Science Instruction in the Middle and Secondary Schools

by Chiappetta, Eugene L.; Koballa, Thomas R.

• ISBN13: 9780130197344
• ISBN10: 0130197343
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Designed to prepare middle and high school science teachers to help students become scientifically and technologically literate by first helping them understand the National Science Standards and other elements of science reform and then supporting their efforts. Topics include: The Nature of Science; History of Science Education, National Standards, and Innovative Programs; The Nature of Diverse Adolescent Learners and Their Schools; Learning in Middle Grades and Secondary Schools; Inquiry and Teaching Science; Lecture, Discussion, and Demonstration; Science, Technology, and Society; Laboratory and Field Work; Safety in the Laboratory and Classroom; Computers and Electronic Technology; Managing the Learning Environment; Planning and Teaching Science Lessons; Planning a Science Unit; Assessing Learning Outcomes; Growing Professionally and Evaluating Teaching.

Table of Contents

Part One Background for Teaching Science
The Nature of Science	2	(16)
Objectives	3	(1)
What Is Science?	4	(1)
The Nature of Science and National Standards	5	(2)
Themes of Science and Science Literacy	7	(8)
Science as a Way of Thinking	7	(1)
Beliefs	7	(1)
Curiosity	8	(1)
Imagination	8	(1)
Reasoning	8	(1)
Cause-and-effect Relationships	9	(1)
Self-examination and Skepticism	9	(1)
Objectivity and Open-mindedness	10	(1)
Science as a Way of Investigating	10	(1)
Hypothesis	11	(1)
Observation	11	(1)
Experimentation	11	(1)
Mathematics	12	(1)
Science as a Body of Knowledge	13	(1)
Facts	13	(1)
Concepts	13	(1)
Principles and Laws	14	(1)
Theories	14	(1)
Models	14	(1)
Science and Its Interactions with Technology and Society	15	(1)
Technology	15	(1)
Society	15	(1)
Assessing and Reviewing	15	(1)
Resources to Examine	16	(2)
History of Science Education, National Standards, and Innovative Programs	18	(20)
Objectives	19	(1)
Introduction	20	(1)
A Brief History of Science Education	20	(10)
The Period Between 1800 and 1910	20	(1)
The Period Between 1910 and 1955	21	(1)
The Period Between 1955 and 1970	22	(1)
The Period Between 1970 and 1980	22	(1)
The Period Between 1980 and 1990	23	(1)
The Period Between 1990 and 2000	23	(1)
Project 2061	24	(1)
National Science Education Standards	25	(3)
Scope, Sequence, and Coordination	28	(1)
Third International Mathematics and Science Study	28	(2)
Innovative Instructional Materials	30	(5)
The Middle School Level	30	(1)
Great Explorations in Math and Science	30	(1)
Project WILD	30	(1)
Science Education for Public Understanding Program	31	(1)
Integrated Science	31	(1)
The High School Science Programs	32	(1)
BSCS Biology: A Human Approach	32	(1)
Biology: A Community Context	32	(1)
Insights in Biology	33	(1)
Chemistry in the Community	33	(1)
Conceptual Physics	34	(1)
Assessing and Reviewing	35	(1)
Resources to Examine	35	(3)
The Nature of Diverse Adolescent Learners and Their Schools	38	(24)
Objectives	39	(1)
Student Diversity and Demographics	40	(1)
Factors Affecting Success in Science	40	(1)
Equity in Science Education	41	(6)
Culturally Based Deficiencies	42	(1)
Multicultural Science Education	42	(1)
Multiculturalism and Universalism in Science Education	42	(1)
Multicultural Science Classrooms	43	(1)
Content Integration	44	(1)
Cultural Harmony	44	(1)
Countering Racism	45	(1)
Gender and Science Education	45	(1)
Gender Identity	45	(1)
Women's Ways of Knowing	45	(1)
Feminist Science Education	46	(1)
Exceptional Students	47	(5)
Inclusion and the Law	48	(1)
Learning Disabilities and Behavioral Disorders	48	(1)
Physical Disabilities	49	(1)
Students with Visual Impairments	49	(1)
Students with Hearing Impairments	50	(1)
Students with Orthopedic and Health Impairments	51	(1)
Gifted and Talented Students	51	(1)
Adolescent Development	52	(5)
Physical Development	53	(1)
Cognitive Development	53	(1)
Piaget	53	(1)
Vygotsky	54	(1)
Information Processing	54	(1)
Personal and Social Development	55	(1)
Implications of Developmental Perspectives	56	(1)
Adolescents' School Science Experiences	57	(1)
Assessing and Reviewing	58	(1)
Resources to Examine	58	(4)
Learning in Middle Grades and Secondary Schools	62	(26)
Objectives	63	(1)
Introduction	64	(1)
Cognitive Approaches and Strategies for Teaching Science	64	(19)
Constructivism	64	(5)
Affective Learning	69	(1)
Affective Concepts	69	(1)
Affect and Action	70	(1)
Motivation	71	(1)
Equilibration and Contradictions	71	(2)
Alternative Conceptions and Conceptual Change	73	(4)
Meaningful Learning and Concept Mapping	77	(1)
Images, Analogies, and Models	78	(1)
Images	78	(2)
Analogies	80	(1)
Models	81	(2)
Assessing and Reviewing	83	(1)
Resources to Examine	83	(5)
Part Two Teaching Strategies and Classroom Management
Inquiry and Teaching Science	88	(18)
Objectives	89	(1)
What Is Inquiry?	90	(1)
Content and Process as They Relate to Inquiry and Discovery Learning	91	(2)
Strategies and Techniques for Conducting Inquiry-Based Instruction	93	(8)
Asking Questions	93	(1)
Yes/No Questioning Technique	93	(1)
Science Process Skills	93	(3)
Discrepant Events	96	(1)
Inductive Activities	97	(1)
Exploration	98	(1)
Invention	98	(1)
Application	98	(1)
Deductive Activities	98	(1)
Gathering Information	98	(1)
Reading Printed Material	98	(1)
Seeking Information from Individuals	99	(1)
Accessing Information from the Internet	99	(1)
Problem Solving	99	(1)
Science Projects	99	(2)
Grouping and Cooperative Learning	101	(1)
Concerns Associated with Inquiry-Based Instruction	102	(1)
Assessing and Reviewing	103	(1)
Resources to Examine	104	(2)
Lecture, Discussion, and Demonstration	106	(24)
Objectives	107	(1)
The Lecture Method	108	(3)
Preparing the Lecture	109	(1)
Checking Your Understanding	109	(1)
Preparing Lecture Notes	109	(1)
Organizing the Lecture	109	(1)
Presenting Successful Lectures	110	(1)
Discussion Method	111	(5)
Discussion Types	111	(1)
Recitation	111	(1)
Guided Discussion	111	(2)
Reflective Discussion	113	(1)
Preparing for the Discussion	113	(1)
Nature of the Topic	113	(1)
Physical Setting	113	(1)
Group Size	114	(1)
Student Preparation	114	(1)
Conducting a Successful Discussion	115	(1)
Construction and Use of Oral Questions	116	(4)
Constructing Clear Oral Questions	116	(1)
Lower-Order and Higher-Order Questions	117	(1)
Probing and Redirecting Questions	118	(1)
Wait Time and Teacher Statements	119	(1)
Target Students	119	(1)
The Demonstration	120	(7)
Functions of Demonstrations	120	(1)
Initiating Thinking	120	(1)
Illustrating a Concept, Principle, or Procedure	120	(1)
Answering a Question or Explaining an Observation	121	(1)
Reviewing Ideas	121	(1)
Introducing and Concluding Units	121	(1)
Addressing Students' Naive Conceptions	121	(1)
Planning a Demonstration	122	(1)
Materials and Equipment	122	(1)
Visibility	122	(1)
Student Attention	122	(3)
Try Out the Demonstration Beforehand	125	(1)
Presenting a Demonstration	125	(1)
Introduction	125	(1)
Presentation	125	(1)
Conclusion	126	(1)
Assessing and Reviewing	127	(1)
Resources to Examine	127	(3)
Science, Technology, and Society	130	(18)
Objectives	131	(1)
Developing a Rationale for Science-Technology-Society	132	(2)
What Is Technology?	133	(1)
Technological Products, Systems, and Processes	134	(1)
Design and Build	134	(1)
Investigate and Improve	134	(1)
Issues and Problems	135	(6)
Inculcation	136	(1)
Awareness of Issues and Problems	137	(1)
Issues and Problems Investigation	138	(1)
Action Learning	139	(1)
Project-Based Science	140	(1)
STS Curriculum Programs	141	(1)
Considerations for STS Instruction	142	(1)
Evolution versus Creationism in Science Teaching	142	(3)
Notable Cases	143	(1)
The Scopes Trial, 1925	143	(1)
Epperson v. Arkansas, 1968	143	(1)
McLean v. Arkansas, 1982	144	(1)
Edwards v. Aguillard, 1987	144	(1)
Peloza v. Capistrano Unified District, 1994	144	(1)
Kansas State Board of Education, 1999	144	(1)
Assessing and Reviewing	145	(1)
Resources to Examine	146	(2)
Laboratory and Field Work	148	(24)
Objectives	149	(1)
What Is Laboratory Work?	150	(1)
Approaches to Laboratory Work	151	(9)
Science Process Skill Laboratory	151	(3)
Deductive or Verification Laboratory	154	(1)
Inductive Laboratory	155	(2)
Technical Skill Laboratory	157	(3)
Problem-Solving Laboratory	160	(1)
Preparing Students for Laboratory Experiences	160	(2)
Prelaboratory Discussion	160	(1)
Giving Directions	161	(1)
Postlaboratory Discussion	161	(1)
Ensuring Successful Laboratory Experiences	162	(4)
Relevance of Laboratory Work	162	(1)
Degree of Structure in Laboratory Activities	162	(1)
Student Recording and Reporting of Data	163	(1)
Management and Discipline during Laboratory Activities	164	(1)
Evaluation	165	(1)
Field Work	166	(2)
Planning Field Trip Experiences	166	(1)
The Curriculum	166	(1)
Surveying Possible Sites	166	(1)
Administrative Policy	166	(1)
Conducting a Field Experience	166	(2)
Preparation	168	(1)
Assessing and Reviewing	168	(1)
Resources to Examine	169	(3)
Safety in the Laboratory and Classroom	172	(26)
Objectives	173	(1)
Introduction	174	(1)
Safety and the Law	174	(1)
General Safety Responsibilities	175	(4)
Preparation before the School Year Begins	175	(2)
Safety Responsibilities during the School Year	177	(2)
Safety Goggles and Eye Protection	179	(2)
Specific Safety Guidelines for Biology	181	(5)
Precautions for Using Animals	181	(3)
Precautions for Specific Biology Procedures and Activities	184	(1)
Care During Animal Dissections	184	(1)
Using Live Material	184	(1)
Sterilizing	185	(1)
Using Hypodermic Syringes	185	(1)
Body Fluids and Tissues	185	(1)
Precautions during Field Trips	186	(1)
Additional Considerations for Safety in Biology Teaching	186	(1)
Specific Safety Guidelines for Chemistry	186	(5)
Chemistry Safety Precautions	186	(2)
Storing and Using Chemicals Safely	188	(1)
Other Suggestions for Safety	188	(1)
Using Reagents and Liquids	189	(1)
Heating Substances in Test Tubes	190	(1)
Storing and Handling Sodium, Potassium, and Phosphorus	190	(1)
Disposing of Chemical Wastes	190	(1)
Safety in the Earth Science Laboratory	191	(1)
Safety Guidelines for Physics and Physical Science Laboratories	191	(2)
Radiation Safety	193	(1)
Using Live Animals in Radiation Work	193	(1)
Storing and Using Radioactive Materials	193	(1)
Personal Work Habits during Radiation Exercises	194	(1)
Suggestions for Use of Nonionizing Radiation	194	(1)
Safety Units for Students	194	(1)
Assessing and Reviewing	194	(1)
Resources to Examine	194	(4)
Computers and Electronic Technology	198	(18)
Objectives	199	(1)
Modern Technology for Science Teachers and Students	200	(1)
Technology Infusion	200	(1)
Benefits Associated with Technology Use	200	(1)
Uses for Computers and Electronic Technology in Science Instruction	201	(2)
Finding Out	201	(1)
Analyzing	202	(1)
Composing	203	(1)
Communicating	203	(1)
Computer-Based Instructional Systems	203	(4)
Computer-Based Multimedia	205	(1)
Interactive Videodisc	205	(1)
Compact Disc	205	(1)
Hypermedia	205	(1)
Microcomputer-Based Laboratories	206	(1)
The Internet and Science Teaching	207	(5)
Electronic Mail	208	(1)
World Wide Web	209	(1)
Central Internet Science Sites	209	(1)
Internet Activities, Projects, and Inquiries	210	(2)
Selecting Quality Software and Multimedia	212	(1)
Assessing and Reviewing	213	(1)
Resources to Examine	213	(3)
Managing the Learning Environment	216	(22)
Objectives	217	(1)
The Changing Paradigm of Classroom Management	218	(1)
Theoretically Grounding Management Decisions	218	(3)
Student-Directed Management	219	(1)
Collaborative Management	220	(1)
Teacher-Directed Management	220	(1)
Choosing a Management Approach	220	(1)
Specifics of the Science Learning Environment	221	(4)
Classroom Setting	221	(1)
Classroom Rules	222	(1)
Procedures and Routines	223	(1)
Instructional Practices	224	(1)
Curriculum	224	(1)
Student Socialization	225	(1)
Suggestions for Reducing Teacher Vulnerability	225	(6)
Consider the School Calendar	227	(1)
Get to Know the Students	227	(1)
Dress Professionally	228	(1)
Become Familiar with the School Routine	229	(1)
Give Encouragement and Praise	229	(1)
Project Personality and Enthusiasm	229	(2)
Dealing with Student Misbehavior	231	(1)
Determining Causes of Student Misbehavior	232	(1)
School Violence	233	(1)
Assessing and Reviewing	234	(1)
Resources to Examine	235	(3)
Part Three Planning for Instruction
Planning and Teaching Science Lessons	238	(18)
Objectives	239	(1)
Introduction	240	(1)
Planning Science Lessons	240	(5)
Pedagogical Content Knowledge	240	(1)
Identifying the Content of the Lesson	241	(1)
Constructing Instructional Objectives	242	(1)
Selecting the Pedagogy for a Lesson	243	(1)
Teaching Skills	243	(1)
Instructional Strategies	244	(1)
Teaching Aids	245	(1)
Accessing Prior Knowledge	245	(1)
Activities that Engage Student Thinking	245	(1)
Provide Many Opportunities to Learn	245	(1)
Examples of Science Lesson Plans	245	(3)
Daily Plan Book	245	(1)
Short-From Lesson Plan	246	(1)
Long-Form Lesson Plan	247	(1)
Teaching Science Lessons and Receiving Feedback and Evaluation	248	(5)
Assessing and Reviewing	253	(1)
Resources to Examine	253	(3)
Planning a Science Unit	256	(18)
Objectives	257	(1)
Introduction	258	(1)
The Science Reform and Planning Science Instruction	258	(1)
Resources to Consider for Unit Plans	259	(9)
Instructional Activities	259	(6)
Instructional Objectives	265	(1)
Grading Specification	266	(1)
Assessment and Testing	266	(1)
A Concept Map	266	(2)
Ideas and Elements to Consider for Planning a Science Unit	268	(2)
Assessing and Reviewing	270	(1)
Resources to Examine	270	(4)
Part Four Assessment in Science Teaching
Assessing Learning Outcomes	274	(24)
Objectives	275	(1)
What Is Assessment?	276	(1)
Aligning Assessment, Standards, and Instruction	276	(2)
Assessment Methods	278	(11)
Performance Tasks	279	(1)
Open-Ended Problems	279	(2)
Inquiry-Oriented Investigations	281	(1)
Concept Maps	281	(2)
Observation	283	(1)
Interviews	284	(2)
Journals	286	(1)
Drawings	287	(1)
Portfolios	287	(2)
Developing Assessments	289	(3)
Scoring Rubrics	289	(2)
Locating Assessment Tasks	291	(1)
Grading and Reporting Grades	292	(1)
Criterion-Referenced and Norm-Referenced Grading	292	(1)
Assigning Final Grades	292	(1)
Assessing and Reviewing	293	(1)
Resources to Examine	294	(4)
Part Five Professional Development
Growing Professionally and Evaluating Teaching	298	(33)
Objectives	299	(1)
The Importance of Professional Development	300	(1)
Professional Development through Inservice Courses, Workshops, and Graduate Work	300	(1)
Inservice Courses and Workshops	300	(1)
Graduate Work	301	(1)
Professional Organizations for Science Teachers	301	(1)
National Professional Organizations	301	(1)
Statewide Professional Organizations	301	(1)
Local Professional Organizations for Science Teachers	301	(1)
Writing for Publication	302	(1)
Other Activities for Professional Growth	302	(3)
Communication with Other Science Teachers	302	(1)
Travel	302	(1)
Summer Employment	303	(1)
Hobbies	303	(1)
Research	303	(1)
Science	303	(1)
Education	303	(1)
Leaves of Absence	304	(1)
Keeping Up-to-Date through Reading	304	(1)
Evaluating Teacher Performance in the Classroom	305	(2)
Videotapes	305	(1)
Questionnaires	305	(1)
Maintaining a Resume	305	(2)
Assessing and Reviewing	307	(1)
Resources to Examine	308	(3)
Appendices
A Little Science Puzzlers	311	(4)
A Drop of Water	311	(1)
Hot is Hot!	312	(1)
How Strong Is Strong?	312	(1)
Thick and Thin Light Bulb Filaments	313	(1)
Eggciting Egg Hunt	314	(1)
Raisins on the Move	314	(1)
B Science Demonstrations	315	(8)
Bernoulli's Principle	315	(2)
The No-Pop Balloon	317	(1)
Bruising Fruit	318	(1)
Pull It or Yank It---What is the Difference?	319	(1)
How Does a Weather Vane Work?	320	(2)
Making a Cloud	322	(1)
C Science Laboratory Activities	323	(1)
The Diffusion of Molecules and lons	323	(1)
Osmosis and a Chicken Egg	324	(1)
Radioactive Half-Life	325	(2)
Respiration in Yeast	327	(2)
Mass and Volume Relationships	329	(2)
Index	331