Perspectives on Argument

by Wood, Nancy V.

• ISBN13: 9780130225641
• ISBN10: 0130225649
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-08-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This combination rhetoric/reader helps students develop strategies for critical reading, critical thinking, research, and writing that will help them argue clearly and convincingly. It teaches them to identify and develop arguments, to read and form reactions and opinions of their own, to analyze an audience, to seek common ground, and to use a wide, realistic range of techniques to write argument papers that express their individual views and original perspectives on modern issues. The Rhetoric portion includes clear explanations and examples of argument theory and reading and writing processes, research and documentation skills, and offers engaging, class-tested writing assignments and activities. The Reader portion includes 75 reading selections covering seven broad issue areas and 18 more focused areas, all of contemporary concern. Unique chapters discuss student argument styles, Rogerian argument, and argument and literature.

Table of Contents

Alternate Table of Contents	xxi
Preface	xxv
Acknowledgments	xxix
Part One Engaging with Argument for Reading and Writing	1	(120)
A Perspective on Argument	3	(25)
What Is Your Current Perspective on Argument?	4	(1)
Developing a Broad Perspective on Argument	5	(1)
Forms of Argument	6	(2)
Under What Conditions Does Argument Work Best?	8	(4)
Under What Conditions Does Argument Fail?	12	(2)
Engaging with Issues	14	(3)
Examples of Arguable Issues	17	(1)
How Should You Engage with Issues?	17	(11)
Review Questions	21	(1)
Exercises and Activities	22	(1)
Essays for Analysis
Applying to College, Made Easy	23	(1)
Nathan Burstein
Girls and Computers	24	(3)
Genetic Engineering	27	(1)
Doran Hayes
Developing Your Personal Argument Style	28	(32)
The Adversarial and Consensual Styles of Argument	29	(1)
Individual Styles of Argument	30	(1)
Influence of Experience and Role Models	31	(1)
Influence of Gender	31	(5)
Influence of Culture	36	(6)
Influence of Nationality	42	(18)
Review Questions	46	(1)
Exercises and Activities	46	(2)
Essays for Analysis
We Knew What Glory Was	48	(3)
Shirlee Taylor Haizlip
A View from Berkeley	51	(3)
Chancellor Chang-Lin Tien
Giving People a Second Chance	54	(2)
Ernest Martinez
Why I Want a Wife	56	(2)
Judy Brady
A Simple ``Hai'' Won't Do	58	(2)
Reiko Hatsumi
A Process for Reading Argument	60	(28)
Recognizing Written Argument	61	(1)
How Do You Read Now?	62	(1)
Prereading Strategies	63	(2)
Reading Strategies	65	(6)
Strategies for Reading Difficult Material	71	(1)
Postreading Strategies	72	(3)
Organizing a Process for Reading Argument	75	(13)
Review Questions	77	(1)
Exercises and Activities	77	(1)
Essays for Analysis
Jobs Illuminate What Riots Hid: Young Ideals	77	(4)
Sara Rimer
Don't Know Much About History	81	(3)
Roberta Israeloff
The Road to Unreality	84	(4)
Mark Slouka
A Process for Writing Argument	88	(33)
How Do You Write Now?	89	(1)
Prewriting Strategies	90	(9)
Writing the First Draft	99	(1)
Special Strategies to Use If You Get Stuck	100	(1)
Postwriting Strategies	100	(5)
Organizing a Process for Writing Argument	105	(2)
The Exploratory Paper	107	(3)
How to Write an Exploratory Paper	110	(11)
Review Questions	113	(1)
Exercises and Activities	113
Essays for Analysis
A Room of Their Own	108	(6)
LynNell Hancock
Claudia Kalb
Coming and Going	114	(3)
Nathan Glazer
Trial by Jury: A Fundamental Right and a Flawed System	117	(4)
Tanya Pierce
Part Two Understanding the Nature of Argument for Reading and Writing	121	(124)
The Essential Parts of an Argument: The Toulmin Model	122	(36)
The Outcomes of Argument: Probability versus Certainty	123	(1)
The Parts of an Argument According to the Toulmin Model	123	(17)
Claim	127	(3)
Support	130	(4)
Warrants	134	(4)
Backing	138	(1)
Rebuttal	138	(1)
Qualifiers	139	(1)
Value of the Toulmin Model for Reading and Writing Argument	140	(18)
Review Questions	141	(1)
Exercises and Activities	141	(1)
Essays for Analysis
Automobile Advertisement	142	(1)
New Yorker Cartoon	143	(1)
What's Happened to Disney Films?	144	(2)
John Evans
A Liberating Curriculum	146	(3)
Roberta F. Borkat
Toulmin Analysis of ``What's Happened to Disney Films?''	149	(2)
Beth Brunk
American Value Systems	151	(7)
Richard D. Rieke
Malcolm O. Sillars
Types of Claims	158	(33)
Getting a Sense of the Purpose and Parts of an Argument	159	(1)
Five Types of Claims	159	(13)
Claims of Fact	160	(2)
Claims of Definition	162	(2)
Claims of Cause	164	(2)
Claims of Value	166	(3)
Claims of Policy	169	(3)
Claims and Argument in Real Life	172	(3)
Value of the Claims and the Claim Questions for Reading and Writing Argument	175	(16)
Review Questions	175	(1)
Exercises and Activities	176
Essays for Analysis
Black America's Moment of Truth	161	(2)
Dinesh D'Souza
Family Values	163	(2)
William Safire
Paying the Price of Female Neglect	165	(2)
Susan Dentzer
What's Wrong with Standard Tests?	167	(3)
Ted Sizer
Campus Climate Control	170	(6)
Katie Roiphe
Gene Tests: What You Know Can Hurt You	176	(2)
Barbara Koenig
We're Too Busy for Ideas	178	(2)
Michele McCormick
Reading, Writing, Narcissism	180	(2)
Lilian G. Katz
Devising New Math to Define Poverty	182	(3)
Louis Uchitelle
Study Says Net Use, Depression May Be Linked	185	(2)
Amy Harmon
Hold Your Horsepower	187	(4)
Lyla Fox
Types of Proof	191	(54)
The Traditional Categories of Proof	191	(2)
Types of Logical Proof: Logos	193	(10)
Argument From Deduction	194	(2)
Argument from Definition	196	(1)
Argument from Cause	197	(1)
Argument from Sign	197	(1)
Argument from Induction	198	(2)
Argument from Statistics	200	(1)
Argument from Historical, Literal, or Figurative Analogy	201	(2)
A Mnemonic Device	203	(1)
Proof That Builds Credibility: Ethos	203	(2)
Argument from Authority	204	(1)
Types of Emotional Proof: Pathos	205	(2)
Motivational Proofs	206	(1)
Value Proofs	206	(1)
Logos, Ethos, and Pathos Communicated Through Language and Style	207	(6)
Language That Appeals to Logic	207	(1)
Language That Develops Ethos	208	(2)
Language That Appeals to Emotion	210	(2)
Ethics and Morality in Argument	212	(1)
Fallacies or Pseudoproofs	213	(5)
Fallacies in Logic	214	(2)
Fallacies That Affect Ethos	216	(1)
Emotional Fallacies	217	(1)
Value of the Proofs for Reading and Writing Argument	218	(27)
Review Questions	218	(1)
Exercises and Activities	219	(1)
Essays for Analysis
Censorship or Common Sense?	219	(1)
Roxana Robinson
Meet the Philip Morris Generation, Advertisment	220	(2)
The Whiny Generation	222	(3)
David Martin
The Declaration of Independence	225	(3)
Thomas Jefferson
Love Is a Fallacy	228	(12)
Max Shulman
Minor Problems?	240	(5)
Kelly Dickerson
Part Three Writing a Research Paper That Presents an Argument	245	(98)
The Research Paper: Clarifying Purpose and Understanding the Audience	246	(19)
Understanding the Assignment and Getting Started	247	(1)
Writing a Claim and Clarifying Your Purpose	247	(2)
The Rhetorical Situation	248	(1)
Questions to Plan Claim and Purpose	248	(1)
Some Preliminary Questions to Help You Develop Your Claim	249	(2)
Preliminary Plan	251	(1)
Understanding the Audience	252	(3)
Analyzing a Familiar Audience	255	(3)
Constructing an Unfamiliar Audience	258	(2)
Using Information about Your Audience	260	(5)
Review Questions	261	(1)
Exercises and Activities	261	(3)
New Yorker Cartoon	264	(1)
The Research Paper: Invention and Research	265	(32)
Using Burke's Pentad to Establish Cause	265	(2)
Using Chains of Reasons to Develop Greater Depth of Analysis and Detail	267	(1)
Using Argument Theory to Think Systematically about Your Issue	268	(3)
Analyze the Rhetorical Situation	268	(1)
Use the Toulmin Model	269	(1)
Plan Your Proofs	270	(1)
Presenting Statistics in Graphs and Charts	271	(3)
Using Proofs and Support Appropriate for the Purpose or Type of Claim	274	(1)
Using Organizational Patterns to Help You Think	275	(1)
Suggestions to Help You with Library and Online Research	276	(9)
Get Organized for Research	277	(1)
Learn to Use the Card Catalog or the Computer Index	277	(1)
Use Your Preliminary Plan to Guide Your Research	278	(1)
Search for Information in the Library	278	(1)
Search for Information Online	279	(2)
Create a Bibliography	281	(2)
Survey and Skim	283	(1)
Read Creatively to Generate Ideas	284	(1)
Take Notes and Fill in Your Outline	284	(1)
Evaluating Print and Online Sources	285	(12)
Review Questions	288	(1)
Exercises and Activities	288	(4)
Annotated Bibliography	292	(1)
Human Cloning: An Annotated Bibliography	292	(5)
Angela A. Boatwright
The Research Paper: Organizing, Writing, and Revising	297	(46)
Using Organization to Help Your Reader Understand	297	(3)
Using Organizational Patterns to Help You Think and Organize	300	(5)
Claim with Reasons (or Reasons Followed by Claim)	300	(1)
Cause and Effect (or Effect and Cause)	301	(1)
Applied Criteria	301	(1)
Problem-Solution	301	(1)
Chronology or Narrative	302	(1)
Deduction	302	(1)
Induction	302	(1)
Comparison and Contrast	302	(1)
Rogerian Argument	303	(1)
Motivated Sequence	303	(1)
Exploration	304	(1)
How to Match Patterns to Claims	305	(1)
Outlining Your Paper and Cross-Referencing Your Notes	305	(6)
Incorporating Research into Your First Draft	311	(4)
Clearly Identify Words and Ideas from Outside Sources	313	(1)
Avoid Plagiarism	314	(1)
Document Your Sources	315	(1)
Making Final Revisions and Preparing the Final Copy	315	(28)
Review Questions	317	(1)
Exercises and Activities	317	(2)
Appendix to Chapter 10: How to Document Sources Using MLA and APA Styles	319	(1)
How to Write In-Text Parenthetical Citations	319	(4)
How to Write the List of ``Works Cited'' (MLA) or ``References'' (APA)	323
Essays for Analysis
The Highs of Low Technology	309	(23)
Johanne Mednick
The Importance of Jury Instructions	332	(6)
Tanya Pierce
Alaskan Wolf Management	338	(5)
Darrell D. Greer
Part Four Further Applications: Rogerian Argument/Argument and Literature	343	(88)
Rogerian Argument and Common Ground	344	(43)
Achieving Common Ground in Rogerian Argument	346	(1)
Rogerian Argument as Strategy	347	(2)
Writing Rogerian Argument	349	(1)
Variations of Rogerian Argument	350	(1)
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Rogerian Argument	351	(36)
Review Questions	352	(1)
Exercises and Activities	353	(1)
Essays for Analysis
When Special Care Is Called For, Advertisement	354	(2)
Human Cloning: Is It a Viable Option?	356	(4)
Angela A. Boatwright
Special Education's Best Intentions	360	(3)
Lois Agnew
Dear Mom	363	(3)
Taryn Barnett
A Letter to William A. Henry III	366	(2)
Doran Hayes
Appendix to Chapter 11: Review and Synthesis of the Strategies for Reading and Writing Argument	368	(1)
Rhetorical Situation for Martin Luther King Jr.'s ``Letter from Birmingham Jail''	368	(1)
Reading the Letters and Reporting to the Class	369	(2)
A Call for Unity: A Letter from Eight White Clergymen	371	(1)
Letter from Birmingham Jail	372	(15)
Martin Luther King Jr.
Argument and Literature	387	(44)
Finding and Analyzing Arguments in Literature	388	(4)
What Is at Issue? What Is the Claim?	388	(2)
Characters Making Arguments	390	(2)
Writing Arguments about Literature	392	(26)
Review Questions	394	(1)
Exercises and Activities	394	(1)
Literature for Analysis
Theme for English B	395	(1)
Langston Hughes
The Ones Who Walked Away from Omelas	396	(5)
Ursula K. Le Guin
Trifles	401	(12)
Susan Glaspell
Argument by a Literary Character: Antony's Funeral Speech for Caesar from Julius Caesar	413	(2)
William Shakespeare
Marc Antony's Argument	415	(3)
Sara Orr
Synthesis of Chapters 1--12: Summary Charts	418	(13)
Trace: The Rhetorical Situation	419	(1)
The Processes: Reading and Writing	419	(2)
The Toulmin Model	421	(1)
Types of Claims	422	(2)
Types of Proof and Tests of Validity	424	(7)
Part Five The Reader	431	(4)
Introduction to ``The Reader'': Reading and Writing about Issue Areas	433	(2)
Purpose of ``The Reader''	433	(1)
How to Use ``The Reader''	434	(1)
Questions to Help You Read Critically and Analytically	434	(1)
Questions to Help You Read Creatively and Move from Reading to Writing	434	(1)
SECTION I: Issues Concerning Families	435	(35)
The Issues	435	(1)
The Rhetorical Situation	436	(1)
How Do Men's and Women's Ideas about Themselves Influence the Roles They Play in Their Families?	436	(15)
The Opposite Sex	436	(2)
Steven Doloff
The Future Is Ours to Lose	438	(3)
Naomi Wolf
Can Women ``Have It All''?	441	(3)
William A. Henry III
Father's Role at Home Is Under Negotiation	444	(1)
Scott Coltrane
Building a Better Dad	445	(6)
Jerry Adler
What Are Some Variations on the Traditional Family? How Effective Are These Variations?	451	(18)
The Future of Marriage	451	(5)
Stephanie Coontz
Single Motherhood Is a Joy, Not a Disaster	456	(2)
Carolyn Edy
A Matter of Faith	458	(5)
Jerry Adler
Marriage as We See It	463	(2)
Chris Glaser
Let Gays Marry	465	(2)
Andrew Sullivan
Leave Marriage Alone	467	(1)
William Bennett
The Changing Family: Breaking the Mold of a Traditional Home	468	(1)
Esther B. Fein
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Family Issues	469	(1)
SECTION II: Issues in Education	470	(27)
The Issues	470	(1)
The Rhetorical Situation	471	(1)
What Should Schools Teach?	472	(9)
Toward Good Thinking on Essential Questions	472	(3)
Howard Gardner
Finding the Answers in Drills and Rigor	475	(3)
E. D. Hirsch Jr.
The Hollow Curriculum	478	(3)
Robert N. Sollod
What Can Be Done to Improve Schools?	481	(8)
Back to Basics in the Bronx	481	(4)
David Grann
Science for Girls Only	485	(1)
Patricia A. King
What Should Be Done about Bias in Our Children's Textbooks?	486	(3)
Paul C. Vitz
What Are Some Problems with Grading and Evaluating Learning?	489	(7)
Making the Grade	489	(2)
Kurt Wiesenfeld
Where's the Merit in the S.A.T.?	491	(2)
Eugene E. Garcia
What Do Tests Test?	493	(2)
Howard Gardner
Looking for the Tidy Mind, Alas	495	(1)
Janny Scott
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Education Issues	496	(1)
SECTION III: Issues Concerning Crime and the Treatment of Criminals	497	(35)
The Issues	497	(1)
The Rhetorical Situation	498	(1)
How Should We Treat Convicted Criminals?	499	(12)
Reflections from a Life Behind Bars: Build Colleges, Not Prisons	499	(4)
James Gilligan
Unconventional Punishment for Criminals Catching On	503	(2)
Nicole Koch
A Jailbreak for Geriatrics	505	(2)
George F. Will
Witness to an Execution	507	(2)
Terry FitzPatrick
Turning Bad into Good	509	(2)
Graeme Newman
What Should Be Done with Young Offenders?	511	(13)
Punishment	511	(1)
Patricia Cohen
Crackdown on Kids: Giving Up on the Young	512	(5)
Mike Males
Fay Docuyanan
Who Shot Johnny?	517	(3)
Debra Dickerson
Peace in the Streets	520	(4)
Geoffrey Canada
Do Violent Video Games and Books Cause Young People to Commit Crimes?	524	(7)
The Secret Life of Teens	524	(4)
John Leland
The Doom Factor	528	(1)
John C. Dvorak
Full Metal Dust Jacket: Books Are Violent, Too	529	(2)
Doreen Carvajal
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Issues Concerning Crime and the Treatment of Criminals	531	(1)
SECTION IV: Issues Concerning Computers	532	(33)
The Issues	532	(1)
The Rhetorical Situation	533	(1)
How Are Computers Changing the Culture?	534	(11)
The New Wired World	534	(2)
An Age of Optimism	536	(2)
Nicholas Negroponte
An Inexorable Emergence: Transition to the Twenty-First Century	538	(4)
Ray Kurzweil
Workers of the World, Get On-Line	542	(3)
Daniel McGinn
Joan Raymond
How Are Computers Changing Their Users?	545	(11)
Drag Net: From Glen to Glenda and Back Again---Is It Possible?	545	(3)
Sherry Turkle
Computers Will Be More Human	548	(3)
Michael J. Miller
Potholes on the Road Ahead	551	(2)
Peter McGrath
How Private Is Your Life?	553	(3)
Peter Maas
How Are Computers Changing Education?	556	(8)
Wire All Schools? Not So Fast...	556	(2)
Michael Dertouzos
More Colleges Plunging into Unchartered Waters of On-Line Courses	558	(3)
Karen W. Arenson
The Great Campus Goof-Off Machine	561	(1)
Nate Stulman
Universities Find Sharp Rise in Computer-Aided Cheating	562	(2)
Ian Zack
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Computer Issues	564	(1)
SECTION V: Issues Concerning Race and Culture in America	565	(36)
The Issues	565	(1)
The Rhetorical Situation	566	(1)
How Do Race and Culture Contribute to an Individual's Sense of Identity?	567	(16)
Teaching Resistance: The Racial Politics of Mass Media	567	(3)
bell hooks
The Matter of Whiteness	570	(4)
Richard Dyer
Documented/Undocumented	574	(3)
Guillermo Gomez-Pena
On Being a Conceptual Anomaly	577	(5)
Dorinne K. Kondo
Culture by the Campfire	582	(1)
Esther Pan
Sherry Keene-Osborn
How Close Has America Come to Achieving Racial Equality?	583	(16)
The Good News about Black America	583	(6)
Ellis Cose
The Color of Suspicion	589	(5)
Jeffrey Goldberg
The Politics of Respectability	594	(4)
Randall Kennedy
Improvement Is a Myth	598	(1)
Ana Figueroa
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Race and Culture in America	599	(2)
SECTION VI: Issues Concerning Genetic Engineering	601	(34)
The Issues	601	(1)
The Rhetorical Situation	601	(2)
To What Extent Should Genetic Engineering Be Applied to Agriculture?	603	(8)
Playing God in the Garden	603	(3)
Michael Pollan
Bioengineered Corn May Kill Monarch Butterflies	606	(1)
Rick Weiss
Genetic Engineering Embraced Everywhere Except Europe	607	(1)
Michael Specter
Britons Will Meet on Genetic Foods	608	(1)
Monsanto Says It Won't Market Infertile Seeds	609	(1)
Barnaby J. Feder
Public Meetings Planned on Bioengineered Foods	610	(1)
To What Extent Should Genetic Engineering Be Applied to Animals?	611	(11)
With Cloning of a Sheep, the Ethical Ground Shifts	611	(3)
Gina Kolata
Keeping Them Down on the Pharm	614	(4)
Justin Gillis
Could This Pig Save Your Life?	618	(4)
Sheryl Gay Stolberg
To What Extent Should Genetic Engineering Be Applied to Humans?	622	(12)
Should We ``Fix'' Nature's Genetic Mistakes?	622	(2)
Christopher Joyce
Engineering Temperament	624	(4)
Dean Hamer
Peter Copeland
Reprogenetics: A Glimpse of Things to Come	628	(5)
Lee M. Silver
DNA and Destiny	633	(1)
David P. Barash
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Genetic Engineering Issues	634	(1)
SECTION VII: Issues Concerning Responsibility	635	(34)
The Issues	635	(1)
The Rhetorical Situation	636	(1)
Who Should Be Responsible for the Children?	636	(12)
There's No Place Like Work	636	(6)
Arlie Russell Hochschild
Good News for Working Moms	642	(1)
Barbara Vobejda
Day Care: A Grand and Troubling Social Experiment	643	(2)
Dorothy Conniff
The Kids Are All Right	645	(3)
Susan Faludi
Who Should Be Responsible for the Poor?	648	(19)
Replacing the Welfare State with an Opportunity Society	648	(8)
Newt Gingrich
Project to Rescue Needy Stumbles Against the Persistence of Poverty	656	(3)
Jason De Parle
Nickel-and-Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America	659	(8)
Barbara Ehrenreich
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Issues Concerning Responsibility	667	(2)
Credits	669	(4)
Topic Index	673	(6)
Author--Title Index	679