Affect Ethical Principles?
Do the Ends Justify the Means?
Ethical Norms for Public Speakers
Be Truthful
Show Respect for the Power of Words
Invoke Participatory Democracy
Demonstrate Tolerance for Cultural Diversity
Treat People as Ends, Not Means
Provide Good Reasons
Special Issues for Speakers
Plagiarism and Source Attribution
Building Goodwill and Trustworthiness
Revealing or Concealing Intentions
Discussing Both Sides of a Controversial Issue
Ethical Norms for Listeners
Take Responsibility for Choices
Stay Informed
Speak Out
Be Aware of Biases
Ethical Obligations of Speakers and Listeners: A Summary
Box 6.1 Considering Diversity: Culture and Credit
Box 6.2 Self-Assessment Self-Assessment: When Is It Acceptable to Lie?
Box 6.3 Speaking Of . . . Codes of Conduct for Public Speaking
PART III. PUTTING THEORY INTO PRACTICE
7. Researching and Supporting Your Message
Focusing on Your Audience, Topic, and Specific Purpose
Supporting Your Speech
Examples
Facts
Statistics
Expert Opinion
Explanations
Descriptions
Narratives
Finding Support
The Library
The Internet
Interviews
Using Your Research
Preparing a Bibliography
Recording Information
Guide to Source Citations
American Psychological Association (APA) Style
Modern Language Association (MLA) Style
Box 7.1 Considering Diversity: Cultures on the Web
Box 7.2 Profile: The Importance of Interviewing: Professor Rick Rigsby
8. Organizing Your Message
Focusing on Your Audience
Refining Your Specific Purpose
Focusing on Your Thesis Statement
Organizing the Body of the Speech
Main Points
Subpoints
Supporting Points
Patterns of Organization
Signposts
Introducing Your Speech
Open With Impact
Focus on the Thesis Statement
Connect With Your Audience
Preview Your Speech
Concluding Your Speech
Summarize
Close With Impact
Preparing the Formal Outline
Preparing Speaker's Notes
Overhead Transparencies
Box 8.1 Considering Diversity: Organization and Culture
Box 8.2 Profiles: On Writing Comedy: Russ Woody
Box 8.3 In Their Own Words: Sample Speech Outline: Accident or Suicide: Driving without a Seatbelt by Karen Shirk
9. Language: Making Verbal Sense of Your Message
Word Power
Language and Audience Diversity
Language and Cultural Diversity
Language and Demographic Diversity
Language and Individual Diversity
Using Language Effectively
Use Inclusive Language
Use Competence-Enhancing Language
Use Language to Its Fullest Potential
Show Don't Simply Tell
Rhythmic Speech
Language Intensity
Managing Language
Use Concrete Words and Phrases
Use Oral Language
Keep It Simple
Use Signposts
Use Visual Kinesthetic and Auditory Language
Final Words of Caution
Avoid Stereotypes
Avoid Sexist Language
Box 9.1 In Their Own Words: "We, the People": Barbara Jordan
Box 9.2 Considering Diversity: How Does Language Marginalize People?