Between One and Many : The Art and Science of Public Speaking

PART I. FOUNDATIONS

1. Practical Speaking

Personal Reasons for Developing Speaking Skills

Satisfying Your Personal Needs

Meeting the Personal Needs of Others

Professional Reasons for Developing Speaking Skills

Promoting Your Professional Self

Presenting Ideas to Decision Makers

Creating Change in the Workplace

Becoming a Functioning Force in Meetings

Developing Active Listening Skills

Public Reasons for Developing Speaking Skills

Becoming a Critical Thinker

Functioning as an Informed Citizen

Preserving Freedom of Speech

Raising the Level of Public Discourse

The Public Speaking Transaction

The Situation

The Speaker and the Audience Members

Messages: Content and Relational Components

Constructing and Interpreting Symbols

Channels

Perceptions

Words and Things

Box 1.1 Considering Diversity: A Passion for Speaking: Jonathan Studebaker

Box 1.2 Self-Assessment: How Much Experience Do You Have Speaking?

2. Your First Speech

First Things First

Analyzing the Situation

Choosing a Topic

Choosing a General Speech Purpose

Writing Your Specific Purpose Statement

Writing Your Thesis Statement

Preparing Your Speech

Begin with your own experience

Look to general sources of information

Interview experts

Conduct computerized searches

Consider specialized sources of information

Organizing Your Speech

Introduction

Body

Conclusion

Presenting Your Speech

Use Your Voice Effectively

Use Your Face and Eyes Effectively

Use Your Body Effectively

Methods of Delivery

Box 2.1 Speaking Of: Brainstorming for Topics

Box 2.2 In Their Own Words: Sample Speech Outline: Go Sun Smart by Shelly LeeBox 2.3 Profile: The Dole Stroll by Nichola D. Gutgold

3. Managing Speech Anxiety

Physiological Arousal and Speech Anxiety

The Psychology of Arousal and Performance

Roots: Why some are more anxious than others

Pessimistic Attitude

Inadequate Preparation and Practice

Negative or Insufficient Experience

Unrealistic Goals

Negative Self-Talk

Misdirected Concerns

Stage One: Managing Anxiety Before You Speak

Visual Imagery

Making Effective Use of Relaxation Techniques

Combining Techniques

Stage Two: Managing Anxiety During Your Speech

The Audience

Appearance

Self Talk

Stage Three: Managing Anxiety After Your Speech

Box 3.1 Self-Assessment: How Anxious Are You About Public Speaking?

Box 3.2 Self-Assessment: What Are the Sources of Your Speech Anxiety?

Box 3.3 Profiles: An Athlete's Approach to Anxiety: Kristi Yamaguchi

4. Listening

Everyday Importance of Listening

The Nature of Listening

Active Mindfulness

Selective Attention

Sensorial Involvement

Comprehension

Retention

Misconceptions About Listening

“It’s Easy to Listen”

“I’m Smart, So I’m a Good Listener”

“There’s No Need to Plan Ahead”

“I Can Read, So I Can Listen”

Obstacles to Listening

Physical Conditions

Cultural Differences

Personal Problems

Bias

Connotative Meanings

Anxiety

Goals of Listening

Listening to Understand

Listening to Appreciate

Critical Listening

Techniques to Improve Your Listening Skills

Setting Goals

Blocking Out Distracting Stimuli

Suspending Judgment

Focusing on Main Points

Recognizing Highlights and Signposts

Taking Effective Notes

Being Sensitive to Metacommunication

Paraphrasing

Questioning

Box 4.1 Considering Diversity: Listening in High- and Low- Context Cultures

Box 4.2 Self-Assessment: What Is Your Level of Receiver Apprehension?

PART II. ADAPTING TO THE AUDIENCE

5. Adapting to Your Audience

Goals and Specific Purpose

The Audience

Audience Diversity

Discovering Cultural Diversity

Adapting to Cultural Diversity

Demographic Diversity

Individual Diversity

The Situation

How Your Audience Can Help You Achieve Your Goals

Confronting Constraints

Box 5.1 In Their Own Words: Excerpt of Mary Fisher AIDS speech

Box 5.2 Considering Diversity: Between Two Cultures: Tomoko Mukawa

Box 5.3 Self Assessment: How Collectivistic or Individualistic Are You?

6. Ethical Speaking

Basic Ethical Questions

Why Care About Ethics?

Is Everything Relative?

Are There Rules for Every Situation?

Does the Good of the Many Outweigh the Good of the Few?

How Do Specific Situations Affect Ethical Principles?

Do the Ends Justify the Means?

Ethical Norms for Public Speakers

Be Truthful

Show Respect for the Power of Words

Invoke Participatory Democracy

Demonstrate Tolerance for Cultural Diversity

Treat People as Ends, Not Means

Provide Good Reasons

Special Issues for Speakers

Plagiarism and Source Attribution

Building Goodwill and Trustworthiness

Revealing or Concealing Intentions

Discussing Both Sides of a Controversial Issue

Ethical Norms for Listeners

Take Responsibility for Choices

Stay Informed

Speak Out

Be Aware of Biases

Ethical Obligations of Speakers and Listeners: A Summary

Box 6.1 Considering Diversity: Culture and Credit

Box 6.2 Self-Assessment Self-Assessment: When Is It Acceptable to Lie?

Box 6.3 Speaking Of . . . Codes of Conduct for Public Speaking

PART III. PUTTING THEORY INTO PRACTICE

7. Researching and Supporting Your Message

Focusing on Your Audience, Topic, and Specific Purpose

Supporting Your Speech

Examples

Facts

Statistics

Expert Opinion

Explanations

Descriptions

Narratives

Finding Support

The Library

The Internet

Interviews

Using Your Research

Preparing a Bibliography

Recording Information

Guide to Source Citations

American Psychological Association (APA) Style

Modern Language Association (MLA) Style

Box 7.1 Considering Diversity: Cultures on the Web

Box 7.2 Profile: The Importance of Interviewing: Professor Rick Rigsby

8. Organizing Your Message

Focusing on Your Audience

Refining Your Specific Purpose

Focusing on Your Thesis Statement

Organizing the Body of the Speech

Main Points

Subpoints

Supporting Points

Patterns of Organization

Signposts

Introducing Your Speech

Open With Impact

Focus on the Thesis Statement

Connect With Your Audience

Preview Your Speech

Concluding Your Speech

Summarize

Close With Impact

Preparing the Formal Outline

Preparing Speaker's Notes

Overhead Transparencies

Box 8.1 Considering Diversity: Organization and Culture

Box 8.2 Profiles: On Writing Comedy: Russ Woody

Box 8.3 In Their Own Words: Sample Speech Outline: Accident or Suicide: Driving without a Seatbelt by Karen Shirk

9. Language: Making Verbal Sense of Your Message

Word Power

Language and Audience Diversity

Language and Cultural Diversity

Language and Demographic Diversity

Language and Individual Diversity

Using Language Effectively

Use Inclusive Language

Use Competence-Enhancing Language

Use Language to Its Fullest Potential

Show Don't Simply Tell

Rhythmic Speech

Language Intensity

Managing Language

Use Concrete Words and Phrases

Use Oral Language

Keep It Simple

Use Signposts

Use Visual Kinesthetic and Auditory Language

Final Words of Caution

Avoid Stereotypes

Avoid Sexist Language

Box 9.1 In Their Own Words: "We, the People": Barbara Jordan

Box 9.2 Considering Diversity: How Does Language Marginalize People?

10. Delivery: Engaging Your Audience

Focusing Your Delivery on Your Audience

Choosing an Appropriate Method of Delivery

Delivering Speeches to Diverse Audiences

Adapting Delivery to the Speech Occasion

Your Voice

Vocal Production

Articulation

Speaking in Your Own Voice

Nonverbal Characteristics of Delivery

The Continuous Nature of Nonverbal Behavior

The Simultaneous Use of Multiple Channels

The Spontaneous Nature of Nonverbal Behavior

Delivery and the Nonverbal Communication System

The Environment

Appearance

The Eyes and Face

Gestures and Movement

Posture

Touch

Time

The Functions of Nonverbal Behavior in Delivery

Complementing Your Message

Contradicting Your Message

Repeating Your Message

Substituting for a Verbal Cue

Increasing the Perception of Immediacy

Exciting the Audience

Delivering a Powerful Speech

Taking a Proactive Approach

Box 10.1 Speaking Of . . . Seating Arrangements

Box 10.2 Speaking Of . . . Handling the Q&A

11. Using Media in Your Speech

Presentational Media

Avoiding Common Mistakes

Over Reliance

Too Much Hard to See Information

Using the Wrong Type of Presentational Aid

Why We Need Effective Presentational Media

As a Complement to Speech

As a Visual Illustration of the Spoken Word

As a Regulator of Speech

As Emblematic Speech

Content

Diagrams and Illustrations

Charts, Graphs, and Maps

Selecting the Right Medium

Objects

Models

Poster Board

Flip Charts

PowerPoint

Overheads

Video

Audio

35mm Slides/Photographs

Guidelines for Creating and Using Visual Aids

Simplicity

Size and Visibility

Layout

Color

Box 11.1 Speaking of: Murphy’s Law Revisited

Box 11.2 Self Assessment: Visual IQ Test

Box 11.3 Speaking Of: Power Point Poison

PART IV. CONTEXTS FOR PUBLIC SPEAKING

12. Informative Speaking

Focusing on Your Audience: Adapting to Different Styles of Learning

Informative Speaking and Styles of Learning

Informative Speaking, Learning, and Persuasion

Message Keys of Effective Informative Speaking

Audience Involvement

Audience Appropriateness

Audience Accessibility

Life Enhancement

Putting Theory Into Practice

Speeches That Explain a Process

Speeches That Explain a Concept

Speeches That Instruct

Speeches That Demonstrate How to Do Something

Speeches That Describe

Forums for Informative Speaking

Informative Speaking in the Classroom

Informative Speaking in the Workplace

Informative Speaking in the Community

Box 12.1 In Their Own Words: "Down Syndrome" by Lorenmarie Manning

Box 12.3 In Their Own Words: "Fencing" by Evan N. Mironor

13. Persuasive Speaking

Focusing on Your Audience: Assessing the Situation

The Four Goals of Persuasive Speaking

Adapting to Your Audience

Ethical Constraints

Speaking with Credibility

Similarity

Credibility

Constructing a Persuasive Message

The Elaboration Likelihood Model

Evidence and Persuasion

The Importance of a Two-Sided Message

Peripheral Cues to Persuasion

Motivating Through Fear

Appealing to Primitive Beliefs

Persuasive Speaking in Practice

Adapting Your Goals to Your Audience

Organizing Your Persuasive Speech

Balancing the Means of Persuasion

Box 13.1 Speaking Of . . . Does Drug Education Really Work?

Box 13.2 Self-Assessment: How Similar or Dissimilar Are You and Your Audience?

Box 13.3 Considering Diversity: Culture and Persuasion

Box 13.4 In Their Own Words: "Condemnation to Compassion" by Josette Parker

14. Thinking and Speaking Critically

Critical Thinking and Public Speaking

Pseudoreasoning and Fallacies

Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggressiveness

The Toulmin Model of Argument

Fallacies Associated With Grounds

Unsupported Assertion

Distorted Evidence

Isolated Examples

Misused Statistics

Fallacies Associated With Claims

Red Herring

Arguing in a Circle

Fallacies Associated With Warrants and Backing

Generalization Warrants

Comparison (Analogy) Warrants

Causal Warrants

Sign Warrants

Authority Warrants

Fallacies Associated With Qualifiers

Loaded Language

Hyperbole

Loaded Language

Hyperbole

Fallacies Associated with Rebuttals

Straw Person

Ignoring the Issue

The Non Sequitur: An Argument That Does Not Follow

Box 14.1 In Their Own Words: "Mandatory Drug Testing by Miranda Welsh

Box 14.2 In Their Own Words: "The War on Drugs--Our 21st Century Vietnam? by David A. Sanders

Box 14.3 Self-Assessment: Uncritical Inference Test

Box 14.4 Speaking Of . . . Defects of Reasoning: The Fallacies

Answers to "Self Assessment: Uncritical Inference Test”

15. Speaking Across the Life Span

Reframing: Speaking as Storytelling

Probability

Fidelity

Impromptu Speeches: Speaking Without Advance Notice

First Things First: Anticipate the Occasion

Tips for Impromptu Speaking

Leading and Participating in Small Groups

Leadership Functions

Panel Discussions

Speaking on Special Occasions

Speech of Acceptance

Speech of Introduction

Speech of Recognition

Speech of Commemoration

Speeches to Entertain

Speaking on Television

Box 15.1 Speaking Of . . . The Wedding Toast

Box 15.2 In Their Own Words: Jeraline Singh’s Speech: America!

Box 15.3 Speaking Of . . . Chatting It Up on TV: Paul Burnham Finney

Appendix A: Speech of Introduction, Jonathan Studebaker

Appendix B: Public Speeches for Analysis

Speech to Republican National Convention by Mary Fisher

Speech to Democratic National Convention by Carolyn McCarthy

Address to Joint Session of Congress by President George W. Bush.

Glossary

Index

Credits

Index

Credits

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