Perspectives on Argument

by Wood, Nancy V.

Edition:

3rd

ISBN13:

9780130225641

ISBN10:

0130225649

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

8/1/2000

Publisher(s):

Prentice Hall

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What version or edition is this?

This is the 3rd edition with a publication date of 8/1/2000.

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Summary

This combination rhetoric/reader helps students develop strategies for critical reading, critical thinking, research, and writing that will help them argue clearly and convincingly. It teaches them to identify and develop arguments, to read and form reactions and opinions of their own, to analyze an audience, to seek common ground, and to use a wide, realistic range of techniques to write argument papers that express their individual views and original perspectives on modern issues. The Rhetoric portion includes clear explanations and examples of argument theory and reading and writing processes, research and documentation skills, and offers engaging, class-tested writing assignments and activities. The Reader portion includes 75 reading selections covering seven broad issue areas and 18 more focused areas, all of contemporary concern. Unique chapters discuss student argument styles, Rogerian argument, and argument and literature.

Alternate Table of Contents

xxi

Preface

xxv

Acknowledgments

xxix

Part One Engaging with Argument for Reading and Writing

(120)

A Perspective on Argument

(25)

What Is Your Current Perspective on Argument?

(1)

Developing a Broad Perspective on Argument

(1)

Forms of Argument

(2)

Under What Conditions Does Argument Work Best?

(4)

Under What Conditions Does Argument Fail?

(2)

Engaging with Issues

(3)

Examples of Arguable Issues

(1)

How Should You Engage with Issues?

(11)

Review Questions

(1)

Exercises and Activities

(1)

Essays for Analysis

Applying to College, Made Easy

(1)

Nathan Burstein

Girls and Computers

(3)

Genetic Engineering

(1)

Doran Hayes

Developing Your Personal Argument Style

(32)

The Adversarial and Consensual Styles of Argument

(1)

Individual Styles of Argument

(1)

Influence of Experience and Role Models

(1)

Influence of Gender

(5)

Influence of Culture

(6)

Influence of Nationality

(18)

Review Questions

(1)

Exercises and Activities

(2)

Essays for Analysis

We Knew What Glory Was

(3)

Shirlee Taylor Haizlip

A View from Berkeley

(3)

Chancellor Chang-Lin Tien

Giving People a Second Chance

(2)

Ernest Martinez

Why I Want a Wife

(2)

Judy Brady

A Simple ``Hai'' Won't Do

(2)

Reiko Hatsumi

A Process for Reading Argument

(28)

Recognizing Written Argument

(1)

How Do You Read Now?

(1)

Prereading Strategies

(2)

Reading Strategies

(6)

Strategies for Reading Difficult Material

(1)

Postreading Strategies

(3)

Organizing a Process for Reading Argument

(13)

Review Questions

(1)

Exercises and Activities

(1)

Essays for Analysis

Jobs Illuminate What Riots Hid: Young Ideals

(4)

Sara Rimer

Don't Know Much About History

(3)

Roberta Israeloff

The Road to Unreality

(4)

Mark Slouka

A Process for Writing Argument

(33)

How Do You Write Now?

(1)

Prewriting Strategies

(9)

Writing the First Draft

(1)

Special Strategies to Use If You Get Stuck

100

(1)

Postwriting Strategies

100

(5)

Organizing a Process for Writing Argument

105

(2)

The Exploratory Paper

107

(3)

How to Write an Exploratory Paper

110

(11)

Review Questions

113

(1)

Exercises and Activities

113

Essays for Analysis

A Room of Their Own

108

(6)

LynNell Hancock

Claudia Kalb

Coming and Going

114

(3)

Nathan Glazer

Trial by Jury: A Fundamental Right and a Flawed System

117

(4)

Tanya Pierce

Part Two Understanding the Nature of Argument for Reading and Writing

121

(124)

The Essential Parts of an Argument: The Toulmin Model

122

(36)

The Outcomes of Argument: Probability versus Certainty

123

(1)

The Parts of an Argument According to the Toulmin Model

123

(17)

Claim

127

(3)

Support

130

(4)

Warrants

134

(4)

Backing

138

(1)

Rebuttal

138

(1)

Qualifiers

139

(1)

Value of the Toulmin Model for Reading and Writing Argument

140

(18)

Review Questions

141

(1)

Exercises and Activities

141

(1)

Essays for Analysis

Automobile Advertisement

142

(1)

New Yorker Cartoon

143

(1)

What's Happened to Disney Films?

144

(2)

John Evans

A Liberating Curriculum

146

(3)

Roberta F. Borkat

Toulmin Analysis of ``What's Happened to Disney Films?''

149

(2)

Beth Brunk

American Value Systems

151

(7)

Richard D. Rieke

Malcolm O. Sillars

Types of Claims

158

(33)

Getting a Sense of the Purpose and Parts of an Argument

159

(1)

Five Types of Claims

159

(13)

Claims of Fact

160

(2)

Claims of Definition

162

(2)

Claims of Cause

164

(2)

Claims of Value

166

(3)

Claims of Policy

169

(3)

Claims and Argument in Real Life

172

(3)

Value of the Claims and the Claim Questions for Reading and Writing Argument

175

(16)

Review Questions

175

(1)

Exercises and Activities

176

Essays for Analysis

Black America's Moment of Truth

161

(2)

Dinesh D'Souza

Family Values

163

(2)

William Safire

Paying the Price of Female Neglect

165

(2)

Susan Dentzer

What's Wrong with Standard Tests?

167

(3)

Ted Sizer

Campus Climate Control

170

(6)

Katie Roiphe

Gene Tests: What You Know Can Hurt You

176

(2)

Barbara Koenig

We're Too Busy for Ideas

178

(2)

Michele McCormick

Reading, Writing, Narcissism

180

(2)

Lilian G. Katz

Devising New Math to Define Poverty

182

(3)

Louis Uchitelle

Study Says Net Use, Depression May Be Linked

185

(2)

Amy Harmon

Hold Your Horsepower

187

(4)

Lyla Fox

Types of Proof

191

(54)

The Traditional Categories of Proof

191

(2)

Types of Logical Proof: Logos

193

(10)

Argument From Deduction

194

(2)

Argument from Definition

196

(1)

Argument from Cause

197

(1)

Argument from Sign

197

(1)

Argument from Induction

198

(2)

Argument from Statistics

200

(1)

Argument from Historical, Literal, or Figurative Analogy

201

(2)

A Mnemonic Device

203

(1)

Proof That Builds Credibility: Ethos

203

(2)

Argument from Authority

204

(1)

Types of Emotional Proof: Pathos

205

(2)

Motivational Proofs

206

(1)

Value Proofs

206

(1)

Logos, Ethos, and Pathos Communicated Through Language and Style

207

(6)

Language That Appeals to Logic

207

(1)

Language That Develops Ethos

208

(2)

Language That Appeals to Emotion

210

(2)

Ethics and Morality in Argument

212

(1)

Fallacies or Pseudoproofs

213

(5)

Fallacies in Logic

214

(2)

Fallacies That Affect Ethos

216

(1)

Emotional Fallacies

217

(1)

Value of the Proofs for Reading and Writing Argument

218

(27)

Review Questions

218

(1)

Exercises and Activities

219

(1)

Essays for Analysis

Censorship or Common Sense?

219

(1)

Roxana Robinson

Meet the Philip Morris Generation, Advertisment

220

(2)

The Whiny Generation

222

(3)

David Martin

The Declaration of Independence

225

(3)

Thomas Jefferson

Love Is a Fallacy

228

(12)

Max Shulman

Minor Problems?

240

(5)

Kelly Dickerson

Part Three Writing a Research Paper That Presents an Argument

245

(98)

The Research Paper: Clarifying Purpose and Understanding the Audience

246

(19)

Understanding the Assignment and Getting Started

247

(1)

Writing a Claim and Clarifying Your Purpose

247

(2)

The Rhetorical Situation

248

(1)

Questions to Plan Claim and Purpose

248

(1)

Some Preliminary Questions to Help You Develop Your Claim

249

(2)

Preliminary Plan

251

(1)

Understanding the Audience

252

(3)

Analyzing a Familiar Audience

255

(3)

Constructing an Unfamiliar Audience

258

(2)

Using Information about Your Audience

260

(5)

Review Questions

261

(1)

Exercises and Activities

261

(3)

New Yorker Cartoon

264

(1)

The Research Paper: Invention and Research

265

(32)

Using Burke's Pentad to Establish Cause

265

(2)

Using Chains of Reasons to Develop Greater Depth of Analysis and Detail

267

(1)

Using Argument Theory to Think Systematically about Your Issue

268

(3)

Analyze the Rhetorical Situation

268

(1)

Use the Toulmin Model

269

(1)

Plan Your Proofs

270

(1)

Presenting Statistics in Graphs and Charts

271

(3)

Using Proofs and Support Appropriate for the Purpose or Type of Claim

274

(1)

Using Organizational Patterns to Help You Think

275

(1)

Suggestions to Help You with Library and Online Research

276

(9)

Get Organized for Research

277

(1)

Learn to Use the Card Catalog or the Computer Index

277

(1)

Use Your Preliminary Plan to Guide Your Research

278

(1)

Search for Information in the Library

278

(1)

Search for Information Online

279

(2)

Create a Bibliography

281

(2)

Survey and Skim

283

(1)

Read Creatively to Generate Ideas

284

(1)

Take Notes and Fill in Your Outline

284

(1)

Evaluating Print and Online Sources

285

(12)

Review Questions

288

(1)

Exercises and Activities

288

(4)

Annotated Bibliography

292

(1)

Human Cloning: An Annotated Bibliography

292

(5)

Angela A. Boatwright

The Research Paper: Organizing, Writing, and Revising

297

(46)

Using Organization to Help Your Reader Understand

297

(3)

Using Organizational Patterns to Help You Think and Organize

300

(5)

Claim with Reasons (or Reasons Followed by Claim)

300

(1)

Cause and Effect (or Effect and Cause)

301

(1)

Applied Criteria

301

(1)

Problem-Solution

301

(1)

Chronology or Narrative

302

(1)

Deduction

302

(1)

Induction

302

(1)

Comparison and Contrast

302

(1)

Rogerian Argument

303

(1)

Motivated Sequence

303

(1)

Exploration

304

(1)

How to Match Patterns to Claims

305

(1)

Outlining Your Paper and Cross-Referencing Your Notes

305

(6)

Incorporating Research into Your First Draft

311

(4)

Clearly Identify Words and Ideas from Outside Sources

313

(1)

Avoid Plagiarism

314

(1)

Document Your Sources

315

(1)

Making Final Revisions and Preparing the Final Copy

315

(28)

Review Questions

317

(1)

Exercises and Activities

317

(2)

Appendix to Chapter 10: How to Document Sources Using MLA and APA Styles

319

(1)

How to Write In-Text Parenthetical Citations

319

(4)

How to Write the List of ``Works Cited'' (MLA) or ``References'' (APA)

323

Essays for Analysis

The Highs of Low Technology

309

(23)

Johanne Mednick

The Importance of Jury Instructions

332

(6)

Tanya Pierce

Alaskan Wolf Management

338

(5)

Darrell D. Greer

Part Four Further Applications: Rogerian Argument/Argument and Literature

343

(88)

Rogerian Argument and Common Ground

344

(43)

Achieving Common Ground in Rogerian Argument

346

(1)

Rogerian Argument as Strategy

347

(2)

Writing Rogerian Argument

349

(1)

Variations of Rogerian Argument

350

(1)

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Rogerian Argument

351

(36)

Review Questions

352

(1)

Exercises and Activities

353

(1)

Essays for Analysis

When Special Care Is Called For, Advertisement

354

(2)

Human Cloning: Is It a Viable Option?

356

(4)

Angela A. Boatwright

Special Education's Best Intentions

360

(3)

Lois Agnew

Dear Mom

363

(3)

Taryn Barnett

A Letter to William A. Henry III

366

(2)

Doran Hayes

Appendix to Chapter 11: Review and Synthesis of the Strategies for Reading and Writing Argument

368

(1)

Rhetorical Situation for Martin Luther King Jr.'s ``Letter from Birmingham Jail''

368

(1)

Reading the Letters and Reporting to the Class

369

(2)

A Call for Unity: A Letter from Eight White Clergymen

371

(1)

Letter from Birmingham Jail

372

(15)

Martin Luther King Jr.

Argument and Literature

387

(44)

Finding and Analyzing Arguments in Literature

388

(4)

What Is at Issue? What Is the Claim?

388

(2)

Characters Making Arguments

390

(2)

Writing Arguments about Literature

392

(26)

Review Questions

394

(1)

Exercises and Activities

394

(1)

Literature for Analysis

Theme for English B

395

(1)

Langston Hughes

The Ones Who Walked Away from Omelas

396

(5)

Ursula K. Le Guin

Trifles

401

(12)

Susan Glaspell

Argument by a Literary Character: Antony's Funeral Speech for Caesar from Julius Caesar

413

(2)

William Shakespeare

Marc Antony's Argument

415

(3)

Sara Orr

Synthesis of Chapters 1--12: Summary Charts

418

(13)

Trace: The Rhetorical Situation

419

(1)

The Processes: Reading and Writing

419

(2)

The Toulmin Model

421

(1)

Types of Claims

422

(2)

Types of Proof and Tests of Validity

424

(7)

Part Five The Reader

431

(4)

Introduction to ``The Reader'': Reading and Writing about Issue Areas

433

(2)

Purpose of ``The Reader''

433

(1)

How to Use ``The Reader''

434

(1)

Questions to Help You Read Critically and Analytically

434

(1)

Questions to Help You Read Creatively and Move from Reading to Writing

434

(1)

SECTION I: Issues Concerning Families

435

(35)

The Issues

435

(1)

The Rhetorical Situation

436

(1)

How Do Men's and Women's Ideas about Themselves Influence the Roles They Play in Their Families?

436

(15)

The Opposite Sex

436

(2)

Steven Doloff

The Future Is Ours to Lose

438

(3)

Naomi Wolf

Can Women ``Have It All''?

441

(3)

William A. Henry III

Father's Role at Home Is Under Negotiation

444

(1)

Scott Coltrane

Building a Better Dad

445

(6)

Jerry Adler

What Are Some Variations on the Traditional Family? How Effective Are These Variations?

451

(18)

The Future of Marriage

451

(5)

Stephanie Coontz

Single Motherhood Is a Joy, Not a Disaster

456

(2)

Carolyn Edy

A Matter of Faith

458

(5)

Jerry Adler

Marriage as We See It

463

(2)

Chris Glaser

Let Gays Marry

465

(2)

Andrew Sullivan

Leave Marriage Alone

467

(1)

William Bennett

The Changing Family: Breaking the Mold of a Traditional Home

468

(1)

Esther B. Fein

Questions to Help You Think and Write about Family Issues

469

(1)

SECTION II: Issues in Education

470

(27)

The Issues

470

(1)

The Rhetorical Situation

471

(1)

What Should Schools Teach?

472

(9)

Toward Good Thinking on Essential Questions

472

(3)

Howard Gardner

Finding the Answers in Drills and Rigor

475

(3)

E. D. Hirsch Jr.

The Hollow Curriculum

478

(3)

Robert N. Sollod

What Can Be Done to Improve Schools?

481

(8)

Back to Basics in the Bronx

481

(4)

David Grann

Science for Girls Only

485

(1)

Patricia A. King

What Should Be Done about Bias in Our Children's Textbooks?

486

(3)

Paul C. Vitz

What Are Some Problems with Grading and Evaluating Learning?

489

(7)

Making the Grade

489

(2)

Kurt Wiesenfeld

Where's the Merit in the S.A.T.?

491

(2)

Eugene E. Garcia

What Do Tests Test?

493

(2)

Howard Gardner

Looking for the Tidy Mind, Alas

495

(1)

Janny Scott

Questions to Help You Think and Write about Education Issues

496

(1)

SECTION III: Issues Concerning Crime and the Treatment of Criminals

497

(35)

The Issues

497

(1)

The Rhetorical Situation

498

(1)

How Should We Treat Convicted Criminals?

499

(12)

Reflections from a Life Behind Bars: Build Colleges, Not Prisons

499

(4)

James Gilligan

Unconventional Punishment for Criminals Catching On

503

(2)

Nicole Koch

A Jailbreak for Geriatrics

505

(2)

George F. Will

Witness to an Execution

507

(2)

Terry FitzPatrick

Turning Bad into Good

509

(2)

Graeme Newman

What Should Be Done with Young Offenders?

511

(13)

Punishment

511

(1)

Patricia Cohen

Crackdown on Kids: Giving Up on the Young

512

(5)

Mike Males

Fay Docuyanan

Who Shot Johnny?

517

(3)

Debra Dickerson

Peace in the Streets

520

(4)

Geoffrey Canada

Do Violent Video Games and Books Cause Young People to Commit Crimes?

524

(7)

The Secret Life of Teens

524

(4)

John Leland

The Doom Factor

528

(1)

John C. Dvorak

Full Metal Dust Jacket: Books Are Violent, Too

529

(2)

Doreen Carvajal

Questions to Help You Think and Write about Issues Concerning Crime and the Treatment of Criminals

531

(1)

SECTION IV: Issues Concerning Computers

532

(33)

The Issues

532

(1)

The Rhetorical Situation

533

(1)

How Are Computers Changing the Culture?

534

(11)

The New Wired World

534

(2)

An Age of Optimism

536

(2)

Nicholas Negroponte

An Inexorable Emergence: Transition to the Twenty-First Century

538

(4)

Ray Kurzweil

Workers of the World, Get On-Line

542

(3)

Daniel McGinn

Joan Raymond

How Are Computers Changing Their Users?

545

(11)

Drag Net: From Glen to Glenda and Back Again---Is It Possible?

545

(3)

Sherry Turkle

Computers Will Be More Human

548

(3)

Michael J. Miller

Potholes on the Road Ahead

551

(2)

Peter McGrath

How Private Is Your Life?

553

(3)

Peter Maas

How Are Computers Changing Education?

556

(8)

Wire All Schools? Not So Fast...

556

(2)

Michael Dertouzos

More Colleges Plunging into Unchartered Waters of On-Line Courses

558

(3)

Karen W. Arenson

The Great Campus Goof-Off Machine

561

(1)

Nate Stulman

Universities Find Sharp Rise in Computer-Aided Cheating

562

(2)

Ian Zack

Questions to Help You Think and Write about Computer Issues

564

(1)

SECTION V: Issues Concerning Race and Culture in America

565

(36)

The Issues

565

(1)

The Rhetorical Situation

566

(1)

How Do Race and Culture Contribute to an Individual's Sense of Identity?

567

(16)

Teaching Resistance: The Racial Politics of Mass Media

567

(3)

bell hooks

The Matter of Whiteness

570

(4)

Richard Dyer

Documented/Undocumented

574

(3)

Guillermo Gomez-Pena

On Being a Conceptual Anomaly

577

(5)

Dorinne K. Kondo

Culture by the Campfire

582

(1)

Esther Pan

Sherry Keene-Osborn

How Close Has America Come to Achieving Racial Equality?

583

(16)

The Good News about Black America

583

(6)

Ellis Cose

The Color of Suspicion

589

(5)

Jeffrey Goldberg

The Politics of Respectability

594

(4)

Randall Kennedy

Improvement Is a Myth

598

(1)

Ana Figueroa

Questions to Help You Think and Write about Race and Culture in America

599

(2)

SECTION VI: Issues Concerning Genetic Engineering

601

(34)

The Issues

601

(1)

The Rhetorical Situation

601

(2)

To What Extent Should Genetic Engineering Be Applied to Agriculture?

603

(8)

Playing God in the Garden

603

(3)

Michael Pollan

Bioengineered Corn May Kill Monarch Butterflies

606

(1)

Rick Weiss

Genetic Engineering Embraced Everywhere Except Europe

607

(1)

Michael Specter

Britons Will Meet on Genetic Foods

608

(1)

Monsanto Says It Won't Market Infertile Seeds

609

(1)

Barnaby J. Feder

Public Meetings Planned on Bioengineered Foods

610

(1)

To What Extent Should Genetic Engineering Be Applied to Animals?

611

(11)

With Cloning of a Sheep, the Ethical Ground Shifts

611

(3)

Gina Kolata

Keeping Them Down on the Pharm

614

(4)

Justin Gillis

Could This Pig Save Your Life?

618

(4)

Sheryl Gay Stolberg

To What Extent Should Genetic Engineering Be Applied to Humans?

622

(12)

Should We ``Fix'' Nature's Genetic Mistakes?

622

(2)

Christopher Joyce

Engineering Temperament

624

(4)

Dean Hamer

Peter Copeland

Reprogenetics: A Glimpse of Things to Come

628

(5)

Lee M. Silver

DNA and Destiny

633

(1)

David P. Barash

Questions to Help You Think and Write about Genetic Engineering Issues

634

(1)

SECTION VII: Issues Concerning Responsibility

635

(34)

The Issues

635

(1)

The Rhetorical Situation

636

(1)

Who Should Be Responsible for the Children?

636

(12)

There's No Place Like Work

636

(6)

Arlie Russell Hochschild

Good News for Working Moms

642

(1)

Barbara Vobejda

Day Care: A Grand and Troubling Social Experiment

643

(2)

Dorothy Conniff

The Kids Are All Right

645

(3)

Susan Faludi

Who Should Be Responsible for the Poor?

648

(19)

Replacing the Welfare State with an Opportunity Society

648

(8)

Newt Gingrich

Project to Rescue Needy Stumbles Against the Persistence of Poverty

656

(3)

Jason De Parle

Nickel-and-Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America

659

(8)

Barbara Ehrenreich

Questions to Help You Think and Write about Issues Concerning Responsibility

667

(2)

Credits

669

(4)

Topic Index

673

(6)

Author--Title Index

679

Perspectives on Argument

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