Presidential Leadership Politics and Policy Making

by Edwards, III, George C.; Wayne, Stephen J.

• ISBN13: 9780534602376
• ISBN10: 0534602371
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-08-08
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

From routine operations to the workings of a White House in crisis, this comprehensive, best-selling text examines all facets of the presidency in rich detail. George C. Edwards and Stephen J. Wayne use an engaging combination of analytical prose and timely, fascinating examples to examine the presidency from two theoretical standpoints--the President as "facilitator," and the President as "director of change." Their theoretical (versus chronological) approach, combined with the currency and relevance of the material covered in the text, have made PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP: POLITICS AND POLICY MAKING the most comprehensive and best-selling text available today for your presidential studies course.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvi
Presidential Leadership: An Introduction	1	(27)
The Original Presidency	2	(4)
The Creation of the Institution	3	(1)
The Scope of Article II	4	(2)
The Evolution of the Presidency	6	(5)
Policy-Making Roles	6	(1)
Organizational Structure	7	(2)
Public Dimensions	9	(2)
Problems of Contemporary Leadership	11	(2)
Approaches to Studying the Presidency	13	(6)
Legal	14	(1)
Institutional	15	(1)
Political Power	16	(1)
Psychological	17	(1)
Summary	18	(1)
Orientation and Organization of This Book	19	(5)
Thinking About Leadership: Two Perspectives	19	(3)
Conceptual Focus	22	(1)
A Preview	23	(1)
Selected Readings	24	(1)
Notes	25	(3)
The Nomination Process	28	(32)
The Evolution of the System	29	(3)
Changes in the Political Arena	32	(12)
Party Reforms	32	(3)
Campaign Finance	35	(3)
Public Relations	38	(6)
The Quest for the Nomination: A Strategic Gameplan	44	(3)
Non-Front-Runners	45	(1)
Pulpit Candidates	46	(1)
Front-Runners	46	(1)
The Noncompetitive Phase of the Nomination Process	47	(8)
Launching the Presidential Campaign: The National Conventions	50	(4)
Characteristics of the Nominees	54	(1)
Conclusion	55	(1)
Discussion Questions	56	(1)
Web Exercises	56	(1)
Selected Readings	57	(1)
Notes	58	(2)
The Presidential Election	60	(40)
The Strategic Environment	61	(17)
The Electoral College	61	(5)
The Polity	66	(4)
Financial Considerations	70	(5)
News Coverage	75	(3)
The Presidential Campaign	78	(9)
Creating an Organization	79	(2)
Designing an Image	81	(1)
Projecting a Partisan Appeal	82	(1)
Building a Winning Coalition	83	(1)
Media Tactics	84	(3)
The Meaning of the Election	87	(7)
Predictions and Polls	87	(2)
Analyzing the Results	89	(3)
Assessing the Mandate	92	(1)
Converting the Electoral Coalition for Governance	93	(1)
Conclusion	94	(1)
Discussion Questions	95	(1)
Web Exercises	95	(1)
Selected Readings	96	(1)
Notes	96	(4)
The President and the Public	100	(53)
Understanding Public Opinion	101	(5)
Americans' Opinions	101	(1)
Public Opinion Polls	102	(2)
Presidential Election Results	104	(1)
Mail from the Public	104	(1)
Acting Contrary to Public Opinion	105	(1)
Public Expectations of the President	106	(6)
High Expectations	107	(3)
Contradictory Expectations	110	(2)
Public Approval of the President	112	(12)
Levels of Approval	113	(1)
Party Identification	113	(1)
Positivity Bias	114	(1)
The Persistence of Approval	115	(1)
Long-Term Decline	116	(2)
Personality or Policy?	118	(1)
Personal Characteristics	119	(1)
Issues	119	(1)
Hot Button Issue: Why Was Bill Clinton So Popular When No One Seemed to Like Him?	120	(2)
Rally Events	122	(2)
Leading the Public	124	(21)
Direct Opinion Leadership	124	(4)
Framing Issues	128	(3)
The Use of Symbols	131	(3)
Public Relations	134	(4)
Success of Opinion Leadership	138	(3)
The Presidency in Action: Just How Persuasive Was ``The Great Communicator''?	141	(1)
Information Control	142	(3)
Conclusion	145	(1)
Discussion Questions	145	(1)
Web Exercises	146	(1)
Selected Readings	146	(1)
Notes	147	(6)
The President and the Media	153	(37)
The Evolution of Media Coverage	154	(1)
Relations Between the President and the Press	155	(11)
The Presidency in Action: The President Assesses the Press	156	(1)
The White House Press Corps	156	(1)
The Presidential Press Operation	157	(2)
The Presidential Press Conference	159	(2)
Services for the Press	161	(4)
Managing the News	165	(1)
Press Coverage of the President	166	(11)
Leaks	167	(2)
Superficiality	169	(4)
Bias	173	(4)
Media Effects	177	(6)
Setting the Public's Agenda	177	(1)
Media Priming	178	(1)
Limiting the President's Options	179	(1)
Hot Button Issue: The Rush to Judgment	180	(1)
Undermining the President	181	(1)
Limits on Media Effects	182	(1)
Conclusion	183	(1)
Discussion Questions	183	(1)
Web Exercises	184	(1)
Selected Readings	184	(1)
Notes	185	(5)
The President's Office	190	(33)
Organizing Executive Advice	191	(9)
The Evolution of the Cabinet	191	(4)
The Creation of a Presidential Bureaucracy	195	(3)
Consequences of Structural Change	198	(2)
Providing a Presidential Staffing System	200	(16)
The Early Years	200	(1)
The Personalized White House, 1939 to 1960	201	(1)
The Institutionalized White House, 1960 to the Present	202	(7)
Trends in White House Staffing	209	(2)
Hot Button Issue: The Privacy of Internal Communications	211	(1)
The Growth of the Vice Presidency	212	(4)
The President's Spouse	216	(2)
Conclusion	218	(1)
Discussion Questions	219	(1)
Web Exercises	219	(1)
Selected Readings	220	(1)
Notes	220	(3)
Presidential Decision Making	223	(29)
Previous Commitments	224	(1)
Time Constraints	225	(1)
Organization and Style of Decision Making	226	(7)
White House Organization	226	(2)
The Presidency in Action: Getting a New Chief of Staff	228	(1)
The Form of Advice	229	(1)
Multiple Advocacy	230	(2)
Presidential Involvement	232	(1)
Relationships with Advisers	233	(5)
Disagreeing with the President	233	(2)
Discouraging Advice	235	(1)
Groupthink	236	(1)
Staff Rivalries	236	(1)
Loss of Perspective	237	(1)
Role Conceptions	237	(1)
Hot Button Issue: What Difference Does the Decision-Making Process Make?	238	(1)
Bureaucratic Politics and Decision Making	238	(10)
Organizational Parochialism	239	(2)
Maintaining the Organization	241	(2)
Organizational and Personal Influence	243	(2)
Bureaucratic Structure	245	(3)
Conclusion	248	(1)
Discussion Questions	249	(1)
Web Exercises	249	(1)
Selected Readings	249	(1)
Notes	250	(2)
The Psychological Presidency	252	(33)
Qualifications for Office	253	(1)
Social and Political Background	254	(1)
Physical Attributes and General Health	255	(4)
Psychological Orientation	259	(5)
Presidential Character	259	(4)
Hot Button Issue: How Important is Character?	263	(1)
Cognitive Dimensions	264	(9)
Impact of Worldviews	264	(4)
Managing Inconsistency	268	(5)
Presidential Style	273	(3)
White House Staff Relationships	276	(3)
Conclusion	279	(1)
Discussion Questions	280	(1)
Web Exercises	280	(1)
Selected Readings	280	(1)
Notes	281	(4)
The President and the Executive Branch	285	(45)
Lack of Attention to Implementation	287	(1)
Communication of Presidential Decisions	288	(7)
The Presidency in Action: The National Performance Review	289	(1)
Transmission	290	(2)
Clarity	292	(2)
Consistency	294	(1)
Resources	295	(7)
Money	295	(1)
Staff	295	(4)
Authority	299	(2)
Hot Button Issue: The Use of Executive Orders to Bypass Congress	301	(1)
Facilities and Equipment	302	(1)
Dispositions	302	(11)
White House Distrust	303	(1)
Bureaucratic Responsiveness to the President	304	(3)
Staffing the Bureaucracy	307	(5)
Limiting Discretion	312	(1)
The Bureaucratic Structure	313	(6)
Standard Operating Procedures	314	(1)
Fragmentation	315	(4)
Follow-Up	319	(3)
Conclusion	322	(1)
Discussion Questions	323	(1)
Web Exercises	323	(1)
Selected Readings	324	(1)
Notes	324	(6)
The President and Congress	330	(47)
Formal Legislative Powers	331	(1)
Sources of Conflict between the Executive and Legislative Branches	332	(4)
Constituencies	333	(1)
Internal Structures	333	(2)
Information and Expertise	335	(1)
Time Perspectives	335	(1)
Agenda Setting	336	(1)
Party Leadership	336	(11)
Party Support of the President	336	(1)
Leading the Party	337	(10)
Public Support	347	(3)
Public Approval	348	(2)
Mandates	350	(1)
Evaluating Strategic Position	350	(2)
Presidential Legislative Skills	352	(14)
Congressional Liaison	353	(2)
Personal Appeals	355	(1)
Bargaining	356	(2)
Services and Amenities	358	(1)
Pressure	359	(1)
Consultation	360	(1)
Setting Priorities	361	(2)
Moving Fast	363	(1)
Structuring Choice	364	(1)
The Context of Influence	364	(1)
The Presidency in Action: Bill Clinton Tries to Define Himself	365	(1)
The Impact of Legislative Skills	366	(1)
The Veto	366	(4)
Hot Button Issue: The Line-Item Veto	368	(2)
Conclusion	370	(2)
Discussion Questions	372	(1)
Web Exercises	372	(1)
Selected Readings	373	(1)
Notes	373	(4)
The President and the Judiciary	377	(30)
Judicial Selection	378	(10)
Selection of Lower-Court Judges	378	(2)
Backgrounds of Lower-Court Judges	380	(3)
Selection of Supreme Court Justices	383	(3)
Characteristics of Justices	386	(2)
President-Supreme Court Relations	388	(6)
Molding the Court	388	(3)
The Presidency in Action: Bill Clinton Decides Not to Pack the Courts	391	(1)
Arguments in the Courts	391	(1)
Enforcing Court Decisions	392	(2)
Other Relationships	394	(1)
Complying with the Court	394	(6)
Presidential Compliance	395	(2)
Hot Button Issue: Is the President Immune from Lawsuits?	397	(1)
Deference to the President	398	(2)
Judicial Powers	400	(2)
Conclusion	402	(1)
Discussion Questions	402	(1)
Web Exercises	402	(1)
Selected Readings	403	(1)
Notes	404	(3)
Domestic Policy Making	407	(33)
The Development of a Policy Role	408	(4)
Institutionalizing Presidential Initiatives	409	(1)
Chancing Policy Environment	410	(2)
The Office of Management and Budget and the Executive Branch	412	(8)
Exercising Central Clearance	412	(2)
Coordinating Executive Advice	414	(2)
Issuing Executive Orders	416	(1)
Reviewing Agency Regulations	416	(1)
Presenting an Annual Program	417	(3)
The Domestic Policy Office and the White House	420	(3)
Structural Orientation	421	(2)
Stylistic Differences	423	(1)
Strategies for Policy Making	423	(12)
Accommodating External Forces	423	(3)
Building a Policy Agenda	426	(6)
The Presidency in Action: The President Gets His Education	432	(3)
Conclusion	435	(1)
Discussion Questions	436	(1)
Web Exercises	436	(1)
Selected Readings	437	(1)
Notes	438	(2)
Budgetary and Economic Policy Making	440	(36)
The Federal Budget	441	(5)
The Battle of the Budget: President versus Congress	446	(3)
The Budget Makers	449	(9)
The President	449	(1)
The Office of Management and Budget	450	(4)
The Executive Departments and Agencies	454	(1)
The Congress	455	(3)
Presidential Leadership and the Budget	458	(2)
Domestic Economic Policy Making	460	(3)
Foreign Economic Policy Making	463	(2)
Economic Policy Makers	465	(3)
The Department of the Treasury	465	(1)
The Federal Reserve Board	465	(1)
The Council of Economic Advisers	466	(1)
The Office of Management and Budget	467	(1)
International Economic Advisers	467	(1)
The Coordination of Economic Advice	468	(2)
The Politics of Economic Policy Making	470	(1)
Conclusion	471	(2)
Discussion Questions	473	(1)
Web Exercises	473	(1)
Selected Readings	473	(1)
Notes	474	(2)
Foreign and Defense Policy Making	476	(28)
Constitutional and Statutory Authority	477	(11)
The Original Design	477	(1)
The Exercise of Powers	478	(10)
The Expansion of a Policy-Making Role	488	(5)
Incentives for Presidential Leadership	488	(2)
Policy Goals and Presidential Success: The Two Presidencies Thesis	490	(3)
The Development of an Advisory System	493	(5)
The Executive Departments	493	(2)
The National Security Council	495	(1)
The Special Assistant for National Security Affairs	496	(2)
Assessing the Advisory System	498	(1)
Conclusion	499	(1)
Discussion Questions	500	(1)
Web Exercises	500	(1)
Selected Readings	501	(1)
Notes	502	(2)
Epilogue: The Crisis Presidency	504	(14)
Taking Charge	504	(3)
Using Harsh Words	505	(1)
Rallying 'Round the President	506	(1)
Exercising the Prerogative	507	(6)
Historical Presidential Precedents	507	(4)
Judicial Concurrence	511	(1)
Congressional Acquiescence	511	(1)
Bush's Unilateral Presidency	512	(1)
Returning to Normalcy: Checks and Balances Restored	513	(2)
Conclusion	515	(1)
Discussion Questions	516	(1)
Web Exercises	516	(1)
Selected Readings	516	(1)
Notes	517	(1)
Appendix A Methods of Studying the Presidency	518	(10)
Appendix B Nonelectoral Succession, Removal, and Tenure	528	(5)
Appendix C Provisions of the Constitution of the United States That Relate to the Presidency	533	(10)
Appendix D 2000 Electoral and Popular Vote Summary	543	(3)
Index	546