Psychological Testing : History, Principles, and Applications

by Gregory, Robert J.

• ISBN13: 9780205468829
• ISBN10: 0205468829
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

The goal of Psychological Testing is to teach students about the characteristics, objectives, and wide-ranging effects of psychological testing. In addition to the breadth of coverage of traditional topics, the fifth edition features new detailed presentations on neuropsychological and geriatric assessment, the early uses and abuses of testing, assessment of learning disabilities, testing in special settings, race differences in IQ, and cheating on national group achievement tests. The author describes and critiques the latest versions of the most widely used tests, examines the subtleties of the testing process, and explores the value-laden issues surrounding the wisdom of testing. Other Highlights of the Fifth Edition bull; bull;Chapter 2, "The History of Psychological Testing," and Appendix A, "Major Landmarks in the History of Psychological Testing," give students a broad overview of the field. bull;The importance of ethical and social issues in testing is emphasized in Chapter 1, "Applications and Consequences of Testing." bull;Real-world case studies bring concepts to life for students.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
1 Applications and Consequences of Psychological Testing	1	(44)
TOPIC 1A The Nature and Uses of Psychological Testing	1	(24)
The Consequences of Testing	2	(1)
Definition of a Test	2	(4)
Case Exhibit 1.1 True-Life Vignettes of Testing	3	(3)
Further Distinctions in Testing	6	(1)
Types of Tests	7	(3)
Uses of Testing	10	(2)
Factors Influencing the Soundness of Testing	12	(1)
Case Exhibit 1.2 The Impact of Nonstandard Testing	13	(1)
Standardized Procedures in Test Administration	13	(2)
Desirable Procedures of Test Administration	15	(4)
Influence of the Examiner	19	(2)
Background and Motivation of the Examinee	21	(2)
Summary	23	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	24	(1)
TOPIC 1B Ethical and Social Implications of Testing	25	(20)
The Rationale for Professional Testing Standards	25	(1)
Responsibilities of Test Publishers	26	(3)
Case Exhibit 1.3 Ethical and Professional Quandaries in Testing	27	(2)
Responsibilities of Test Users	29	(2)
Case Exhibit 1.4 Overzealous
Interpretation of the MMPI	31	(4)
Testing of Cultural and Linguistic Minorities	35	(5)
Unintended Effects of High-Stakes Testing	40	(2)
Reprise: Responsible Test Use	42	(1)
Summary	43	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	44	(1)
2 The History of Psychological Testing	45	(31)
TOPIC 2A The Origins of Psychological Testing	45	(15)
The Importance of Testing	46	(1)
Rudimentary Forms of Testing in China in 2200 B.C.	47	(1)
Psychiatric Antecedents of Psychological Testing	47	(1)
Physiognomy, Phrenology, and the Psychograph	48	(1)
The Brass Instruments Era of Testing	49	(4)
Changing Conceptions of Mental Retardation in the 1800's	53	(1)
Influence of Binet's Early Research on His Test	54	(1)
Binet and Testing for Higher Mental Processes	55	(2)
The Revised Scales and the Advent of IQ	57	(1)
Summary	58	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	59	(1)
TOPIC 2B Early Testing in the United States	60	(16)
Early Uses and Abuses of Tests in the United States	60	(2)
Howard Knox and Nonverbal Tests in the Early 1900's	62	(2)
The Stanford-Binet: The Early Mainstay of IQ	64	(1)
Group Tests and the Classification of WWI Army Recruits	64	(5)
Early Educational Testing	69	(1)
The Development of Aptitude Tests	69	(1)
Personality and Vocational Testing after WWI	70	(1)
The Origins of Projective Testing	71	(2)
The Development of Interest Inventories	73	(1)
Summary of Major Landmarks in the History of Testing	73	(1)
Summary	74	(2)
3 Norms and Reliability	76	(43)
TOPIC 3A Norms and Test Standardization	76	(20)
Case Exhibit 3.1 Outmoded Tests and Outdated Norms	77	(1)
Raw Scores	78	(1)
Essential Statistical Concepts	78	(5)
Raw Score Transformations	83	(7)
Selecting a Norm Group	90	(3)
Criterion-Referenced Tests	93	(1)
Summary	94	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	95	(1)
TOPIC 3 B Concepts of Reliability	96	(23)
Case Exhibit 3.2 Test Reliability and Courtroom Testimony	97	(1)
Classical Test Theory and the Sources of Measurement Error	98	(1)
Sources of Measurement Error	98	(2)
Measurement Error and Reliability	100	(1)
The Reliability Coefficient	101	(1)
The Correlation Coefficient	102	(1)
The Correlation Coefficient as a Reliability Coefficient	103	(1)
Reliability as Temporal Stability	103	(1)
Reliability as Internal Consistency	104	(4)
Item Response Theory	108	(3)
The New Rules of Measurement	111	(1)
Special Circumstances in the Estimation of Reliability	112	(1)
The Interpretation of Reliability Coefficients	113	(1)
Reliability and the Standard Error of Measurement	114	(3)
Summary	117	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	118	(1)
4 Validity and Test Development	119	(44)
TOPIC 4A Basic Concepts of Validity	119	(24)
Validity: A Definition	120	(1)
Case Exhibit 4.1 Research as the Essential Proof of Test Validity	121	(1)
Content Validity	121	(2)
Criterion-Related Validity	123	(8)
Construct Validity	131	(1)
Approaches to Construct Validity	132	(7)
Extravalidity Concerns and the Widening Scope of Test Validity	139	(2)
Summary	141	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	142	(1)
TOPIC 4B Test Construction	143	(20)
Defining the Test	144	(1)
Selecting a Scaling Method	144	(2)
Representative Scaling Methods	146	(4)
Constructing the Items	150	(3)
Testing the Items	153	(5)
Revising the Test	158	(2)
Publishing the Test	160	(1)
Summary	161	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	162	(1)
5 Theories and Individual Tests of Intelligence and Achievement	163	(132)
TOPIC 5A Theories of Intelligence and Factor Analysis	163	(31)
Definitions of Intelligence	164	(4)
Case Exhibit 5.1 Learning and Adaptation as Core Functions of Intelligence	166	(2)
A Primer of Factor Analysis	168	(7)
Galton and Sensory Keenness	175	(1)
Spearman and the g Factor	176	(1)
Thurstone and the Primary Mental Abilities	177	(1)
Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory	178	(3)
Piaget and Adaptation	181	(1)
Guilford and the Structure-of-Intellect Model	182	(2)
Theory of Simultaneous and Successive Processing	184	(1)
Information-Processing Theories of Intelligence	185	(1)
Intelligence as a Biological Construct	185	(2)
Gardner and the Theory of Multiple Intelligences	187	(1)
Sternberg and the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence	188	(3)
Summary	191	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	192	(2)
TOPIC 5B Individual Tests of Intelligence and Achievement	194	(38)
Orientation to Individual Intelligence Tests	195	(1)
The Wechsler Scales of Intelligence	195	(2)
The Wechsler Subtests: Description and Analysis	197	(8)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III	205	(3)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV	208	(3)
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales: Fifth Edition	211	(3)
Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude-4	214	(1)
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-II	215	(4)
Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT)	219	(1)
Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-2 (KBIT-2)	220	(1)
Individual Tests of Achievement	221	(3)
Nature and Assessment of Learning Disabilities	224	(6)
Summary	230	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	231	(1)
6 Group Tests and Controversies in Ability Testing	232	(63)
TOPIC 6A Group Tests of Ability and Related Concepts	232	(34)
Nature, Promise, and Pitfalls of Group Tests	233	(1)
Group Tests of Ability	234	(12)
Multiple Aptitude Test Batteries	246	(6)
Predicting College Performance	252	(3)
Postgraduate Selection Tests	255	(3)
Educational Achievement Tests	258	(4)
Effects of Coaching on Aptitude Test Scores	262	(2)
Summary	264	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	265	(1)
TOPIC 6B Test Bias and Other Controversies	266	(29)
Misconceptions about IQ	266	(2)
The Question of Test Bias	268	(8)
Social Values and Test Fairness	276	(1)
Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Intelligence	277	(6)
Origins of African American and White IQ Differences	283	(4)
Age Changes in Intelligence	287	(4)
Generational Changes in Intelligence Test Scores	291	(2)
Summary	293	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	294	(1)
7 Testing Special Populations	295	(145)
TOPIC 7A Infant and Preschool Assessment	295	(25)
Assessment of Infant Ability	296	(4)
Assessment of Preschool Intelligence	300	(7)
Practical Utility of Infant and Preschool Assessment	307	(3)
Screening for School Readiness	310	(8)
Summary	318	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	319	(1)
TOPIC 7B Testing Persons with Disabilities	320	(21)
Origins of Tests for Special Populations	320	(1)
Nonlanguage Tests	321	(6)
Nonreading and Motor-Reduced Tests	327	(3)
Case Exhibit 7.1 The Challenge of Assessment in Cerebral Palsy	328	(2)
Testing Persons with Visual Impairments	330	(1)
Testing Individuals Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing	331	(1)
Assessment of Adaptive Behavior in Mental Retardation	332	(7)
Summary	339	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	340	(1)
8 Origins of Personality Testing	341	(36)
TOPIC 8A Theories and the Measurement of Personality	341	(16)
Personality: An Overview	342	(1)
Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality	342	(4)
Type Theories of Personality	346	(2)
Phenomenological Theories of Personality	348	(1)
Behavioral and Social Learning Theories	349	(2)
Trait Conceptions of Personality	351	(4)
Summary	355	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	356	(1)
TOPIC 8B Projective Techniques	357	(20)
The Projective Hypothesis	357	(1)
A Primer of Projective Techniques	357	(2)
Association Techniques	359	(5)
Completion Techniques	364	(3)
Construction Techniques	367	(5)
Expression Techniques	372	(2)
Reprise: The Projective Paradox	374	(1)
Case Exhibit 8.1 Projective Tests as Ancillary to the Interview	375	(1)
Summary	375	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	376	(1)
9 Structured Assessment of Personality and Other Qualities	377	(63)
TOPIC 9A Self-Report Inventories	377	(42)
Theory-Guided Inventories	378	(6)
Factor-Analytically Derived Inventories	384	(7)
Criterion-Keyed Inventories	391	(10)
Attitudes and Their Assessment	401	(4)
The Assessment of Moral Judgment	405	(3)
The Assessment of Spiritual and Religious Concepts	408	(8)
Summary	416	(2)
Key Terms and Concepts	418	(1)
TOPIC 9B Behavioral and Observational Assessment	419	(21)
Foundations of Behavior Therapy	420	(1)
Behavior Therapy and Behavioral Assessment	421	(7)
Structured Interview Schedules	428	(2)
Assessment by Systematic Direct Observation	430	(2)
Assessment of Nonverbal Behavior	432	(4)
Analogue Behavioral Assessment	436	(1)
Ecological Momentary Assessment	437	(1)
Summary	438	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	439	(1)
10 Neuropsychological Assessment and Screening	440	(55)
TOPIC 10A A Primer of Neurobiological Concepts	440	(26)
The Human Brain: An Overview	441	(3)
Structures and Systems of the Brain	444	(1)
Survival Systems: The Hindbrain and Midbrain	445	(2)
Attentional Systems	447	(1)
Motor/Coordination Systems	448	(2)
Memory Systems	450	(1)
Limbic System	451	(1)
Language Functions and Cerebral Lateralization	451	(3)
Visual System	454	(1)
Executive Functions	455	(3)
Neuropathology of Adulthood and Aging	458	(4)
Brain Imaging Techniques	462	(1)
Summary	463	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	464	(2)
TOPIC 10B Neuropsychological Tests, Batteries, and Screening Tools	466	(29)
A Conceptual Model of Brain–Behavior Relationships	467	(1)
Assessment of Sensory Input	468	(2)
Measures of Attention and Concentration	470	(3)
Tests of Learning and Memory	473	(5)
Assessment of Language Functions	478	(2)
Tests of Spatial and Manipulatory Ability	480	(4)
Assessment of Executive Functions	484	(2)
Assessment of Motor Output	486	(1)
Test Batteries in Neuropsychological Assessment	487	(2)
Case Exhibit 10.1 Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery	488	(1)
Screening for Alcohol Use Disorders	489	(2)
Assessment of Mental Status in the Elderly	491	(2)
Summary	493	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	494	(1)
11 Industrial, Occupational, and Forensic Assessment	495	(65)
TOPIC 11A Industrial and Organizational Assessment	495	(40)
The Role of Testing in Personnel Selection	496	(1)
Autobiographical Data	497	(2)
The Employment Interview	499	(2)
Cognitive Ability Tests	501	(4)
Personality and Temperament Tests	505	(1)
Paper-and-Pencil Integrity Tests	506	(2)
Work Sample and Situational Exercises	508	(3)
Appraisal of Work Performance	511	(2)
Case Exhibit 11.1 Career Assignment in Canada	512	(1)
Approaches to Performance Appraisal	513	(5)
Sources of Error in Performance Appraisal	518	(2)
Inventories for Interest Assessment	520	(12)
Summary	532	(2)
Key Terms and Concepts	534	(1)
TOPIC 11B Forensic Applications of Assessment	535	(25)
Standards for the Expert Witness	536	(1)
The Nature of Forensic Assessment	537	(1)
Evaluation of Suspected Malingering	538	(2)
Assessment of Mental State for the Insanity Plea	540	(3)
Competency to Stand Trial	543	(2)
Prediction of Violence and Assessment of Risk	545	(3)
Evaluation of Child Custody in Divorce	548	(4)
Personal Injury and Related Testimony	552	(1)
Interpretation of Polygraph Records	553	(2)
Specialized Personality Assessment in Forensic Settings	555	(2)
Controversy over the Psychologist as Expert Witness	557	(1)
Summary	558	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	559	(1)
12 Legal Issues and the Future of Testing	560	(40)
TOPIC 12A Psychological Testing and the Law	560	(20)
The Sources and Nature of Law	560	(4)
Testing in School Systems and the Law	564	(5)
Disability Assessment and the Law	569	(3)
Case Exhibit 12.1 Unwise Testing Practices in Employee Screening	572	(1)
Legal Issues in Employment Testing	572	(6)
Summary	578	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	579	(1)
Topic 12B Computerized Assessment and the Future of Testing	580	(20)
Computers in Testing: Overview and History	580	(2)
Computer-Based Test Interpretation: Current Status	582	(7)
High-Definition Video and Virtual Reality: The New Horizons of CAPA	589	(2)
Evaluation of Computer-Based Test Interpretation	591	(3)
Case Exhibit 12.2 Unwise Reliance on a
Computerized MMPI Report	594	(1)
Computerized Adaptive Testing	595	(1)
The Future of Testing	596	(2)
Summary	598	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	599	(1)
APPENDIX A Major Landmarks in the History of Psychological Testing	600	(3)
APPENDIX B Test Publisher Addresses	603	(2)
APPENDIX C Major Tests and Their Publishers	605	(5)
APPENDIX D Standard and Standardized-Score Equivalents of Percentile Ranks in a Normal Distribution	610	(2)
Glossary	612	(12)
References	624	(62)
Name Index	686	(12)
Subject Index	698