A Multilevel Approach to the Study of Motor Control and Learning

by Rose, Debra J.

• ISBN13: 9780024036216
• ISBN10: 0024036218
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1996-11-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Finally, an up-to-date textbook that provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles of motor control and motor learning in one text. The author integrates knowledge from the fields of cognitive psychology and neuroscience to provide students with a more complete understanding of the multilevel processes that contribute to the acquisition and control of movement skills. Each section of the book introduces the most important theoretical models in each particular area, followed by theoretical principles and then illustrated with practical examples drawn from movement, skill, and clinical settings. The breadth of the practical applications will appeal to students preparing to enter a variety of professions that require a strong knowledge of motor control and learning principles. The strong contemporary and multilevel review of the literature in both motor control and learning will provide the student with the most comprehensive and user-friendly introduction to two highly integrated areas of study in movement science today.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
SECTION ONE Motor Control
The Nature of Motor Control	2	(26)
Defining Motor Control	4	(2)
Theories of Motor Control	6	(8)
Reflex Theories	6	(3)
Hierarchical Theories	9	(1)
Highlight Closed-versus Open-Loop Control of Movement	10	(3)
Dynamic Systems Theories	13	(1)
Characteristics of Human Action	14	(6)
Flexibility	15	(1)
Uniqueness	16	(1)
Consistency and Modifiability	17	(3)
Coordination Versus Control of Action	20	(5)
Muscle Response Synergies	21	(1)
Highlight The ``Degree of Freedom'' Problem	22	(2)
Mechanical Properties of Limbs	24	(1)
Summary	25	(1)
Important Terminology	25	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	26	(1)
Test Your Understanding	26	(1)
About The Quote	27	(1)
Scientific Measurement and Motor Control	28	(24)
Psychological Measures	29	(16)
Response Outcome Measures	30	(5)
Highlight Using Chronometry to Measure the Effects of Movement Disorders	35	(2)
Response Process Measures	37	(8)
Neurological Measures	45	(3)
Surface Recordings---Evoked Potentials	46	(1)
Intracellular Recordings	46	(1)
Lesions and Ablations	46	(1)
Brain Scanning Techniques	47	(1)
Summary	48	(1)
Important Terminology	49	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	50	(1)
Test Your Understanding	50	(1)
About The Quote	51	(1)
Developing and Executing a Plan of Action	52	(32)
Planning the Action	54	(3)
Making the Decision to Act	54	(1)
Developing a General Plan	55	(1)
Adding Details to the Plan	56	(1)
Executing the Plan of Action	56	(1)
The Neuromotor Level of Analysis	57	(7)
The Limbic System	58	(1)
The Association Cortex	59	(1)
The Projection System	59	(3)
Motor Pathways	62	(2)
The Spinal System	64	(1)
Moment-To-Moment Control	64	(13)
Types of Motoneurons	65	(2)
Muscle Activation and Force Production	67	(1)
Highlight Central Pattern Generators: Are They Fact or Fiction?	68	(3)
Musculoskeletal Contributions to Force	71	(1)
Subconscious Control of Movement	72	(4)
Solving the Motor Problem	76	(1)
Action Planning For Stable And Variable Environments	77	(1)
Disorders Of The Motor System That Affect Motor Control	78	(2)
Basal Ganglia Disorders	79	(1)
Cerebellar Disorders	79	(1)
Disorders of Descending Pathways	80	(1)
Summary	80	(1)
Important Terminology	81	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	82	(1)
Test Your Understanding	82	(1)
About the Quote	83	(1)
Sensory Contributions to Action	84	(33)
General Properties of Sensory Receptors and Afferent Pathways	86	(3)
Adequate Stimulation	86	(1)
Intensity Coding	87	(1)
Sensory Adaptation	88	(1)
The Transmission and Integration of Sensory Input	89	(1)
Somatosensation	90	(9)
Cutaneous Receptors	91	(1)
Proprioceptors	91	(1)
Highlight The ``Length-Detecting'' Muscle Spindle	92	(7)
Transmission of Somatosensory Input	99	(2)
Dorsal Column System (DC)	99	(2)
Spinothalamic Tract System (ST)	101	(1)
Disorders of the Somatosensory System	101	(2)
Application of Theory	103	(1)
The Conscious Sensation of Movement	104	(4)
Afferent Sources of Kinesthesis	105	(3)
Practical Applications	108	(2)
The Role of Feedback in Controlling Actions	110	(2)
Knowledge of Body Position	110	(1)
Planning and Modification of Action Plans	111	(1)
Learning or Relearning of Movements	112	(1)
Errors in Performance	112	(1)
Summary	113	(1)
Important Terminology	114	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	115	(1)
Test Your Understanding	115	(1)
About the Quote	116	(1)
Vision and Action	117	(24)
Neuromotor Processing of Vision	119	(3)
Reception of Visual Input	119	(1)
Transmission to the Brain	120	(1)
Topographic Organization in the Visual System	121	(1)
Two Visual Systems?	122	(2)
Two Visual Systems and Motor Control	123	(1)
Psychological Studies of Perception and Action	124	(3)
Contrasting Theories of Visual Perception	124	(3)
Visual Guidance of Action	127	(9)
Posture and Locomotion	127	(4)
Anticipation Timing	131	(1)
Time-to-Contact Information	132	(2)
Highlight Grasping Tau	134	(1)
Visual Dominance	135	(1)
Disorders of the Visual System	136	(1)
Summary	137	(1)
Important Terminology	138	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	139	(1)
Test Your Understanding	139	(1)
About the Quote	140	(1)
SECTION TWO Motor Learning
The Nature of Motor Learning	141	(28)
Defining Motor Learning	143	(2)
Learning Leads to Relatively Permanent Changes	144	(1)
Learning Must be Inferred	144	(1)
Learning Is Promoted through Practice and Experience	144	(1)
Theories of Motor Learning	145	(5)
Adams's Closed Loop Theory	146	(1)
Schema Theory	146	(2)
Ecological Theories of Perception and Action	148	(2)
Stages of Motor Learning	150	(7)
Fitts's Three Stages of Learning	150	(2)
A Neo-Bernsteinian Perspective	152	(1)
Gentile's Two Stage Model	153	(4)
The Generalizability of Learning	157	(3)
Highlight Generalizability of Learning: How Early Does It Begin?	158	(1)
Understanding the Relationship between Learning and Transfer	159	(1)
Theoretical Views of Transfer	160	(3)
Identical Elements Theory	160	(1)
Transfer-Appropriate Processing	161	(2)
Application of Theory	163	(2)
Make Practice Difficult	163	(1)
Vary the Type of Practice	163	(1)
Reduce the Frequency of Feedback	164	(1)
Summary	165	(1)
Important Terminology	166	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	167	(1)
Test Your Understanding	167	(1)
About the Quote	168	(1)
Scientific Measurement and Motor Learning	169	(20)
Measurement and Motor Learning	171	(4)
Performance Curves	171	(2)
Retention Tests	173	(1)
Transfer Tests	174	(1)
Measuring Learning-Related Changes in Perception and Cognition	175	(9)
Expert-Novice Comparisons	176	(1)
Visual Occlusion Techniques	177	(1)
Eye Movement Recordings	178	(1)
Memory Recall Tests	179	(1)
Highlight Do Experts, See Things Differently in a Field of Play?	180	(2)
Highlight The Classification of Motor Skills	182	(1)
Development of a Knowledge Base	183	(1)
Measuring Learning-Related Changes in the Dynamics of Action	184	(1)
Measures of Metabolic and Mechanical Efficiency	185	(1)
Identifying the Learning-Related Changes in Performance	185	(1)
Summary	186	(1)
Important Terminology	187	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	187	(1)
Test Your Understanding	188	(1)
About the Quote	188	(1)
Memory and Learning	189	(25)
Contemporary Models of Memory	191	(3)
Atkinson and Shiffrin's Multistore Model	191	(1)
Levels-of-Processing Framework	192	(2)
Neurobiology of Memory	194	(2)
The Limbic Connection	195	(1)
Dual-Systems Theory of Memory	196	(1)
Types of Memory	196	(3)
Short-Term and Long-Term Memory	196	(1)
Declarative and Procedural Memory	197	(1)
The Relationship between Learning and Memory	198	(1)
Factors That Influence Memory Skill	199	(4)
Characteristics of the Movement Skill	199	(1)
Highlight The Skill of Resuscitation	200	(1)
The Initial Learning Environment	201	(1)
The Learner	202	(1)
Application of Theory	203	(6)
Increasing the Amount of Original Learning	203	(1)
Highlight The Structure of Skilled Memory	204	(2)
Fostering Understanding of the Task to Be Learned	206	(1)
Mnemonics (Memory Aids)	206	(1)
Contextual Interference during Practice	207	(1)
Spacing of Practice	207	(1)
Similarity Between Practice and Performance	208	(1)
Disorders of Memory	209	(2)
Summary	211	(1)
Important Terminology	211	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	212	(1)
Test Your Understanding	212	(1)
About the Quote	213	(1)
Setting the Stage for Learning	214	(22)
Introducing the Skill to be Learned	216	(10)
Variables That Influence the Effectiveness of Modeling	216	(9)
Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Model	225	(1)
Theoretical Explanations of the Modeling Effect	226	(2)
Social Learning Theory	227	(1)
Direct Perception Approach	227	(1)
Discovery Learning	228	(4)
Applying the Principles of Discovery Learning	230	(2)
Summary	232	(1)
Important Terminology	233	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	234	(1)
Test Your Understanding	234	(1)
About the Quote	235	(1)
Organizing the Practice Environment	236	(27)
Structuring the Practice Session	238	(2)
Variability of Practice	238	(2)
Organizing the Practice Schedule	240	(7)
Introducing Interference	241	(1)
Influencing Factors	242	(5)
Theoretical Accounts of the Contextual Interference Effect	247	(1)
Elaboration View	247	(1)
Action-Plan Reconstruction View	248	(1)
Spacing/Distribution of Practice	248	(4)
Practical Implications	250	(2)
Techniques for Enhancing the Effectiveness of Practice	252	(7)
Guidance Techniques	252	(3)
Whole-Task vs. Part-Task Strategies	255	(1)
Part-Task Practice Methods	256	(2)
Attentional Cueing and Whole Practice	258	(1)
Summary	259	(1)
Important Terminology	260	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	261	(1)
Test Your Understanding	261	(1)
About the Quote	262	(1)
Augmented Feedback and Learning	263	(28)
Form of the Feedback	266	(6)
Kinematic and Kinetic Visual Displays	266	(1)
Videotape Feedback	267	(3)
Augmented Sensory Feedback: Biofeedback	270	(2)
Precision of Augmented Feedback	272	(2)
Frequency of Augmented Feedback	274	(8)
Fading-Frequency Schedules of KR	275	(1)
Bandwidth KR	275	(2)
Reversed Bandwidth KR	277	(1)
Summary KR	278	(1)
Average Knowledge of Results	279	(1)
Highlight Applying Motor Learning Principles to Clinical Settings	280	(2)
Theoretical Explanations of the Frequency Effect	282	(1)
Guidance Hypothesis	282	(1)
Consistency Hypothesis	283	(1)
The Timing of Knowledge of Results	283	(3)
Augmented Feedback and Motivation	286	(1)
Summary	286	(2)
Important Terminology	288	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	289	(1)
Test Your Understanding	289	(1)
About the Quote	290	(1)
References	291	(24)
Credits	315	(2)
Author Index	317
Subject Index	xxx