Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics

by Fawwaz T. Ulaby

• ISBN13: 9780130115546
• ISBN10: 0130115541
• Edition: Yearly Ed.
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-03-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference

Summary

1999 Edition differs from its predecessor in the following ways: end-of-chapter problems increased from 238 to 373 CD-ROM in each book containing: All figures from text Smith chart file. Sample solutions for 45 of the end-of-chapter problems are identified in text.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xiii
1 INTRODUCTION: WAVES AND PHASORS	3	(30)
1-1 Dimensions, Units, and Notation	4	(1)
1-2 The Nature of Electromagnetism	5	(7)
1-2.1 The Gravitational Force: A Useful Analogue	6	(1)
1-2.2 Electric Fields	7	(2)
1-2.3 Magnetic Fields	9	(2)
1-2.4 Static and Dynamic Fields	11	(1)
1-3 Traveling Waves	12	(7)
1-3.1 Sinusoidal Wave in a Lossless Medium	14	(3)
1-3.2 Sinusoidal Wave in a Lossy Medium	17	(2)
1-4 The Electromagnetic Spectrum	19	(3)
1-5 Review of Complex Numbers	22	(2)
1-6 Review of Phasors	24	(5)
Problems	29	(4)
2 TRANSMISSION LINES	33	(67)
2-1 General Considerations	35	(4)
2-1.1 The Role of Wavelength	36	(1)
2-1.2 Propagation Modes	37	(2)
2-2 Lumped-Element Model	39	(4)
2-3 Transmission-Line Equations	43	(1)
2-4 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line	44	(3)
2-5 The Lossless Transmission Line	47	(8)
2-5.1 Voltage Reflection Coefficient	48	(3)
2-5.2 Standing Waves	51	(4)
2-6 Input Impedance of the Lossless Line	55	(3)
2-7 Special Cases of the Lossless Line	58	(6)
2-7.1 Short-Circuited Line	58	(2)
2-7.2 Open-Circuited Line	60	(1)
2-7.3 Application of Short-Circuit and Open-Circuit Measurements	60	(2)
2-7.4 Lines of Length l = nlambda/2	62	(1)
2-7.5 Quarter-Wave Transformer	62	(1)
2-7.6 Matched Transmission Line: Z(8)L = Z(0)	62	(2)
2-8 Power Flow on a Lossless Transmission Line	64	(2)
2-8.1 Instantaneous Power	64	(1)
2-8.2 Time-Average Power	65	(1)
2-9 The Smith Chart	66	(14)
2-9.1 Parametric Equations	66	(5)
2-9.2 Input Impedance	71	(2)
2-9.3 SWR, Voltage Maxima and Minima	73	(1)
2-9.4 Impedance to Admittance Transformations	74	(6)
2-10 Impedance Matching	80	(4)
2-11 Transients on Transmission Lines	84	(8)
2-11.1 Transient Response	84	(4)
2-11.2 Bounce Diagrams	88	(4)
Problems	92	(8)
3 VECTOR ANALYSIS	100	(38)
3-1 Basic Laws of Vector Algebra	101	(7)
3-1.1 Equality of Two Vectors	102	(1)
3-1.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction	103	(1)
3-1.3 Position and Distance Vectors	103	(1)
3-1.4 Vector Multiplication	104	(3)
3-1.5 Scalar and Vector Triple Products	107	(1)
3-2 Orthogonal Coordinate Systems	108	(7)
3-2.1 Cartesian Coordinates	109	(1)
3-2.2 Cylindrical Coordinates	109	(4)
3-2.3 Spherical Coordinates	113	(2)
3-3 Transformations between Coordinate Systems	115	(5)
3-3.1 Cartesian to Cylindrical Transformations	115	(2)
3-3.2 Cartesian to Spherical Transformations	117	(2)
3-3.3 Cylindrical to Spherical Transformations	119	(1)
3-3.4 Distance between Two Points	119	(1)
3-4 Gradient of a Scalar Field	120	(3)
3-4.1 Gradient Operator in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates	121	(1)
3-4.2 Properties of the Gradient Operator	122	(1)
3-5 Divergence of a Vector Field	123	(4)
3-5.1 Divergence Theorem	125	(1)
3-5.2 Remarks on Notation	125	(2)
3-6 Curl of a Vector Field	127	(3)
3-6.1 Vector Identities Involving the Curl	128	(1)
3-6.2 Stokes's Theorem	129	(1)
3-7 Laplacian Operator	130	(2)
Problems	132	(6)
4 ELECTROSTATICS	138	(48)
4-1 Maxwell's Equations	139	(1)
4-2 Charge and Current Distributions	140	(3)
4-2.1 Charge Densities	140	(2)
4-2.2 Current Density	142	(1)
4-3 Coulomb's Law	143	(5)
4-3.1 Electric Field due to Multiple Point Charges	144	(1)
4-3.2 Electric Field due to a Charge Distribution	145	(3)
4-4 Gauss's Law	148	(3)
4-5 Electric Scalar Potential	151	(5)
4-5.1 Electric Potential as a Function of Electric Field	151	(2)
4-5.2 Electric Potential due to Point Charges	153	(1)
4-5.3 Electric Potential due to Continuous Distributions	153
4-5.4 Electric Field as a Function of Electric Potential	147
4-5.5 Poisson's Equation	155	(1)
4-6 Electrical Properties of Materials	156	(1)
4-7 Conductors	157	(4)
4-7.1 Resistance	158	(2)
4-7.2 Joule's Law	160	(1)
4-8 Dielectrics	161	(2)
4-9 Electric Boundary Conditions	163	(5)
4-9.1 Dielectric--Conductor Boundary	166	(1)
4-9.2 Conductor--Conductor Boundary	167	(1)
4-10 Capacitance	168	(4)
4-11 Electrostatic Potential Energy	172	(1)
4-12 Image Method	173	(3)
Problems	176	(10)
5 MAGNETOSTATICS	186	(43)
5-1 Magnetic Forces and Torques	187	(8)
5-1.1 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor	189	(3)
5-1.2 Magnetic Torque on a Current-Carrying Loop	192	(3)
5-2 The Biot--Savart Law	195	(5)
5-2.1 Magnetic Field due to Surface and Volume Current Distributions	196	(3)
5-2.2 Magnetic Field of a Magnetic Dipole	199	(1)
5-3 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors	200	(1)
5-4 Maxwell's Magnetostatic Equations	201	(5)
5-4.1 Gauss's Law for Magnetism	201	(1)
5-4.2 Amphere's Law	202	(4)
5-5 Vector Magnetic Potential	206	(2)
5-6 Magnetic Properties of Materials	208	(5)
5-6.1 Orbital and Spin Magnetic Moments	208	(1)
5-6.2 Magnetic Permeability	209	(1)
5-6.3 Magnetic Hysteresis of Ferromagnetic Materials	210	(3)
5-7 Magnetic Boundary Conditions	213	(1)
5-8 Inductance	214	(5)
5-8.1 Magnetic Field in a Solenoid	215	(1)
5-8.2 Self-inductance	216	(2)
5-8.3 Mutual Inductance	218	(1)
5-9 Magnetic Energy	219	(2)
Problems	221	(8)
6 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS FOR TIME-VARYING FIELDS	229	(31)
6-1 Faraday's Law	231	(2)
6-2 Stationary Loop in a Time-Varying Magnetic Field	233	(4)
6-3 The Ideal Transformer	237	(1)
6-4 Moving Conductor in a Static Magnetic Field	238	(3)
6-5 The Electromagnetic Generator	241	(2)
6-6 Moving Conductor in a Time-Varying Magnetic Field	243	(1)
6-7 Displacement Current	244	(2)
6-8 Boundary Conditions for Electromagnetics	246	(1)
6-9 Charge-Current Continuity Relation	247	(2)
6-10 Free-Charge Dissipation in a Conductor	249	(1)
6-11 Electromagnetic Potentials	250	(5)
6-11.1 Retarded Potentials	250	(1)
6-11.2 Time-Harmonic Potentials	251	(4)
Problems	255	(5)
7 PLANE-WAVE PROPAGATION	260	(32)
7-1 Time-Harmonic Fields	262	(2)
7-1.1 Complex Permittivity	263	(1)
7-1.2 Wave Equations for a Charge-Free Medium	263	(1)
7-2 Plane-Wave Propagation in Lossless Media	264	(5)
7-2.1 Uniform Plane Waves	264	(4)
7-2.2 General Relation between E and H	268	(1)
7-3 Wave Polarization	269	(7)
7-3.1 Linear Polarization	270	(1)
7-3.2 Circular Polarization	271	(2)
7-3.3 Elliptical Polarization	273	(3)
7-4 Plane-Wave Propagation in Lossy Media	276	(4)
7-4.1 Low-Loss Dielectric	278	(1)
7-4.2 Good Conductor	278	(2)
7-5 Current Flow in a Good Conductor	280	(3)
7-6 Electromagnetic Power Density	283	(5)
7-6.1 Plane Wave in a Lossless Medium	284	(1)
7-6.2 Plane Wave in a Lossy Medium	285	(1)
7-6.3 Decibel Scale for Power Ratios	286	(2)
Problems	288	(4)
8 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION, AND GEOMETRIC OPTICS	292	(48)
8-1 Wave Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence	294	(9)
8-1.1 Boundary between Lossless Media	294	(3)
8-1.2 Transmission-Line Analogue	297	(1)
8-1.3 Power Flow in Lossless Media	298	(3)
8-1.4 Boundary between Lossy Media	301	(2)
8-2 Snell's Laws	303	(3)
8-3 Fiber Optics	306	(2)
8-4 Wave Reflection and Transmission at Oblique Incidence	308	(8)
8-4.1 Perpendicular Polarization	309	(4)
8-4.2 Parallel Polarization	313	(2)
8-4.3 Brewster Angle	315	(1)
8-5 Reflectivity and Transmissivity	316	(3)
8-6 Geometric Optics	319	(1)
8-7 Images Formed by Mirrors	320	(4)
8-7.1 Images Formed by Plane Mirrors	321	(1)
8-7.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors	322	(2)
8-8 Images Formed by Spherical Lenses	324	(8)
Problems	332	(8)
9 RADIATION AND ANTENNAS	340	(50)
9-1 The Short Dipole	343	(5)
9-1.1 Far-Field Approximation	345	(1)
9-2.2 Power Density	346	(2)
9-2 Antenna Radiation Characteristics	348	(7)
9-2.1 Antenna Pattern	349	(2)
9-2.2 Beam Dimensions	351	(1)
9-2.3 Antenna Directivity	351	(3)
9-2.4 Antenna Gain	354	(1)
9-2.5 Radiation Resistance	354	(1)
9-3 Half-Wave Dipole Antenna	355	(4)
9-3.1 Directivity of Lambda/2 Dipole	357	(1)
9-3.2 Radiation Resistance of Lambda/2 Dipole	357	(1)
9-3.3 Quarter-Wave Monopole Antenna	358	(1)
9-4 Dipole of Arbitrary Length	359	(1)
9-5 Effective Area of a Receiving Antenna	360	(3)
9-6 Friis Transmission Formula	363	(2)
9-7 Radiation by Large-Aperture Antennas	365	(3)
9-8 Rectangular Aperture with Uniform Aperture Distribution	368	(3)
9-8.1 Beamwidth	369	(1)
9-8.2 Directivity and Effective Area	370	(1)
9-9 Antenna Arrays	371	(7)
9-10 N-Element Array with Uniform Phase Distribution	378	(2)
9-11 Electronic Scanning of Arrays	380	(6)
9-11.1 Uniform-Amplitude Excitation	382	(1)
9-11.2 Array Feeding	382	(4)
Problems	386	(4)
10 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SENSORS	390	(21)
10-1 Satellite Communication Systems	391	(2)
10-2 Satellite Transponders	393	(3)
10-3 Communication-Link Power Budget	396	(2)
10-4 Antenna Beams	398	(1)
10-5 Radar Sensors	399	(3)
10-5.1 Basic Operation of a Radar System	399	(1)
10-5.2 Unambiguous Range	400	(1)
10-5.3 Range and Angular Resolutions	401	(1)
10-6 Target Detection	402	(2)
10-7 Doppler Radar	404	(2)
10-8 Monopulse Radar	406	(4)
Problems	410	(1)
APPENDIX A SYMBOLS, QUANTITIES, AND UNITS	411	(2)
APPENDIX B MATERIAL CONSTANTS OF SOME COMMON MATERIALS	413	(2)
APPENDIX C MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS	415	(2)
APPENDIX D ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS	417	(6)
BIBLIOGRAPHY	423	(2)
INDEX	425