Hartmann's Plant Science : Growth, Development, and Utilization of Cultivated Plants

by McMahon, Margaret E.; Kofranek, Anton M.; Rubatzky, Vincent E.

• ISBN13: 9780131140752
• ISBN10: 0131140752
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Written by some of the most respected innovators in the field, this comprehensive text takes an in-depth look at the environmental, cultural and social factors that influence how plants are grown and used worldwide. The newest edition cites the most recent statistics, production methods and issues concerning the production and utilization of plants. It offers several web-based resources including a free companion website with practice questions andonline crop fact sheets that give information at a local level. Along with information on climate and environment, it also explores plantsrs" tremendous economic impact in both developed and developing nations. Introduces the basics of plant science including the ecosystem; climate; managing soil, water and fertility; and pest management. Examines plant structure, chemistry, growth and development; genetics and biodiversity and their relationship to crop growing and utilization systems. Covers multiple crop types and growth settings including nursery, landscape and greenhouse. Also discusses how crops are preserved, transported and marketed.For anyone interested in how plants are cultivated and utilized.

Table of Contents

Environmental, Cultural, and Social Factors That Influence the Cultivation and Utilization of Plants	p. 1
History, Trends, Issues, and Challenges in Plant Science	p. 3
Key Learning Concepts	p. 3
History	p. 3
Trends and Issues Affecting Plant Science	p. 4
Background	p. 4
Domestic Trends and Issues	p. 5
Global Trends and Issues	p. 6
Research	p. 8
Benefits from Cultivated Plants	p. 10
Wood and Wood Products from Timber Trees	p. 10
Textiles from Fiber-Producing Crops	p. 11
Drugs and Medicines	p. 11
Plants for Ornamental and Recreational Purposes	p. 11
Meeting the Challenges in Plant Science	p. 11
Change Through Scientific Inquiry	p. 13
Hypothesis	p. 13
Experiments	p. 13
Data Interpretation	p. 16
Summary and Review	p. 17
Food for Thought	p. 17
Supplementary Reading	p. 17
Terrestrial Ecosystems	p. 18
Key Learning Concepts	p. 18
Ecosystem Components	p. 18
The Biomes	p. 21
Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems	p. 25
Succession	p. 26
Summary and Review	p. 27
Food for Thought	p. 27
Supplementary Reading	p. 27
Human Impact on Ecosystems	p. 28
Key Learning Concepts	p. 28
Introduction	p. 28
Human Footprint	p. 29
Plants for Human Use	p. 30
Nutrition	p. 30
Forage, Fiber, and Fuel	p. 33
Ornamental and Recreational Uses	p. 34
Summary and Review	p. 35
Food for Thought	p. 36
Supplementary Reading	p. 36
Climate-Solar Radiation and Moisture Availability	p. 37
Key Learning Concepts	p. 37
Climate	p. 37
Solar Radiation	p. 38
Artificial Light	p. 40
Moisture Availability	p. 40
Summary and Review	p. 43
Food for Thought	p. 44
Supplementary Reading	p. 44
Climate-Temperature, Air Movement, and Composition	p. 45
Key Learning Concepts	p. 45
Temperature	p. 46
Air Movement and Composition	p. 49
Atmospheric Composition	p. 50
Summary and Review	p. 52
Food for Thought	p. 52
Supplementary Reading	p. 52
Soil and Managing Soil, Soil Water, and Fertility	p. 53
Key Learning Concepts	p. 53
Definition of Soil	p. 54
Kinds of Rocks	p. 54
Factors Involved in Soil Formation	p. 54
Parent Material	p. 54
Climate	p. 56
Biology	p. 56
Topography	p. 57
Time	p. 57
Physical Properties of Soil	p. 57
Soil Texture	p. 57
Soil Structure	p. 60
Chemical Properties of Soil	p. 63
Effect of Climate	p. 63
Cation Exchange Capacity	p. 64
Soil Acidity and Alkalinity	p. 65
Saline and Sodic Soils	p. 66
Soil Organisms	p. 66
Soil Organic Matter	p. 67
Carbon: Nitrogen Ratio	p. 67
Soil Degradation	p. 68
Soil Improvement	p. 69
Land Preparation	p. 69
Plowing	p. 70
Disking	p. 71
Harrowing	p. 71
Listing and Ridging	p. 72
Cultivation	p. 72
Deep Tillage	p. 73
Conservation Tillage Systems	p. 73
Land Leveling	p. 74
Soil Fumigation	p. 74
Artificial Soils	p. 75
Soil Conservation	p. 75
Extent of Erosion	p. 76
Factors Affecting Erosion	p. 77
Methods of Conservation	p. 77
Wind Erosion	p. 78
Water Management	p. 79
Water Quality	p. 79
Saline Water and Salinity	p. 79
Permeability	p. 79
Toxicity	p. 80
Other Related Problems	p. 80
Irrigation	p. 80
Methods of Application	p. 80
Fertility Management	p. 84
Primary Nutrients	p. 86
Secondary Nutrients	p. 91
Micronutrients	p. 91
Chelating Agents	p. 93
Summary and Review	p. 93
Food for Thought	p. 94
Supplementary Reading	p. 94
Integrated Management of Weeds, Insects, and Diseases	p. 95
Key Learning Concepts	p. 95
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)	p. 96
Genetic Host Resistance	p. 97
Cultural Practices	p. 97
Chemical Applications	p. 98
Biological Control	p. 99
Government Regulatory Measures	p. 99
Weeds	p. 100
Weed Biology and Ecology	p. 100
Classification	p. 101
Competition	p. 104
Reproduction	p. 104
Genetics	p. 106
Ecology	p. 106
Weed Management	p. 106
Preventive Weed Control	p. 106
Mechanical Weed Control	p. 107
Cultural Weed Control	p. 107
Biological Weed Control	p. 108
Weed Control in Organic Crop Production Systems	p. 108
Chemical Weed Control	p. 109
Insects and Mites	p. 110
Insects and Their Relatives	p. 112
Insect and Mite Pest Management	p. 113
Insecticides Classified by Chemistry	p. 116
Important Insect Pests of Agricultural Crops and Plant Products	p. 117
Rodents and Vertebrate Wildlife	p. 119
Plant Diseases	p. 120
Disease Signs and Symptoms	p. 121
Classification of Infectious Plant Diseases	p. 122
Practical Tips for Diagnosing Plant Diseases	p. 132
The Safe Use of Agricultural Chemicals-Herbicides, Insecticides, Fungicides, Miticides, and Nematicides	p. 133
Pesticide Effects on the Environment	p. 134
Effects on Wildlife	p. 135
Summary and Review	p. 135
Food for Thought	p. 136
Supplemental Reading	p. 136
Plant Structure, Chemistry, Growth and Development, Genetics, and Biodiversity	p. 137
Structure of Higher Plants	p. 139
Key Learning Concepts	p. 139
The Life Cycle of a Corn Plant (A Monocot)	p. 140
The Life Cycle of a Bean Plant (A Dicot)	p. 141
The Cell	p. 142
Cell Structure	p. 142
The Protoplast	p. 142
The Cell Wall	p. 143
Plant Tissues	p. 143
Meristematic Tissues	p. 144
Permanent Tissues	p. 146
The Plant Body	p. 148
Roots	p. 149
The Procambium Layer	p. 150
Stems	p. 152
Stem Forms	p. 156
Leaves	p. 157
Buds	p. 160
Flowers	p. 160
Fruits	p. 163
Seeds	p. 165
Summary and Review	p. 165
Food for Thought	p. 166
Supplementary Reading	p. 166
Stages of Growth and Development	p. 167
Key Learning Concepts	p. 167
Vegetative Growth and Development	p. 167
Shoot and Root Systems	p. 167
Definitions and Measurements	p. 168
Shoot Growth Patterns: Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials	p. 168
Root Growth Patterns	p. 170
How the Plant Grows	p. 171
Phase Change: Juvenility, Maturaition, Senescence	p. 177
Reproductive Growth and Development	p. 179
Flower Induction and Initiation	p. 179
Flower Development	p. 182
Pollination	p. 182
Fertilization	p. 184
Fruit Setting	p. 184
Fruit Growth and Development	p. 185
Plant Growth Regulators	p. 186
Auxins	p. 186
Gibberellins (GAs)	p. 188
Cytokinins	p. 190
Ethylene	p. 190
Abscisic Acid (ABA)	p. 192
Additional Hormones or Hormone Classes	p. 192
Synthetic Growth Retardants	p. 192
Summary and Review	p. 193
Food for Thought	p. 194
Supplementary Reading	p. 194
Plant Chemistry and Metabolism	p. 195
Key Learning Concepts	p. 195
Introduction	p. 195
Carbohydrates	p. 195
Lipids	p. 197
Proteins	p. 199
Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids	p. 202
Secondary Products	p. 203
Alkaloids	p. 203
Phenolics	p. 204
Terpenoids	p. 204
Summary and Review	p. 205
Food for Thought	p. 206
Supplementary Reading	p. 206
Photosynthesis and Respiration	p. 207
Key Learning Concepts	p. 207
Introduction	p. 207
Photosynthesis: Light Energy to Reducing Power	p. 208
Photosynthesis: Carbon Dioxide to Carbohydrate	p. 212
Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis in Higher Plants	p. 214
Light Quality	p. 214
Light Intensity	p. 214
Carbon Dioxide	p. 215
Heat	p. 215
Water	p. 216
Different Photosynthetic Mechanisms	p. 216
Plant Development and the Source-Sink Relationship	p. 216
Respiration	p. 217
Summary and Review	p. 220
Food for Thought	p. 221
Supplementary Reading	p. 221
Soil and Plant Water Relations	p. 222
Key Learning Concepts	p. 222
Water	p. 222
Uses in Plants	p. 222
Characteristics	p. 222
Soil Water	p. 223
Availability	p. 223
Water Movement and Retention in Soil	p. 223
Plant Water	p. 227
Absorption and Conduction of Water	p. 227
Absorption and Transport of Mineral Nutrients	p. 228
Translocation of Sugars	p. 229
Summary and Review	p. 230
Food for Thought	p. 230
Supplementary Reading	p. 230
Plant Nutrients	p. 231
Key Learning Concepts	p. 231
How Do Plants Absorb Nutrients from the Soil?	p. 231
Elements That Plants Need for Growth and Reproduction	p. 233
Nitrogen	p. 234
Phosphorus	p. 235
Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium	p. 237
Minor Elements	p. 238
Nutrient Deficiencies	p. 239
Remobilization	p. 239
Summary and Review	p. 240
Food for Thought	p. 241
Supplementary Reading	p. 241
Genetics and Propagation	p. 242
Key Learning Concepts	p. 242
Basic Genetic Concepts in Plant Science	p. 242
Chromosomes	p. 242
Genes	p. 243
Homologous Chromosomes	p. 244
Mitosis	p. 244
Meiosis and Fertilization	p. 245
Mutations	p. 245
Polyploidy	p. 245
Cytoplasmic Inheritance	p. 245
Genotype and Phenotype	p. 245
Propagation of Plants	p. 248
Sexual Propagation	p. 251
Seed Production	p. 251
Seed Formation	p. 251
Seed Storage and Viability Testing	p. 252
Seed Dormancy	p. 253
Seed Germination	p. 254
Vegetative Propagation	p. 257
Apomixis	p. 260
Disease Problems in Clones	p. 261
Propagation by Cuttings	p. 262
Propagation by Grafting and Budding	p. 265
Effect of Rootstock on Growth and Development of the Scion Cultivar	p. 270
Layering	p. 270
Other Plant Structures Providing Natural Propagation Methods	p. 272
Propagation Using Specialized Stems and Roots	p. 273
Micropropagation (Tissue Culture)	p. 274
Biotechnology	p. 276
Summary and Review	p. 276
Food for Thought	p. 277
Supplementary Reading	p. 277
Crop Biodiversity: Naming, Classifying, Origin, and Germplasm Preservation	p. 279
Key Learning Concepts	p. 279
Climatic and Related Classifications	p. 280
Common and Botanical Names	p. 281
Development of Botanical Classifications	p. 281
Scientific Classification	p. 281
Plant Identification and Nomenclature	p. 282
Subspecific Categories	p. 283
Botanical Variety	p. 283
Cultivar	p. 283
Group	p. 283
Family	p. 284
Plant Identification Key	p. 284
Origin of Cultivated Plants	p. 288
Domestication of Plants	p. 289
Methods of Plant Domestication	p. 289
Vegetative or Asexual Propagation Methods	p. 289
Seed or Sexual Propagation Methods	p. 292
Examples of Improvement in Some Important Crop Plants	p. 292
Grains and Vegetable Crops	p. 292
Fruit Crops	p. 295
Plant Improvement Programs	p. 296
Evolution and Darwinism	p. 296
Searching for and Maintaining New Germplasm	p. 298
International Conventions Relating to Plant Genetic Resources, Conservation, and Utilization	p. 298
Preservation of Desirable Germplasm	p. 299
Broadening the Base of Agricultural Production	p. 302
Summary and Review	p. 302
Food for Thought	p. 303
Supplementary Reading	p. 303
Crops: Their Production and Utilization Systems	p. 305
Field Crops Grown for Food, Fiber, Fuel, and Other Industrial Uses	p. 307
Key Learning Concepts	p. 307
Introduction	p. 307
Tillage	p. 308
Cropping Sequences	p. 308
Variety Selection	p. 309
Planting and Crop Establishment	p. 310
Planting Date	p. 311
Plant Population and Seeding Rate	p. 311
Plant Spacing Configuration	p. 312
Seeding Depth	p. 312
Water Management: Irrigation and Drainage	p. 313
Crop Nutrition	p. 313
Pest Management	p. 314
Weed Control	p. 314
Insect Control	p. 314
Disease Control	p. 314
Harvest and Storage	p. 316
Field Crops Grown for Food, Forage, Fiber, and Industrial Uses	p. 316
Food Crops	p. 316
Oil Crops	p. 324
Fiber Crops	p. 328
Summary and Review	p. 333
Food for Thought	p. 333
Supplementary Reading	p. 334
Forage Crops and Rangelands	p. 335
Key Learning Concepts	p. 335
Utilization of Forage Crops	p. 336
Forages in Confinement Systems	p. 336
Grazing	p. 336
Conserved Forage	p. 337
Integrated Systems (Crop Rotations with Cereals, Hay, or Livestock)	p. 339
Forage Quality	p. 339
Establishment	p. 340
Plant Diversity in Grasslands	p. 340
Symbiosis with Microorganisms	p. 341
Grassland Ecology	p. 344
Plant Dispersal and Propagation	p. 344
Sward Growth Dynamics	p. 344
Balance Between Species	p. 345
Nutrient Balances	p. 345
Other Uses of Grasslands	p. 345
Summary and Review	p. 346
Food for Thought	p. 347
Supplementary Reading	p. 347
Vegetable Production	p. 348
Key Learning Concepts	p. 348
Principles of Vegetable Production	p. 348
The Importance of Vegetable Production	p. 348
Overview of Vegetable Farms and Industries	p. 350
Characteristics of Vegetable Farming and Gardening Systems	p. 350
Markets for Commercially Grown Vegetables	p. 354
Steps in Vegetable Production	p. 354
Site Selection	p. 355
Site Preparation	p. 355
Variety Selection	p. 355
Planting	p. 355
Management During Crop Growth and Development	p. 355
Harvest	p. 355
Packaging and Post-Harvest Management	p. 355
Record Keeping and Maintenance and Repair of Facilities and Equipment	p. 355
Continuing Education	p. 355
Vegetable Crops Grown for Fruits and Seeds	p. 356
Vegetable Crops Grown for Flowers, Leaves, or Stems	p. 358
Vegetable Crops Grown for Underground Parts	p. 363
Summary and Review	p. 366
Food for Thought	p. 366
Supplementary Reading	p. 367
Temperate Fruit and Nut Crops	p. 368
Key Learning Concepts	p. 368
Site Selection	p. 369
Climate	p. 369
Land and Soil Characteristics	p. 370
Irrigation Water: Quality and Availability	p. 371
Market Availability and Marketing Strategies	p. 371
Costs in Establishing and Maintaining a Fruit or Nut Planting	p. 377
Understanding the Flowering and Fruiting Process	p. 378
Flower Initiation	p. 378
Rest and Chilling Requirements	p. 379
Location of Fruit Buds and Fruiting Structures	p. 381
Pollination and Pollenizers	p. 383
Insects and Pollination	p. 384
Choosing a Growing System	p. 384
Selecting Fruiting Cultivars and Rootstocks	p. 388
Activities Prior to Planting	p. 391
Planting and Culture	p. 392
Laying Out the Planting	p. 392
Planting the Crop	p. 392
An Introduction to the Care and Maintenance of a Fruit Planting	p. 394
Training and Pruning	p. 394
Reasons for Training and Pruning	p. 395
Physiological Responses to Pruning	p. 395
Training and Pruning Deciduous Fruit Trees	p. 397
Training and Pruning Grapevines	p. 399
Training and Pruning Cane Fruits	p. 402
Training and Pruning Bush Fruits	p. 404
Fruit Thinning	p. 404
Thinning Requirements	p. 406
Chemical Thinning	p. 406
Mechanical Thinning	p. 406
Fruit Maturation, Ripening, and Senescence	p. 407
Summary and Review	p. 409
Food for Thought	p. 410
Supplementary Reading	p. 410
Tropical and Subtropical Crops and Crop Production Systems	p. 411
Key Learning Concepts	p. 411
Climates of the Tropics and Subtropics	p. 412
Rainfall and Humidity	p. 413
Light and Temperature	p. 413
Climatic Regions	p. 414
Tropical Soils	p. 415
Important Soil Orders in the Tropics	p. 415
Cropping Systems	p. 416
Shifting Cultivation	p. 416
Fallow System	p. 418
Permanent Upland Cultivation	p. 418
Arable Irrigation Farming-Upland Cropping Systems	p. 418
Examples of Tropical Crop Production Systems	p. 418
Flooded Systems-Tropical Wet Rice	p. 418
Cereal-Based Systems of Semiarid West Africa	p. 419
Mixed Annual/Perennial Systems	p. 420
African Mixed Root Crop Systems	p. 420
Caribbean Mixed Root Crop Systems	p. 421
Comparisons Between Systems	p. 421
Perennial Crops	p. 422
Summary and Review	p. 438
Food for Thought	p. 439
Supplementary Reading	p. 439
Nursery Production	p. 441
Key Learning Concepts	p. 441
Site Selection and Analysis	p. 441
Nursery Field Production	p. 442
Nursery Container Production	p. 444
Pot-in-Pot Production	p. 445
Media Testing for Container-Grown Plants	p. 445
Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH	p. 446
Media Testing	p. 447
Nitrate Nitrogen Testing	p. 448
Fertilizers	p. 448
Summary and Review	p. 448
Food for Thought	p. 449
Supplementary Reading	p. 449
Landscape Plants: Evergreen Trees and Shrubs, Deciduous Trees and Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants	p. 450
Key Learning Concepts	p. 450
Introduction	p. 450
Environmental Factors Affecting Plant Selection	p. 452
Temperature	p. 452
Light	p. 453
Moisture	p. 454
Wind	p. 455
Soil	p. 455
Trees and Shrubs in the Landscape	p. 456
Choosing a Quality Tree or Shrub	p. 459
Correct Planting of Woody Trees and Shrubs	p. 459
Care of the Newly Purchased Tree	p. 459
The Native Soil	p. 459
Preparing the Hole and Planting	p. 460
Mulching the Soil Surface	p. 461
Tree Staking and Trunk Protection	p. 462
Fertilizing Trees After Planting	p. 462
Irrigation After Planting	p. 462
Tree Care During the First Year-A Summary	p. 463
Pruning Trees	p. 463
Pruning Methods	p. 465
Pruning Shrubs	p. 466
Flowering on One-Year-Old Wood	p. 468
Flowering on Current Year's Wood	p. 468
Pruning Nonflowering Shrubs	p. 468
Description of Commonly Utilized Species	p. 468
Herbaceous Plants	p. 470
Preparing the Garden	p. 472
Perennial Maintenance	p. 476
The Wonderful World of Perennials	p. 478
Specialty Perennials	p. 481
Summary and Review	p. 483
Food for Thought	p. 483
Supplementary Reading	p. 483
Floriculture	p. 484
Key Learning Concepts	p. 484
The Greenhouse Industry	p. 484
Controlling the Greenhouse Environment	p. 487
Temperature	p. 487
Light	p. 489
Control of Plant Growth and Flowering	p. 490
Growing Media	p. 490
Irrigation and Water Quality	p. 491
Mineral Nutrition	p. 492
Diseases and Insects	p. 493
Propagation	p. 494
Greenhouse Crops	p. 494
Cut Flowers	p. 494
Flowering Pot Plants	p. 495
Foliage Plants	p. 496
Bedding Plants	p. 497
Bulb Crops	p. 497
Summary and Review	p. 499
Food for Thought	p. 500
Supplementary Reading	p. 500
Turfgrasses	p. 501
Key Learning Concepts	p. 501
Establishing a Turf	p. 502
Turfgrass Structure	p. 502
Choosing Turfgrasses	p. 503
Soil Preparation	p. 507
Seeding	p. 508
Seeding Depth	p. 510
Time to Sow	p. 510
Seed Germination and Seedling Establishment	p. 510
Sodding	p. 510
Points to Consider When Sodding	p. 510
Steps to Follow When Sodding	p. 511
Overseeding	p. 511
Renovation	p. 511
Maintenance	p. 512
Principal Turf Management Practices	p. 512
Mowing	p. 512
Cool-Season Turfgrass Growth Regulators	p. 513
Fertilization	p. 514
Points to Consider When Conducting a Soil Test	p. 514
Use of Sulfur to Decrease Soil pH	p. 515
Micronutrients	p. 515
Points to Consider When Fertilizing	p. 515
Determining Irrigation Requirements	p. 515
Points to Consider When Irrigating	p. 516
Methods of Reducing Irrigation Requirements	p. 516
Syringing	p. 517
Irrigation Water Quality	p. 517
Secondary Management Practices	p. 517
Pest Control	p. 517
Secondary Cultural Practices	p. 519
Determining Secondary Cultural Practice Requirements	p. 519
Cultivation	p. 519
Mechanical Thatch Removal	p. 520
Top-Dressing	p. 521
Localized Dry Spot	p. 521
Miscellaneous Management Practices	p. 521
Seasonal Growth	p. 521
Summary and Review	p. 522
Food for Thought	p. 522
Supplementary Reading	p. 523
Residential and Public Landscapes	p. 524
Key Learning Concepts	p. 524
The Residential Landscape	p. 526
Planning the Landscape	p. 528
Functions of Plants in the Landscape	p. 528
Plant Selection	p. 533
Summary and Review	p. 535
Food for Thought	p. 535
Supplementary Reading	p. 536
Harvest, Post-Harvest Handling, Storage, Distribution, and Marketing	p. 537
Key Learning Concepts	p. 537
Harvesting	p. 537
Functions of Harvesting Machinery and Equipment	p. 538
Mechanically Harvested Crops	p. 538
Post-Harvest Handling and Preservation	p. 541
Post-Harvest Deterioration	p. 541
Quality	p. 543
Post-Harvest Handling	p. 544
Preservation by Drying	p. 546
Storage	p. 547
Marketing of Agricultural Products	p. 548
The Process of Marketing	p. 549
Governmental Marketing Services	p. 551
Agricultural Cooperatives	p. 551
Marketing Boards	p. 551
Transporting Commodities	p. 552
Rail Transport	p. 552
Truck Transport	p. 552
Sea Transport	p. 552
Air Transport	p. 552
Summary and Review	p. 553
Food for Thought	p. 554
Supplementary Reading	p. 554
Appendix	p. 555
Glossary	p. 567
Index	p. 587
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