Environmental Chemistry A Global Perspective

by vanLoon, Gary W.; Duffy, Stephen J.

• ISBN13: 9780198564416
• ISBN10: 0198564414
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2099-11-30
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

This comprehensive text will provide upper level undergraduate students a look at heterogeneous natural systems in the environment. The links between and within the various environmental components --air, water, soil -- are emphasized. There has been insufficient material of this type in existence that supplies both the depth of chemistry needed to explain natural processes and the breadth of material that would present a well rounded introduction to such systems. While the text focuses on basic knowledge and general principles, examples are taken from around the world. The book describes the chemistry of natural environmental systems, their composition and the processes and reactions that operate within and between the various components. Without focusing specifically on pollution, it also discusses ways in which these systems respond to peturbations, either those that are natural or those that are caused by humans. Background material from subjects such as atmospheric science, limnology, and social science is provided in order to establish a setting for a description of relevant chemistry. Because issues of the environment related to every society, care has been taken to relate the subject material to situations in urban and rural areas in both highly industrialized and low-income countries.

Table of Contents

Environmental chemistry: a global perspective	p. 1
The subject matter of this book	p. 5
Environmental composition	p. 8
Chemical processes	p. 12
Anthropogenic effects	p. 16
The Earth's atmosphere	p. 21
The Earth's atmosphere	p. 23
Regions of the atmosphere	p. 24
Reactions and calculations in atmospheric chemistry	p. 29
Stratospheric chemistry--ozone	p. 42
Oxygen-only chemistry--formation and turnover of ozone	p. 45
Catalytic decomposition processes of ozone	p. 47
Null and holding cycles	p. 55
Antarctic and Arctic 'ozone hole' formation	p. 57
Tropospheric chemistry--smog	p. 64
Smog	p. 64
Photochemical smog	p. 66
Exhaust gases from the internal combustion engine	p. 77
Tropospheric chemistry--precipitation	p. 90
The composition of rain	p. 90
Atmospheric production of nitric acid	p. 93
Atmospheric production of sulfuric acid	p. 94
Acidifying agents in rain	p. 100
Rain, snow, and fog chemistry	p. 102
The global picture--sources and sinks	p. 105
Control of anthropogenic nitrogen and sulfur emissions	p. 109
Atmospheric aerosols	p. 115
Sea spray	p. 118
Dust	p. 119
Combustion products	p. 120
Condensation aerosols	p. 122
Aerosol concentrations and lifetimes	p. 126
Air pollution control for particulate emissions	p. 129
Chemistry of urban and indoor atmospheres	p. 134
Pollutants in the urban atmosphere	p. 135
Mexico City	p. 138
Indoor air quality	p. 141
The chemistry of global climate	p. 154
Composition of the Earth's atmosphere	p. 154
Energy balance	p. 156
The greenhouse gases and aerosols	p. 161
Relative importance of the changes in greenhouse gas concentrations	p. 167
Energy resources	p. 169
Greenhouse gases associated with use of carbon-based fuels	p. 172
The hydrosphere	p. 185
The hydrosphere	p. 187
Physical and chemical properties of water	p. 190
Distribution of species in aquatic systems	p. 199
Single-variable diagrams	p. 200
Two-variable diagrams: pE/pH diagrams	p. 206
Measurements of pE	p. 219
Gases in water	p. 224
Simple gases	p. 224
Gases that react with water	p. 226
Organic matter in water	p. 239
Origins of organic matter in water	p. 240
Environmental issues related to aqueous organic matter	p. 242
Humic material	p. 253
Metals in the hydrosphere	p. 258
Aquo complexes of metals	p. 259
Classification of metals	p. 261
Three metals--their behaviour in the hydrosphere	p. 270
Metal complexes with ligands of anthropogenic origin	p. 275
Suspended matter in the hydrosphere	p. 279
Environmental chemistry of colloids and surfaces	p. 282
Surface properties of colloidal materials	p. 284
Quantitative descriptions of adsorption--I	p. 291
Phosphorus environmental chemistry	p. 295
Quantitative descriptions of adsorption--II	p. 301
Partitioning of small organic solutes between water and soil or sediment	p. 303
Colloidal material in the natural environment	p. 310
Microbiological processes	p. 319
Classification of microorganisms	p. 320
Microbiological processes--the carbon cycle	p. 325
Microbiological processes--the nitrogen cycle	p. 337
Microbiological processes--the sulfur cycle	p. 343
Water pollution and waste-water treatment chemistry	p. 349
Community waste-water treatment chemistry	p. 353
Biological processes for removal of phosphorus and nitrogen from waste water	p. 361
Anaerobic digestion of sludge	p. 363
The terrestrial environment	p. 367
The terrestrial environment	p. 369
Soil formation	p. 370
Soil properties	p. 380
Physical properties	p. 380
Chemical properties	p. 384
Soil profiles	p. 390
Environmental properties of soils	p. 395
The chemistry of solid wastes	p. 412
Solid wastes from mining and metal production	p. 413
Organic wastes	p. 418
Mixed urban wastes	p. 426
Organic biocides	p. 438
Chemical stability	p. 440
Mobility	p. 455
Leachability	p. 460
The future earth	p. 465
Appendices	p. 471
Properties of the Earth	p. 471
Infrared absorption spectrum of CFC-12	p. 471
The elements	p. 472
Properties of air and water	p. 476
Area, biomass, and productivity of ecosystem types	p. 476
Sl prefixes	p. 477
Fundamental constants	p. 477
Thermochemical properties of selected elements and compounds	p. 478
Mean bond enthalpies [Delta]H/kJ mol[superscript -1] at 298 K	p. 481
Dissociation constants for acids and bases in aqueous solutions at 25[degree]C	p. 482
Standard redox potentials in aqueous solutions	p. 484
Index	p. 485
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