Longman Handbook : Modern Language Association(Update)

by Anson, Christopher M.

• ISBN13: 9780321049667
• ISBN10: 0321049667
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: Addison-Wesley

Table of Contents

Preface for Students and Instructors	xi
A Guide to Using The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers	xxiii
Part 1: WRITING AND READING	1	(76)
On Being a Writer and Reader	2	(8)
How Good Writers Clear a Path to Success	3	(2)
Reading as a Writer, Writing as a Reader	5	(5)
Strategies for Active Writing	10	(10)
How to Think About a Journal	10	(2)
How to Keep a Journal	12	(2)
How to Use a Journal to Think and Learn	14	(3)
How to Write in a Journal	17	(3)
Strategies for Active Reading	20	(8)
How to Become an Active Reader	20	(5)
How to Discuss Readings in a Dialogue Journal	25	(3)
Planning	28	(16)
Generating Ideas	28	(7)
Using Techniques for Finding Patterns	35	(8)
Planning: Paper in Progress	43	(1)
Defining Your Purpose	44	(12)
Analyzing the Purpose of Your Assignment	44	(5)
Using Rhetorical Purposes to Guide Decisions	49	(2)
Defining a Thesis	51	(4)
A Word About Discovery	55	(1)
Considering Your Readers	56	(12)
Defining Your Reader	56	(4)
Characterizing Your Readers	60	(2)
Adapting Your Content, Structure, and Style	62	(2)
Addressing Academic Readers	64	(3)
Forgetting About Readers	67	(1)
Drafting	68	(9)
Moving from Planning to Drafting	68	(4)
Using Strategies for Drafting	72	(4)
Drafting: Paper in Progress	76	(1)
Part 2: REVISING AND SHAPING YOUR WRITING	77	(78)
Revising	78	(16)
Making Major Revisions	79	(5)
Making Minor Revisions	84	(4)
Using Feedback Constructively	88	(2)
Revising: Paper in Progress	90	(4)
Effective Paragraphs: Focusing and Linking Ideas	94	(18)
Focusing Paragraphs	95	(7)
Making Paragraphs Coherent	102	(6)
Linking Paragraphs	108	(4)
Effective Paragraphs: Developing Ideas	112	(19)
Developing Paragraphs	112	(6)
Using Patterns of Development	118	(7)
Using Special-Purpose Paragraphs	125	(6)
Creating Clear Sentences	131	(13)
Making Subjects and Verbs Clear	131	(8)
Using Expletive Constructions Sparingly	139	(2)
Using Passive Voice with Care	141	(3)
Creating Emphatic and Varied Sentences	144	(11)
Creating Emphasis	145	(5)
Creating Variety	150	(3)
Creating Surprise	153	(2)
Part 3: EDITING AND PROOFREADING	155	(410)
The Editing and Proofreading Process	156	(16)
Editing Your Own Writing	157	(6)
Collaborative Editing	163	(1)
Shortcut Editing	164	(1)
Proofreading	165	(2)
Editing and Proofreading: Paper in Progress	167	(5)
Editing for Grammar	171	(1)
Identifying Sentence Elements and Sentence Patterns	172	(40)
Using Words	172	(20)
ESL Advice: The Articles A, An, and The	174	(10)
ESL Advice: Adjective Forms	184	(3)
ESL Advice: Prepositions	187	(5)
Creating Sentence Parts: Subjects and Predicates	192	(4)
Creating Phrases and Subordinate Clauses	196	(14)
ESL Advice: Gerunds and Infinitives	200	(5)
ESL Advice: Adjective, Adverb, and Noun Clauses	205	(5)
Creating Different Sentence Types	210	(2)
Case of Nouns and Pronouns	212	(14)
Choosing Pronoun Case	213	(5)
Solving Common Problems with Pronoun Case	218	(6)
Using Who and Whom	224	(2)
Verbs	226	(28)
Using Simple Present and Past Tense Correctly	226	(5)
ESL Advice: The Third Person-s or-es Ending	227	(3)
ESL Advice: Simple Present and Simple Past	230	(1)
Using Complex Tenses, Helping Verbs, and Mood	231	(16)
ESL Advice: Verb Forms	234	(1)
ESL Advice: Helping Verbs	235	(3)
ESL Advice: Simple Present and Present Progressive Tenses	238	(6)
ESL Advice: Conditionals	244	(3)
Keeping Tense Sequence Clear	247	(2)
Using Active and Passive Voice	249	(2)
ESL Advice: The Passive Voice	250	(1)
Editing Troublesome Verbs (lie, lay, sit, set)	251	(3)
Agreement (Subject and Verb, Pronoun and Antecedent)	254	(23)
Creating Subject-Verb Agreement	255	(4)
ESL Advice: Subject-Verb Agreement	257	(2)
Editing for Subject-Verb Agreement: Troublesome Constructions	259	(13)
ESL Advice: Quantifiers	261	(2)
ESL Advice: Paired Conjunctions	263	(4)
ESL Advice: Separated Subjects and Verbs	267	(2)
ESL Advice: Other, Others, and Another as Pronouns or Adjectives	269	(3)
Editing for Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement	272	(5)
ESL Advice: Demonstrative Adjectives	275	(2)
Adjectives and Adverbs	277	(13)
Recognizing What Adjectives and Adverbs Do	277	(2)
ESL Advice: Adjectives in a Series	278	(1)
Avoiding Confusion Between Adjectives and Adverbs	279	(4)
Using Comparatives and Superlatives	283	(2)
Avoiding Double Negatives	285	(1)
Using Noun Modifiers	286	(4)
Editing for Sentence Problems	289	(1)
Sentence Fragments	290	(13)
Recognizing Sentence Fragments	291	(5)
Editing Sentence Fragments	296	(2)
Editing Troublesome Constructions	298	(3)
Using Partial Sentences	301	(2)
Comma Splices and Fused Sentences	303	(13)
Recognizing Comma Splices and Fused Sentences	304	(5)
Editing Comma Splices and Fused Sentences	309	(7)
Pronoun Reference	316	(14)
Making Pronoun Reference Clear	316	(6)
Making Reference Specific	322	(6)
Matching Who, Which, and That to Antecedents	328	(2)
Misplaced, Dangling, and Disruptive Modifiers	330	(13)
Recognizing and Editing Misplaced Modifiers	331	(5)
Recognizing and Editing Dangling Modifiers	336	(3)
Recognizing and Editing Disruptive Modifiers	339	(3)
Using Absolute Phrases Effectively	342	(1)
Shifts	343	(11)
Keeping Person and Number Consistent	343	(3)
Keeping Tense and Mood Consistent	346	(3)
Keeping Voice Consistent	349	(2)
Avoiding Shifts Between Direct and Indirect Quotation	351	(3)
Mixed and Incomplete Sentences	354	(13)
Editing Mixed Sentences	355	(7)
Editing Incomplete Sentences	362	(5)
Parallelism	367	(13)
Building Parallelism	368	(1)
Editing for Parallelism Within the Sentence	369	(6)
Editing for Parallelism Beyond the Sentence	375	(3)
Maintaining Parallelism in Lists	378	(2)
Coordination and Subordination	380	(20)
Using Coordination	381	(5)
Using Subordination	386	(14)
ESL Advice: Grammatical Structures for Coordination and Subordination	395	(4)
Editing for Word Choice	399	(1)
Choosing Appropriate Words	400	(12)
Thinking About Word Choice	400	(4)
Using Precise Diction	404	(4)
Using Strategies for Editing Diction	408	(4)
Using Dictionaries and Building Vocabulary	412	(10)
Choosing Dictionaries to Serve Your Needs	412	(3)
Using a Dictionary	415	(2)
Using Dictionaries in the Age of Technology	417	(1)
Building Vocabulary	418	(4)
Wordiness	422	(12)
Editing for Common Types of Wordiness	423	(8)
Editing for Cliches, Generalizations, and Overblown Language	431	(3)
Avoiding Sexist and Discriminatory Language	434	(10)
Recognizing and Editing Sexist Language	434	(5)
Avoiding Discriminatory Language	439	(5)
Editing for Punctuation	443	(1)
Commas	444	(23)
Using Commas to Help Join Sentences	444	(2)
Using Commas to Set Off Introductory Phrases	446	(5)
Using Commas to Set Off Nonrestrictive Modifiers	451	(4)
Using Commas to Set Off Parenthetical Expressions	455	(1)
Using Commas in a Series	456	(1)
Separating Coordinate Adjectives with a Comma	457	(2)
Using Commas with Dates, Numbers, Addresses, Place Names, People's Titles, and Letters	459	(3)
Using Commas with Quotations	462	(1)
Using Commas to Make Your Meaning Clear	463	(1)
Avoiding Commas That Do Not Belong	464	(3)
Semicolons and Colons	467	(10)
Using Semicolons	467	(5)
Using Colons	472	(5)
Apostrophes	477	(8)
Using Apostrophes to Mark Possession	477	(4)
Using Apostrophes to Mark Contractions and Omissions	481	(4)
Quotation Marks	485	(9)
Marking Quotations	485	(2)
Using Block Quotations	487	(2)
Writing Dialogue	489	(1)
Labeling Titles of Short Works	490	(1)
Indicating Special Meanings of Words and Phrases	491	(1)
Indicating Irony, Sarcasm, and Authorial Distance	492	(2)
Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points	494	(7)
Using Periods	494	(2)
Using Question Marks	496	(2)
Using Exclamation Points	498	(3)
Special Punctuation Marks	501	(11)
Using Parentheses	501	(2)
Using Brackets	503	(1)
Using Dashes	504	(3)
Using Ellipses	507	(2)
Using Slashes	509	(3)
Proofreading for Mechanics and Spelling	511	(1)
Capitalization	512	(11)
Using a Capital at the Beginning of a Sentence	512	(4)
Using Capitals for Proper Nouns and Adjectives	516	(7)
Italics (Underlining)	523	(7)
Following Conventions for Underlining (Using Italics)	524	(4)
Underlining for Emphasis	528	(2)
Hyphens and Word Division	530	(9)
Using Hyphens to Divide Words	530	(4)
Using Hyphens to Join Words	534	(5)
Numbers	539	(5)
Spelling Out Numbers or Using Numerals	539	(1)
Following Special Conventions	540	(2)
Avoiding Too Many Numbers	542	(2)
Abbreviations	544	(8)
Using Familiar Abbreviations	545	(3)
Using Abbreviations Sparingly	548	(4)
Strategies for Spelling	552	(13)
Spelling As You Write	552	(1)
Recognizing and Correcting Spelling Errors	553	(8)
Using Long-term Strategies to Improve Your Spelling	561	(2)
Spelling and the Computer	563	(2)
Part 4: WRITING STRATEGIES	565
What Is Research?	566	(12)
Understanding Your Assignment and Audience	567	(3)
Choosing an Appropriate Topic	570	(1)
Developing Guiding Questions: Research in Progress	571	(1)
Planning Your Time and Effort	572	(2)
Preparing a Research Plan: Research in Progress	574	(1)
Understanding Your Role as a Researcher	574	(1)
Developing a Role as a Researcher: Research in Progress	575	(1)
Defining a Goal for Your Writing	576	(2)
Locating Sources and Reading Critically	578	(48)
Designing a Search Strategy	578	(4)
Locating Library Resources	582	(18)
Using Indexes and Catalogs: Research in Progress	600	(4)
Maintaining a Working Bibliography	604	(4)
Reading Sources Critically and Taking Notes	608	(4)
Paraphrasing and Summarizing: Research in Progress	612	(6)
Investigating Field Resources	618	(4)
Conducting Field Research: Research in Progress	622	(4)
Turning Research Into Writing	626	(19)
Using Critical Reading to Synthesize, Interpret, and Evaluate	626	(3)
Doing Critical Reading and Thinking: Research in Progress	629	(2)
Drafting Your Research Paper	631	(10)
Avoiding Plagiarism	641	(2)
Revising, Editing, and Proofreading	643	(2)
Documenting Sources: MLA	645	(51)
Understanding What to Document, What Not to Document	646	(1)
Using In-Text Citations	647	(2)
Citing Different Kinds of References	649	(3)
Creating MLA In-Text Citations	652	(4)
Creating an MLA List of Works Cited	656	(23)
Sample MLA Paper: ``Waste Disposal: Have We Put Ourselves in Jeopardy?''	679	(14)
Shane Hand
Using ACW Guidelines for Citing Electronic Sources	693	(3)
Documenting Sources: APA	696	(35)
Using In-Text Citations	696	(1)
Using Content Footnotes	697	(1)
Creating APA In-Text Citations	698	(4)
Creating an APA Reference List	702	(15)
Sample APA Paper: ``Competitive Cyclists: Who Are They?''	717	(14)
Steven King
Documenting Sources: CBE	731	(10)
Creating CBE In-Text Citations	731	(2)
Creating a CBE Reference List	733	(8)
Documenting Sources: CMS	741	(16)
Using Endnotes and Footnotes	741	(2)
Creating CMS Notes	743	(8)
Creating a CMS Bibliography	751	(6)
Writing Argumentative Papers Across the Disciplines	757	(47)
Developing Argumentative Writing	758	(11)
Developing a Point: Argument in Progress	769	(11)
Using Critical Thinking to Strengthen Your Argument	780	(9)
The Position Paper	789	(4)
The Critique	793	(3)
The Review	796	(5)
The Point-Driven Essay Exam	801	(3)
Reading and Writing About Literature	804	(23)
Reading Literary Texts	805	(4)
Writing About Literary Texts	809	(3)
The Text Analysis	812	(15)
Writing Informative Papers Across the Disciplines	827	(23)
Developing and Presenting Informative Writing	827	(7)
Developing an Interview Paper: Informative Writing in Progress	834	(6)
The Short Informative Documented Paper	840	(2)
The Literature Review	842	(2)
The Lab Report	844	(2)
The Abstract	846	(1)
The Annotated Bibliography	846	(2)
The Informative Essay Exam	848	(2)
Developing Business Writing	850
Using General Strategies for Successful Business Writing	850	(2)
Writing Business Letters	852	(1)
Writing Agendas	853	(1)
Writing Meeting Minutes	854	(2)
Writing Memos	856	(1)
Writing Resumes	857	(3)
Writing Letters of Application	860
Glossary of Usage and Terms	G-1
Credits	C-1
Index	I-1