An Introduction to Theories of Personality

by Hergenhahn, B. R.; Olson, Matthew H.

• ISBN13: 9780138955090
• ISBN10: 0138955093
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-10-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This widely adopted introduction to theories of personality summarizes the major theories and assumes that the best understanding of personality derives from a variety of viewpoints. Thus, theories representing the psychoanalytic, sociocultural, trait, learning, sociobiological, and existential-humanistic paradigms are offered as different yet equally valid ways of approaching the study of personality.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
What Is Personality?	1	(19)
Three Concerns of Personality Theory	1	(1)
Proposed Determinants of Personality	2	(4)
Questions Confronting the Personality Theorist	6	(4)
How Do We Find the Answers?	10	(2)
Science and Personality Theory	12	(4)
Summary	16	(1)
Experiential Exercises	17	(1)
Discussion Questions	17	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	18	(1)
Chapter Highlights	19	(1)
2 Sigmund Freud	20	(43)
Biographical Sketch	21	(2)
Early Influences on Freud's Theory	23	(6)
Instincts and Their Characteristics	29	(1)
Divisions of the Mind	30	(3)
The Id	30	(1)
The Ego	31	(1)
The Superego	31	(2)
Cathexis and Anticathexis	33	(1)
Anxiety	34	(1)
Ego-Defense Mechanisms	35	(4)
Psychosexual Stages of Development	39	(4)
Summary of Freud's Views on Feminine Psychology	43	(1)
Tapping the Unconscious Mind	44	(3)
Freud's View of Religion	47	(1)
Freud's View of Human Nature	48	(2)
Modifications of the Freudian Legend	50	(3)
Evaluation	53	(2)
Empirical Research	53	(1)
Criticisms	54	(1)
Contributions	54	(1)
Summary	55	(2)
Experiential Exercises	57	(1)
Discussion Questions	58	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	59	(1)
Chapter Highlights	60	(3)
3 Carl Jung	63	(33)
Biographical Sketch	64	(1)
Jung's Early Dreams, Visions, and Fantasies	65	(2)
Jung's Early Professional Life	67	(2)
Jung's Relationship with Freud	69	(3)
Libido, Equivalence, Entropy, and Opposites	72	(1)
Components of the Personality	73	(3)
Persona, Anima, Animus, Shadow, and Self	76	(3)
Persona	76	(1)
Anima	77	(1)
Animus	77	(1)
Shadow	78	(1)
Self	78	(1)
Psychological Types	79	(3)
Stages of Development	82	(1)
Life's Goal	83	(2)
Causality, Teleology, and Synchronicity	85	(2)
Research Techniques	87	(2)
Jung's View of Human Nature	89	(1)
Evaluation	89	(2)
Empirical Research	89	(1)
Criticisms	90	(1)
Contributions	90	(1)
Summary	91	(1)
Experiential Exercises	92	(1)
Discussion Questions	93	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	94	(1)
Chapter Highlights	94	(2)
4 Alfred Adler	96	(32)
Biographical Sketch	96	(3)
Individual Psychology	99	(1)
Organ Inferiority and Compensation	100	(1)
Feelings of Inferiority	100	(2)
Feelings of Inferiority as Motivational	101	(1)
Striving for Superiority	102	(1)
Vaihinger's Philosophy of "As If"	103	(1)
Fictional Goals and Lifestyles	104	(1)
Social Interest	105	(3)
Mistaken Lifestyles	106	(2)
Creative Self	108	(1)
Safeguarding Strategies	109	(3)
Excuses	109	(1)
Aggression	110	(1)
Distancing	111	(1)
Goal of Psychotherapy	112	(2)
Adler's View of the Unconscious	113	(1)
Methods of Research	114	(3)
Summary of the Differences Between Adler and Freud	117	(1)
Evaluation	117	(5)
Empirical Research	117	(3)
Criticisms	120	(1)
Contributions	121	(1)
Summary	122	(2)
Experiential Exercises	124	(1)
Discussion Questions	124	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	125	(1)
Chapter Highlights	126	(2)
5 Karen Horney	128	(29)
Biographical Sketch	128	(4)
Basic Evil, Hostility, and Anxiety	132	(2)
Adjustments to Basic Anxiety	134	(3)
Moving Toward, Against, or Away from People	136	(1)
Real and Idealized Self	137	(2)
Externalization	139	(1)
Auxiliary Approaches to Artificial Harmony	140	(3)
Blind Spots	141	(1)
Compartmentalization	141	(1)
Rationalization	141	(1)
Excessive Self-Control	142	(1)
Arbitrary Rightness	142	(1)
Elusiveness	142	(1)
Cynicism	142	(1)
Feminine Psychology	143	(2)
Psychotherapy	145	(2)
Goal of Psychotherapy	146	(1)
Self-Analysis	147	(2)
Comparison of Horney and Freud	149	(1)
Early Childhood Experience	149	(1)
Unconscious Motivation	149	(1)
Biological Motivation	149	(1)
Psychotherapy	149	(1)
Is Anatomy Destiny?	150	(1)
Prognosis for Personality Change	150	(1)
Evaluation	150	(2)
Empirical Research	150	(1)
Criticisms	150	(1)
Contributions	151	(1)
Summary	152	(1)
Experiential Exercises	153	(1)
Discussion Questions	154	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	154	(1)
Chapter Highlights	155	(2)
6 Erik H. Erikson	157	(32)
Biographical Sketch	157	(3)
Anatomy and Destiny	160	(4)
Ego Psychology	164	(1)
Epigenetic Principle, Crises, Ritualizations, and Ritualisms	164	(3)
Epigenetic Principle	164	(1)
Crises	165	(1)
Ritualizations and Ritualisms	166	(1)
Eight Stages of Personality Development	167	(10)
1. Infancy: Basic Trust versus Basic Mistrust	167	(1)
2. Early Childhood: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt	168	(2)
3. Preschool Age: Initiative versus Guilt	170	(1)
4. School Age: Industry versus Inferiority	170	(2)
5. Adolescence: Identity versus Role Confusion	172	(2)
6. Young Adulthood: Intimacy versus Isolation	174	(1)
7. Adulthood: Generativity versus Stagnation	175	(1)
8. Old Age: Ego Integrity versus Despair	176	(1)
Goal of Psychotherapy	177	(1)
Comparison of Erikson and Freud	178	(2)
Development	178	(1)
Anatomy as Destiny	178	(1)
Ego Psychology	179	(1)
Unconscious Mind	179	(1)
Dream Analysis	179	(1)
Psychotherapy	180	(1)
Religion	180	(1)
Evaluation	180	(3)
Empirical Research	180	(1)
Criticisms	181	(2)
Contributions	183	(1)
Summary	183	(2)
Experiential Exercises	185	(1)
Discussion Questions	186	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	186	(1)
Chapter Highlights	187	(2)
7 Gordon Allport	189	(36)
Biographical Sketch	189	(4)
What Is Personality?	193	(2)
Dynamic Organization	194	(1)
Psychophysical Systems	194	(1)
Determine	194	(1)
Characteristic Behavior and Thought	194	(1)
Character, Temperament, and Type	195	(1)
Character	195	(1)
Temperament	195	(1)
Type	195	(1)
Criteria for an Adequate Theory of Personality	195	(1)
Allport's Concept of Trait	196	(3)
Traits Are Not Habits	199	(1)
Traits Are Not Attitudes	199	(1)
Types of Traits	199	(2)
Cardinal Dispositions	201	(1)
Central Dispositions	201	(1)
Secondary Dispositions	201	(1)
The Proprium	201	(3)
Conscience	204	(1)
Functional Autonomy	204	(3)
The Healthy, Mature Adult Personality	207	(2)
The Nature of Prejudice	209	(3)
Religion	212	(1)
Extrinsic Religion	212	(1)
Intrinsic Religion	212	(1)
Letters from Jenny	213	(2)
Study of Expressive Behavior and Values	215	(1)
Evaluation	216	(3)
Empirical Research	216	(1)
Criticisms	217	(1)
Contributions	218	(1)
Summary	219	(2)
Experiential Exercises	221	(1)
Discussion Questions	221	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	222	(1)
Chapter Highlights	222	(3)
8 Raymond B. Cattell and Hans J. Eysenck	225	(46)
Biographical Sketches	226	(5)
Raymond B. Cattell	226	(2)
Hans J. Eysenck	228	(3)
Factor Analysis	231	(5)
Nomothetic versus Idiographic Techniques	235	(1)
Taxonomy of Traits	236	(13)
Cattell's Analysis of Traits	236	(8)
Eysenck's Analysis of Traits	244	(1)
Historical Roots of Eysenck's Theory	245	(2)
Biological Bases of Personality	247	(2)
Is Anatomy Destiny?	249	(3)
Personality Development	252	(2)
Cattell's Multiple Influence Approach	252	(1)
Eysenck and Heritable Traits	253	(1)
Psychopathology	254	(1)
Psychotherapy	255	(1)
Contemporary Developments: The Big Five	256	(2)
Have the Big Five Displaced Cattell and Eysenck?	257	(1)
Evaluation	258	(6)
Cattell: Empirical Reserach	259	(1)
Eysenck: Empirical Research	259	(2)
Criticisms	261	(1)
Contributions	262	(2)
Summary	264	(2)
Experiential Exercises	266	(1)
Discussion Questions	267	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	267	(1)
Chapter Highlights	268	(3)
9 B.F. Skinner	271	(35)
Biographical Sketch	271	(4)
Behaviorism	275	(2)
Respondent and Operant Behavior	277	(1)
Operant Conditioning	278	(6)
Acquisition	279	(1)
Shaping	280	(1)
Extinction	281	(1)
Discriminative Operants	282	(1)
Secondary Reinforcement	283	(1)
Chaining	284	(1)
Verbal Behavior	285	(1)
Reinforcement Schedules	286	(1)
Superstitious Behavior	287	(1)
Reinforcement Contingencies	288	(3)
Positive Reinforcement	288	(1)
Negative Reinforcement	288	(1)
Avoidance	289	(1)
Punishment	289	(2)
Our Biggest Problem	291	(1)
Behavior Disorders and Behavior Therapy	292	(2)
Behavior Disorders	292	(1)
Token Economies	292	(2)
Walden Two	294	(2)
Beyond Freedom and Dignity	296	(1)
Evaluation	297	(2)
Empirical Research	297	(1)
Criticisms	297	(1)
Contributions	298	(1)
Summary	299	(2)
Experiential Exercises	301	(1)
Discussion Questions	301	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	302	(1)
Chapter Highlights	303	(3)
10 John Dollard and Neal Miller	306	(37)
Biographical Sketches	306	(5)
John Dollard	306	(2)
Neal Miller	308	(3)
Hull's Theory of Learning	311	(1)
Drive, Cue, Response, and Reinforcement	312	(2)
Drive	312	(1)
Cue	313	(1)
Response	313	(1)
Reinforcment	314	(1)
Response Hierarchies	314	(2)
The Gradient of Reinforcment	316	(1)
Fear as an Acquired Drive	316	(1)
Stimulus Generalization	317	(1)
Conflict	318	(3)
Approach-Approach Conflict	318	(1)
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict	319	(1)
Approach-Avoidance Conflict	319	(2)
Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict	321	(1)
Displacement	321	(3)
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis	324	(1)
Impottance of Language	325	(2)
Unconscious Mind	327	(2)
Experiences That Were Never Verbalized	327	(1)
Repressed Experiences	328	(1)
Neurosis and Symptom Formation	329	(2)
Neurosis	329	(1)
Symptom Formation	330	(1)
Psychotherapy	331	(1)
Four Critical Training Situations of Childhood	332	(2)
Evaluation	334	(2)
Empirical Research	334	(1)
Criticisms	334	(1)
Contributions	335	(1)
Summary	336	(3)
Experiential Exercises	339	(1)
Discussion Questions	339	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	340	(1)
Chapter Highlights	341	(2)
11 Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel	343	(36)
Biographical Sketches	344	(3)
Albert Bandura	344	(1)
Welter Mischel	345	(2)
Consistency of Human Behavior	347	(3)
Reciprocal Determinism	349	(1)
Cognitive Social Person Variables	350	(2)
Observational Learning	352	(5)
Attentional Processes	356	(1)
Retentional Processes	356	(1)
Motor Reproduction Processes	356	(1)
Motivational Processes	357	(1)
Self-Regulated Behavior	357	(7)
Self-Efficacy	358	(2)
Moral Conduct	360	(2)
Delay of Gratification	362	(2)
Dysfunctional Expectancies and Psychotherapy	364	(3)
Social Cognitive Theory View of Human Nature	367	(3)
Freedom versus Determinism	367	(2)
Mind-Body Relationship	369	(1)
Evaluation	370	(3)
Empirical Research	370	(1)
Criticisms	371	(1)
Contributions	372	(1)
Summary	373	(2)
Experiential Exercises	375	(1)
Discussion Questions	375	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	376	(1)
Chapter Highlights	377	(2)
12 Edward O. Wilson and David P. Barash	379	(51)
Biographical Sketches	380	(2)
Edward O. Wilson	380	(1)
David P. Barash	381	(1)
Darwin's Theory of Evolution	382	(2)
Inclusive Fitness	383	(1)
Basic Assumptions of Sociobiology	384	(1)
Perpetuation of the Genes	384	(1)
Natural Selection Shapes Social Behavior	384	(1)
Nature of Human Nature	385	(4)
Empirical Theory	385	(1)
Sociobiological Theory	386	(1)
Proximate versus Ultimate Causation	387	(1)
Why Are Some Behaviors "Sweeter" Than Others?	388	(1)
What Is Inherited?	389	(1)
Relationship Between Biology and Culture	389	(3)
Innate Tendency to Create Culture	389	(1)
Limitations of Culture as a Modifier of Human Behavior	389	(2)
Mind-Body Relationship	391	(1)
Altruism	392	(2)
Kin Altruism	393	(1)
Reciprocal Altruism	393	(1)
Male and Female Criteria for Mate Selection	394	(5)
Double Standard	396	(2)
Biology of Mating Arrangements	398	(1)
Biology of Parenting	399	(3)
Involvement of Men in Parenting	400	(1)
Stepparenting	401	(1)
Adoption	401	(1)
Intentional Childlessness	402	(1)
Aggression, Territoriality, and Warfare	402	(2)
Are Humans Innately Aggressive?	402	(1)
Territoriality and Warfare	403	(1)
Rape, Incest, and Suicide	404	(5)
Rape	404	(1)
Incest	405	(2)
Suicide	407	(1)
Other Forms of Self-Destructive Behavior	408	(1)
Religion	409	(3)
Need for Rules and Regulations	410	(1)
Biology of Ethics	410	(2)
Importance of Myth	412	(1)
Sociobiology and Freudian Theory	412	(3)
Id, Ego, and Superego	412	(2)
Aggression	414	(1)
Unconscious	414	(1)
Irrationality and Rationality	414	(1)
Sociobiology and Jungian Theory	415	(1)
Science and Politics	415	(1)
Evaluation	416	(5)
Empirical Research	416	(1)
Criticisms	417	(3)
Contributions	420	(1)
Summary	421	(3)
Experiential Exercises	424	(1)
Discussion Questions	425	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	426	(1)
Chapter Highlights	427	(3)
13 George Kelly	430	(37)
Biographical Sketch	430	(4)
Categorization of Kelly's Theory	434	(2)
Basic Postulate-People as Scientists	436	(2)
Kelly, Vaihinger, and Adler	437	(1)
The 11 Corollaries	438	(5)
CPC Cycle	443	(1)
Circumspection Phase	443	(1)
Preemption Phase	443	(1)
Control Phase	443	(1)
Creativity Cycle	444	(1)
Loosened Construction Phase	444	(1)
Tightened Construction Phase	444	(1)
Test Phase	445	(1)
Kelly's Interpretation of Traditional Psychological Concepts	445	(5)
Motivation	445	(1)
Anxiety	445	(1)
Hostility	446	(1)
Aggression	447	(1)
Guilt	447	(1)
Threat	448	(1)
Fear	448	(1)
Unconscious	449	(1)
Learning	450	(1)
Reinforcement	450	(1)
Psychotherapy	450	(5)
Role Construct Repertory Test	450	(4)
Fixed-Role Therapy	454	(1)
Being Oneself	455	(1)
Construct Systems and Paradigms	455	(1)
Evaluation	456	(4)
Current Status	456	(1)
Empirical Research	456	(2)
Criticisms	458	(12)
Contributions	459	(1)
Summary	460	(2)
Experiential Exercises	462	(1)
Discussion Questions	463	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	464	(1)
Chapter Highlights	465	(2)
Carl Rogers	467	(34)
Biographical Sketch	467	(4)
Actualizing Tendency	471	(3)
Organismic Valuing Process	473	(1)
Phenomenological Field	474	(1)
Emergence of the Self	474	(1)
Need for Positive Regard	475	(1)
Incongruent Person	476	(1)
Psychotherapy	477	(3)
Fully Functioning Person	480	(1)
Q-Sort Technique	481	(3)
Rogers-Skinner Debate	484	(2)
Freedom to Learn	486	(1)
Modern Marriage	487	(2)
Person of Tomorrow	489	(1)
Evaluation	490	(4)
Empirical Research	490	(2)
Criticisms	492	(1)
Contributions	493	(1)
Summary	494	(3)
Experiential Exercises	497	(1)
Discussion Questions	498	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	498	(1)
Chapter Highlights	499	(2)
15 Abraham Maslow	501	(34)
Biographical Sketch	501	(7)
Third Force Psychology	508	(2)
Hierarchy of Needs	510	(4)
Physiological Needs	510	(1)
Safety Needs	511	(1)
Belongingness and Love Needs	511	(1)
Esteem Needs	511	(1)
Self-Actualization	512	(1)
Desire to Know and Understand	513	(1)
The Aesthetic Needs	514	(1)
Being Motivation	514	(1)
Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People	515	(6)
Negative Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People	520	(1)
Why Self-Actualization Is Not Universal	521	(1)
Conditions Necessary for Self-Actualization	522	(1)
Eupsychia	522	(1)
Ashrams-Places for Personal Growth	523	(1)
Transpersonal Psychology	524	(1)
Evaluation	525	(5)
Empirical Research	525	(2)
Criticisms	527	(2)
Contributions	529	(1)
Summary	530	(1)
Experiential Exercises	531	(1)
Discussion Questions	532	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	532	(1)
Chapter Highlights	533	(2)
16 Rollo Reese May	535	(30)
Biographical Sketch	535	(4)
Existentialism	539	(3)
Dasein	539	(1)
Three Modes of Existence	540	(1)
Alienation	540	(1)
Freedom	540	(1)
Responsibility	540	(1)
Ontology	541	(1)
Phenomenology	541	(1)
Authenticity	541	(1)
Death	541	(1)
Thrownness	542	(1)
Human Dilemma	542	(2)
Intentionality	544	(1)
Anxiety and Guilt	544	(3)
Normal Anxiety	545	(1)
Neurotic Anxiety	546	(1)
Normal and Neurotic Guilt	546	(1)
Importance of Values	547	(2)
Nature of Love	549	(2)
Sex	549	(1)
Eros	549	(1)
Philia	550	(1)
Agape	551	(1)
Psychotherapy	551	(2)
Importance of Myth	553	(2)
New Science of Humans	555	(1)
Evaluation	555	(3)
Empirical Research	555	(2)
Criticisms	557	(1)
Contributions	557	(1)
Summary	558	(2)
Experiential Exercises	560	(1)
Discussion Questions	561	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	561	(1)
Chapter Highlights	562	(3)
17 A Final Word	565	(6)
Personality Theories Often Reflect the Biographies of Their Authors	565	(2)
Much About Personality Remains Unknown	567	(1)
Composite of All Major Theories Best Explains Personality	567	(2)
You Are The Final Judge	569	(1)
Summary	569	(1)
Experiential Exercises	570	(1)
References	571	(28)
Name Index	599	(6)
Subject Index	605