Guide to Nursing Management and Leadership

by Marriner-Tomey, Ann

• ISBN13: 9780323010665
• ISBN10: 0323010660
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-04-01
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Health Science div

Summary

This well-respected text teaches nursing students about leadership and the management process and supplies the practicing nurse with practical information about nursing administration. In response to the dramatic changes in health care in recent years, this sixth edition expands both content and focus by discussing delegation, team development, cost containment, health care networks, mergers and acquisitions, community-based practice, and continuous quality improvement. It focuses on current trends that include technology, ethics, diversity, and managed care. (Includes a FREE MERLIN website at:www.harcourthealth.com/MERLIN/Marriner/guide/) Spanish version also available, ISBN: 84-8174-526-X

Table of Contents

PART ONE Leadership	1	(172)
Communications	2	(23)
Chapter Objectives	2	(1)
Chapter Overview	3	(1)
Major Concepts and Definitions	3	(19)
Communication Process	3	(1)
Basic Communication Skills	4	(1)
Communication Principles	5	(1)
Methods of Communication	5	(1)
Use of Computers for Communication	6	(1)
Communication Systems	6	(1)
Downward Communication	7	(1)
Upward Communication	8	(1)
Lateral Communication	8	(1)
Diagonal Communication	8	(1)
The Grapevine	9	(1)
Barriers to Communication	9	(1)
Gender Differences	10	(1)
Cultural Differences	11	(1)
Improving Communication	11	(2)
Jahari Window	13	(1)
Communicating With Difficult People	13	(2)
Assertiveness	15	(1)
Barriers to Assertiveness	15	(1)
Transactional Analysis	16	(1)
Ego States	16	(1)
Transactions	17	(1)
Game Playing	18	(2)
Life Positions	20	(1)
Assertive Techniques	20	(2)
Chapter Summary	22	(1)
References	23	(1)
Bibliography	23	(1)
Case Studies	24	(1)
Stress Management	25	(26)
Chapter Objectives	25	(1)
Chapter Overview	26	(1)
Major Concepts and Definitions	26	(21)
Stress Management	26	(1)
Sources of Stress	26	(1)
Stress Response	27	(1)
Symptoms of Stress	27	(1)
Stress Control	27	(5)
Relaxation	32	(3)
Enhancing Self-Esteem	35	(1)
Support Groups	35	(1)
Time Management	35	(1)
Personal Time Management	35	(1)
Maximize Managerial Time	36	(1)
Inventory Activities	36	(1)
Set Goals	37	(1)
Plan Strategies	37	(1)
Plan Schedule	37	(1)
Say No	38	(1)
Use Transition Times	38	(1)
Accelerate Learning	38	(1)
Improve Reading	38	(1)
Improve Memory	38	(1)
Critical Thinking	39	(1)
Streamline Paperwork	39	(1)
Use Computers for Time Management	40	(1)
Use Telephone Calls	40	(1)
Schedule Office Visits	41	(1)
Control Visit Time	41	(1)
Use Meetings Effectively	41	(1)
Delegation	41	(4)
Procrastination	45	(1)
Reasons for Procrastination	45	(1)
Techniques to Stop Procrastination	46	(1)
Maximize Organization Time	46	(1)
Plan	46	(1)
Organize	46	(1)
Staff	47	(1)
Direct	47	(1)
Control	47	(1)
Chapter Summary	47	(1)
References	48	(1)
Bibliography	48	(2)
Case Studies	50	(1)
Decision-Making Process and Tools	51	(24)
Chapter Objectives	51	(1)
Chapter Overview	52	(1)
Major Concepts and Definitions	52	(20)
Decision-Making Process	52	(1)
Identify the Problem and Analyze the Situation	53	(1)
Explore the Alternatives	53	(1)
Choose the Most Desirable Alternative	54	(1)
Implement the Decision	54	(1)
Evaluate the Results	54	(1)
Critical Thinking	54	(1)
Purpose or Goal	54	(1)
Central Problem or Question at Issue	54	(1)
Point of View or Frame of Reference	55	(1)
Empirical Dimension	55	(1)
Conceptual Dimension	55	(1)
Assumptions	55	(1)
Implications and Consequences	55	(1)
Inference and Conclusions	55	(1)
Creative Decision Making	56	(1)
The Creative Process	56	(1)
Encouraging Creativity	56	(3)
Developing Creative Thinking Attitudes	59	(1)
Blocks to Creativity	59	(1)
Consultation	59	(1)
Ethical Aspects of Decision Making	60	(1)
Ethical Theories	60	(1)
Ethical Principles	61	(1)
Ethical Positions	61	(1)
Ethical Relationships	61	(1)
Moral Reasoning	62	(1)
Ethics Committees	62	(1)
Decision-Making Tools	63	(1)
Probability Theory	63	(1)
Simulation, Models, and Games	63	(1)
Gantt Chart	64	(1)
Decision Trees	65	(1)
Program Evaluation and Review Technique	65	(1)
Critical Path Method	66	(1)
Queuing Theory	67	(1)
Linear Programming	67	(1)
Advantages and Limitations of Quantitative Tools for Decision Making	68	(1)
Computers	68	(4)
Chapter Summary	72	(1)
References	73	(1)
Bibliography	73	(1)
Case Studies	74	(1)
Motivation and Morale	75	(14)
Chapter Objectives	75	(1)
Chapter Overview	76	(1)
Major Concepts and Definitions	76	(11)
Motivation	76	(1)
Taylor's Monistic Theory	76	(1)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs	76	(1)
Alderfer's Modified Need Hierarchy	77	(1)
McClelland's Basic Needs Theory	78	(1)
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory or Two-Factor Theory	78	(1)
Argyris's Psychological Energy Theory	79	(1)
Vroom's Expectancy Theory	80	(1)
Skinner's Positive Reinforcement Theory	80	(1)
Equity Theory	81	(1)
Intrinsic Motivation	81	(1)
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y	82	(1)
Likert's Participative Management Theory	82	(1)
Theory Z	82	(1)
Historical Development of Motivation Theory	83	(1)
Morale	84	(1)
Burnout	85	(1)
Job Satisfaction	86	(1)
Chapter Summary	87	(1)
References	87	(1)
Bibliography	87	(1)
Case Study	88	(1)
Power, Politics, Negotiations, and Labor Relations	89	(29)
Chapter Objectives	89	(1)
Chapter Overview	90	(1)
Major Concepts and Definitions	90	(25)
Power, Authority, and Politics	90	(1)
Sources of Power	90	(1)
Sources of Personal Power	91	(1)
Sources of Interpersonal Power	91	(1)
Sources of Position Power	91	(1)
Informal Sources of Power	92	(1)
Power Relations	93	(1)
Kinds of Power	93	(1)
Authority	94	(1)
Power and Gender	94	(1)
Empowerment	94	(2)
Empowered Delegation	96	(1)
Politics	97	(3)
Negotiation	100	(3)
Negotiation Process	103	(2)
Labor Relations	105	(1)
Why Employees Join Unions	105	(1)
Labor Law	105	(3)
Unionization	108	(1)
Organizing Phase	108	(1)
Recognition Phase	109	(1)
Contract Negotiation Phase	110	(1)
Contract Administration	111	(1)
Decertification	112	(2)
Strikes	114	(1)
Types of Strikes	114	(1)
Nurse Managers' Role in Collective Bargaining	114	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Collective Bargaining	114	(1)
Chapter Summary	115	(1)
References	115	(1)
Bibliography	116	(1)
Case Studies	117	(1)
Conflict Management	118	(19)
Chapter Objectives	118	(1)
Chapter Overview	119	(1)
Major Concepts and Definitions	119	(16)
Conflict Theory	119	(1)
Sources of Conflict	119	(1)
Types of Conflict	120	(2)
Reactions to Conflict	122	(1)
Escalation-of-Conflict Tactics	123	(1)
Stages of Conflict	124	(1)
Conflict Management	124	(1)
Approaches to Managing Conflict	124	(1)
Deescalation-of-Conflict Tactics	125	(1)
Strategies for Management of Conflict	126	(1)
Intrapersonal Conflict	126	(1)
Interpersonal Conflict	127	(2)
Group Conflict	129	(4)
Intergroup Conflict	133	(1)
Organizational Conflict	134	(1)
Prevention of Conflict	135	(1)
Chapter Summary	135	(1)
References	135	(1)
Bibliography	135	(1)
Case Study	136	(1)
Theories of Leadership	137	(36)
Chapter Objectives	137	(1)
Chapter Overview	138	(1)
Major Concepts and Definitions	138	(28)
Theories of Leadership	138	(1)
Great Man Theory	138	(1)
Charismatic Theory	139	(1)
Trait Theory	139	(2)
Situational Theory	141	(1)
Contingency Theory	141	(2)
Path-Goal Theory	143	(1)
Situational Leadership Theory	144	(1)
Transactional Leadership	145	(1)
Transformational Leadership	145	(1)
Integrative Leadership Model	146	(1)
Development of Management Thought	146	(1)
Scientific Management	146	(2)
Classic Organization	148	(1)
Human Relations	149	(1)
Behavioral Science	150	(7)
Transformational Leadership	157	(2)
Learning Organizations	159	(1)
Diversity Among Leaders	160	(1)
Diversity	160	(5)
Followership	165	(1)
Implications for Nursing Administration	166	(1)
Chapter Summary	166	(1)
References	167	(3)
Bibliography	170	(2)
Case Studies	172	(1)
PART TWO Management	173	(250)
Strategic and Operational Planning	174	(20)
Chapter Objectives	174	(1)
Chapter Overview	175	(1)
Major Concepts and Definitions	175	(17)
Planning Process	175	(1)
History of Strategic Planning	175	(1)
Purpose of Strategic Planning	176	(1)
Strategic Planning Process	176	(2)
Vision	178	(1)
Values	178	(1)
Purpose or Mission Statement	178	(1)
Philosophy	179	(1)
Goals and Objectives	180	(1)
Policies	181	(3)
Procedures	184	(8)
Chapter Summary	192	(1)
References	192	(1)
Bibliography	193	(1)
Case Study	193	(1)
Financial Management, Cost Containment, and Marketing	194	(36)
Chapter Objectives	194	(1)
Chapter Overview	195	(1)
Major Concepts and Definitions	195	(30)
History of Health Care Financing	196	(2)
Budgetary Leadership and Management	198	(1)
Budgets	198	(1)
Prerequisites to Budgeting	199	(1)
Applied Economics	199	(1)
Accounting	200	(1)
Types of Budgets	201	(1)
Operating, or Revenue-and-Expense, Budgets	201	(1)
Personnel Budgets	201	(1)
Capital Expenditure Budgets	201	(1)
Cash Budgets	202	(1)
Flexible Budgets	202	(1)
Zero-Based Budgeting	203	(1)
Periodic Budgetary Review	203	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages	203	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Flexible Budgets	203	(1)
Advantages of Budgeting	204	(1)
Disadvantages of Budgeting	204	(1)
Budgeting Process	204	(1)
Cost Containment	205	(1)
Cost Awareness	205	(1)
Cost Fairs	205	(1)
Cost Monitoring	205	(1)
Cost Management	205	(1)
Cost Incentives	205	(1)
Cost Avoidance	205	(1)
Cost Reduction	206	(1)
Cost Control	207	(1)
Cost-Effectiveness and Cost-Benefit Analysis	207	(2)
Strategic Cost Decisions	209	(1)
Costing out Nursing Services	210	(1)
Personal Finances	211	(1)
Assess Personal Finances	211	(1)
Money Makes Money	211	(1)
Financial Goals	211	(1)
Investment Strategies	212	(1)
Marketing	212	(1)
Social Marketing	213	(1)
Trends in Marketing	213	(1)
Popcorn and Marigold's Cultural Trends	213	(2)
Leadership and Management of Strategic Planning for Marketing	215	(1)
Market Research	215	(1)
Marketing Concepts	216	(2)
Marketing Process	218	(7)
Implementation	225	(1)
Chapter Summary	225	(1)
References	226	(1)
Bibliography	227	(2)
Case Studies	229	(1)
Organizational Concepts and Structures	230	(32)
Chapter Objectives	230	(1)
Chapter Overview	231	(1)
Major Concepts and Definitions	231	(28)
Factors Affecting Organizational Structures	231	(1)
Organizational Charts	232	(4)
Chain of Command	236	(1)
Centrality	236	(1)
Unity of Command	236	(1)
Authority	236	(1)
Responsibility	236	(1)
Accountability	236	(1)
Span of Management	236	(2)
Levels of Management	238	(1)
Flat Versus Tall Structures	238	(1)
Decentralization Versus Centralization	239	(3)
Line-Staff Relationships	242	(1)
Line-Staff Conflict	243	(1)
Improving Line-Staff Relationships	244	(1)
Organizational Structure	244	(1)
Formal	244	(1)
Informal	244	(1)
Principles of Organization	245	(1)
Bureaucratic Structure	246	(1)
Line and Staff Structure	247	(1)
Functionalized Line and Staff Structure	248	(1)
Adhocracy Organizational Models	248	(11)
Chapter Summary	259	(1)
References	260	(1)
Bibliography	260	(1)
Case Studies	261	(1)
Organizational Culture and Change	262	(27)
Chapter Objectives	262	(1)
Chapter Overview	263	(1)
Major Concepts and Definitions	263	(22)
Culture of Individuals	263	(1)
Values	263	(1)
Attitudes	264	(1)
Perceptions	264	(1)
Cognitive Styles	264	(1)
Attitudes Toward Change	264	(1)
Interpersonal Needs	265	(1)
Personality	265	(1)
Roles	265	(1)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator	266	(1)
Diversity	266	(2)
Management of Cultural Diversity	268	(1)
Organizational Culture	269	(1)
Types of Cultures	270	(1)
Integrated or Differentiated Frames of Reference	270	(1)
Management of Change	271	(1)
Forces That Influence Change	271	(1)
Strategies for Effecting Change	271	(2)
Process of Change	273	(1)
Types of Change	274	(1)
Role of the Manager as Change Agent	275	(1)
Force-Field Analysis	276	(1)
Cultural Change in Organizations	277	(2)
Organizational Development	279	(1)
Behavioral Aspects of Organizational Change	280	(1)
Resistance to Change	281	(1)
Types of Organizational Change	282	(1)
Planning for Change	282	(2)
Strategies for Organizational Change	284	(1)
Chapter Summary	285	(1)
References	286	(1)
Bibliography	287	(1)
Case Studies	288	(1)
Selection and Development of Personnel	289	(37)
Chapter Objectives	289	(1)
Chapter Overview	290	(1)
Major Concepts and Definitions	290	(32)
Selection of Personnel	290	(1)
Recruitment and Retention	291	(2)
Screening of Potential Staff	293	(4)
Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action	297	(3)
Cultural Diversity	300	(1)
Americans With Disabilities Act	301	(1)
Job Redesign	301	(1)
Job Analysis	301	(1)
Job Evaluation	302	(2)
Job Design	304	(1)
Job Simplification	304	(1)
Job Rotation	304	(1)
Job Enrichment	305	(1)
Job Descriptions	305	(1)
Career Ladders	305	(4)
Orientation	309	(3)
Staff Development	312	(1)
Preceptorship	312	(1)
Mentorship	313	(1)
Career Planning	314	(1)
Choosing a Field of Nursing	314	(1)
Locating Job Openings	314	(1)
Resume	314	(1)
Career Mapping	315	(1)
Group Process	316	(2)
Team Development	318	(4)
Chapter Summary	322	(1)
References	323	(1)
Bibliography	324	(1)
Case Studies	325	(1)
Staffing and Scheduling	326	(27)
Chapter Objectives	326	(1)
Chapter Overview	327	(1)
Major Concepts and Definitions	327	(23)
Assignment Systems for Staffing	327	(1)
Case Method	328	(1)
Functional Nursing	328	(1)
Team Nursing	328	(3)
Modular, or District, Nursing	331	(1)
Primary Nursing	331	(1)
Case Management	332	(1)
Collaborative Practice	332	(1)
Managed Care	333	(1)
Differentiated Practice	334	(1)
Level of Staff	334	(1)
Staffing Schedules	335	(1)
Centralized Scheduling	335	(1)
Decentralized Staffing	336	(1)
Self-Scheduling	337	(1)
Alternating or Rotating Work Shifts	337	(2)
Permanent Shifts	339	(1)
Block, or Cyclical, Scheduling	340	(1)
Variable Staffing	340	(1)
Eight-Hour Shift, Five-Day Workweek	340	(1)
Ten-Hour Day, Four-Day Workweek	340	(1)
Ten-Hour Day Plus Five- or Six-Hour Shift	341	(1)
Ten-Hour Shift, Seven-Day Workweek	342	(1)
Twelve-Hour Shift, Seven-Day Workweek	342	(1)
Baylor Plan---Weekend Alternative	343	(1)
Variables Affecting Staffing	343	(1)
Staffing Studies	344	(1)
Patient Classification Systems	344	(1)
Time Standards	344	(1)
Staffing Formulas	345	(2)
Staffing to Meet Fluctuating Needs	347	(1)
Reductions in Force	348	(2)
Chapter Summary	350	(1)
References	350	(1)
Bibliography	351	(1)
Case Studies	352	(1)
Evaluation and Discipline of Personnel	353	(28)
Chapter Objectives	353	(1)
Chapter Overview	354	(1)
Major Concepts and Definitions	354	(24)
Purposes	355	(1)
Common Errors in Evaluation	355	(1)
Methods of Performance Management	356	(1)
Anecdotal Notes	356	(1)
Checklists	356	(1)
Rating Scales	356	(3)
Ranking	359	(1)
Management by Objectives	359	(2)
Self-Appraisal	361	(1)
Peer Review	361	(1)
Customer or Subordinate Evaluation	362	(1)
360 Degree Feedback	362	(1)
Appraisal Interview	362	(2)
Appraisal Reports	364	(1)
Legal Implications for Performance Appraisals	365	(1)
Discipline of Personnel	365	(1)
Need for Discipline	365	(1)
Principles of Disciplinary Action	366	(1)
Penalties	367	(1)
Components of a Disciplinary Action Program	367	(1)
Discipline Without Punishment	368	(1)
Modification of Employee Behavior	368	(1)
Reinforcement	369	(1)
Shaping	369	(1)
Extinction	369	(1)
Punishment	369	(1)
Behavior Modification for the Employee With a Performance Problem	370	(2)
Problem Employees	372	(1)
Substance Abusers	372	(2)
Angry or Withdrawn Employees	374	(1)
Decreased Productivity	374	(1)
Absenteeism	374	(1)
Terminating Employees	375	(1)
Employee Counseling	375	(1)
Outplacement Counseling	376	(2)
Chapter Summary	378	(1)
References	379	(1)
Bibliography	379	(1)
Case Studies	380	(1)
Continuous Quality Improvement, Risk Management, and Program Evaluation	381	(42)
Chapter Objectives	381	(1)
Chapter Overview	382	(1)
Major Concepts and Definitions	382	(36)
History of Continuous Quality Improvement	382	(2)
Quality Management Heroes	384	(3)
Continuous Quality Improvement	387	(1)
Tools and Processes for Continuous Quality Improvement	388	(8)
Program Evaluation	396	(1)
Calendar of Events	396	(1)
Committee Selection and Functions	396	(1)
Conceptual Framework	396	(1)
Review of the Literature	397	(1)
Program Evaluation Model	397	(1)
Instrument Development	397	(1)
Sources of Internal and External Invalidity	398	(2)
Research Designs	400	(3)
Methods of Data Collection	403	(1)
Sampling	404	(1)
Analysis of Data	405	(1)
History of Regulatory Influences and Changing Regulations	405	(2)
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations	407	(5)
Outcome and Assessment Information Set	412	(1)
Risk Management	412	(1)
Customer Satisfaction	413	(1)
Safety and Security	413	(1)
National Safety Council	413	(1)
Occupational Safety and Health Act	413	(2)
Liability Control	415	(2)
Testifying	417	(1)
Expert Witnesses	418	(1)
Chapter Summary	418	(1)
References	419	(2)
Bibliography	421	(1)
Case Study	422	(1)
Appendix	423	(2)
Index	425	(44)
Critical Thinking Activities	469