Preface | p. xiii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Philosophy and its history | p. 2 |
Why study philosophy? | p. 3 |
Is philosophy difficult? | p. 5 |
The limits of what philosophy can do | p. 6 |
How to use this book | p. 6 |
Further reading | p. 7 |
Internet resources | p. 9 |
God | p. 11 |
The Design Argument | p. 12 |
Criticisms of the Design Argument | p. 13 |
Fine Tuning | p. 15 |
Criticism of Fine Tuning | p. 16 |
The First Cause Argument | p. 16 |
Critisms of the First Cause Argument | p. 17 |
The Ontological Argument | p. 18 |
Criticisms of the Ontological Argument | p. 19 |
Knowledge, proof and the existence of God | p. 20 |
The Problem of Evil | p. 21 |
Attempted solutions to the Problem of Evil | p. 22 |
The Free Will Defence | p. 24 |
Criticisms of the Free Will Defence | p. 24 |
The argument from miracles | p. 27 |
Hume on miracles | p. 27 |
The Gambler's Argument: Pascal's Wager | p. 30 |
Criticisms of the Gambler's Argument | p. 31 |
Non-realism about God | p. 32 |
Criticisms of non-realism about God | p. 33 |
Faith | p. 33 |
Death | p. 35 |
Criticism of Epicurus | p. 36 |
Would immortality be tedious? | p. 36 |
Criticism of the tedium of immortality | p. 36 |
Conclusion | p. 37 |
Further reading | p. 37 |
Right and wrong | p. 39 |
Duty-based theories | p. 40 |
Christian ethics | p. 40 |
Criticisms of Christian ethics | p. 41 |
Kantian ethics | p. 42 |
Criticisms of Kantian ethics | p. 46 |
Consequentialism | p. 48 |
Utilitarianism | p. 48 |
Criticisms of utilitarianism | p. 49 |
Negative utilitarianism | p. 52 |
Criticism of negative utilitarianism | p. 53 |
Rule utilitarianism | p. 53 |
Virtue theory | p. 54 |
Criticisms of virtue theory | p. 55 |
Applied ethics | p. 56 |
Ethics and meta-ethics | p. 59 |
Naturalism | p. 59 |
Criticisms of naturalism | p. 60 |
Moral relativism | p. 62 |
Criticisms of moral relativism | p. 62 |
Emotivism | p. 63 |
Criticisms of emotivism | p. 64 |
Conclusion | p. 65 |
Further reading | p. 66 |
Politics | p. 67 |
Equality | p. 67 |
Equal distribution of money | p. 69 |
Criticisms of equal distribution of money | p. 69 |
Equal opportunity in employment | p. 71 |
Reverse discrimination | p. 72 |
Criticisms of reverse discrimination | p. 73 |
Political equality: democracy | p. 74 |
Direct democracy | p. 74 |
Representative democracy | p. 75 |
Criticisms of democracy | p. 75 |
Freedom | p. 77 |
Negative freedom | p. 77 |
Criticisms of negative freedom | p. 78 |
Positive freedom | p. 79 |
Freedom of speech | p. 80 |
Criticisms of Mill on free speech | p. 81 |
Removing freedom: punishment | p. 82 |
Punishment as retribution | p. 82 |
Criticisms of retributivism | p. 83 |
Deterrence | p. 83 |
Criticisms of deterrence | p. 84 |
Protection of society | p. 84 |
Criticisms of protection of society | p. 85 |
Reform | p. 85 |
Criticisms of reform | p. 86 |
Civil disobedience | p. 86 |
Criticisms of civil disobedience | p. 88 |
Conclusion | p. 90 |
Further reading | p. 90 |
The external world | p. 92 |
Common-sense realism | p. 92 |
Scepticism about the evidence of the senses | p. 93 |
The Illusion Argument | p. 93 |
Criticisms of the Illusion Argument | p. 94 |
Could I be dreaming? | p. 95 |
Hallucination | p. 96 |
Memory and logic | p. 98 |
I think therefore I am | p. 99 |
Criticism of the Cogito | p. 99 |
Representative realism | p. 99 |
Criticisms of representative realism | p. 101 |
Idealism | p. 102 |
Criticisms of idealism | p. 103 |
Phenomenalism | p. 105 |
Criticisms of phenomenalism | p. 106 |
Causal realism | p. 107 |
Criticisms of causal realism | p. 108 |
Conclusion | p. 109 |
Further reading | p. 109 |
Science | p. 110 |
The simple view of scientific method | p. 111 |
Criticisms of the simple view | p. 112 |
The Problem of Induction | p. 114 |
Attempted solutions to the Problem of Induction | p. 118 |
Falsificationism: conjecture and refutation | p. 120 |
Criticisms of falsificationism | p. 122 |
Scientism | p. 124 |
Criticism of scientism | p. 125 |
Conclusion | p. 125 |
Further reading | p. 125 |
Mind | p. 127 |
Philosophy of mind and psychology | p. 127 |
The Mind/Body Problem | p. 128 |
Zombies | p. 128 |
Dualism | p. 129 |
Criticisms of dualism | p. 130 |
Dualism without interaction | p. 132 |
Physicalism | p. 133 |
Type-identity theory | p. 134 |
Criticisms of type-identity theory | p. 135 |
Token-identity theory | p. 137 |
Criticisms of token-identity theory | p. 138 |
Behaviourism | p. 138 |
Criticisms of behaviourism | p. 139 |
Functionalism | p. 142 |
Criticism of functionalism | p. 143 |
Other Minds | p. 144 |
The argument from analogy | p. 144 |
Criticisms of the argument from analogy | p. 145 |
Conclusion | p. 146 |
Further reading | p. 146 |
Art | p. 148 |
Can art be defined? | p. 149 |
The family resemblance view | p. 149 |
Criticisms of the family resemblance view | p. 149 |
The significant form theory | p. 150 |
Criticisms of the significant form theory | p. 151 |
The idealist theory | p. 152 |
Criticisms of the idealist theory | p. 152 |
The institutional theory | p. 153 |
Criticisms of the institutional theory | p. 154 |
Art criticism | p. 156 |
Anti-intentionalism | p. 156 |
Criticisms of anti-intentionalism | p. 157 |
Performance, interpretation, authenticity | p. 158 |
Historical authenticity in performance | p. 159 |
Criticisms of historical authenticity in performance | p. 159 |
Forgeries and artistic value | p. 160 |
Conclusion | p. 164 |
Further reading | p. 164 |
Index | p. 165 |
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