9780071487474

Acknowledgments
Foreword
Introduction
Background
Ethernet: From LAN to the WAN	p. 3
What Is Ethernet?	p. 3
The Basic Ethernet Frame	p. 6
Elements of a LAN	p. 7
Ethernet - The Beginning	p. 10
The CSMA/CD Ethernet	p. 11
The Development of Ethernet	p. 12
Other LAN Technologies: Token Bus, Token Ring, and FDDI	p. 13
Domination in the Enterprise LAN	p. 15
The Failed Challenge of ATM and IP in the LAN	p. 20
Ethernet: Evolution Beyond the LAN	p. 21
Networking Beyond the LAN: Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs)	p. 22
Ethernet in the MAN/WAN	p. 26
Benefits of Ethernet Beyond the LAN	p. 28
Enterprises End Customer Benefits	p. 29
Service Providers Benefits	p. 35
The Current State of Ethernet Services Deployment	p. 39
Barriers to Deployment of Ethernet Beyond the LAN	p. 40
Economic Barriers	p. 40
Operational and Technology Barriers	p. 41
Overcoming The Barriers	p. 43
References	p. 43
Carrier Ethernet	p. 45
Defining Carrier Ethernet	p. 46
Carrier Ethernet: A Formal Definition	p. 47
Carrier Ethernet: The Attributes	p. 49
Enabling Carrier Ethernet	p. 54
Standards Bodies	p. 54
A Service Architecture for Carrier Ethernet	p. 56
Defining Carrier Ethernet Services	p. 60
Ethernet Service Attributes	p. 62
Ethernet Service Types	p. 69
Sample Commercial Offerings Using Carrier Ethernet Services	p. 73
Carrier Ethernet: The Enablers	p. 76
Standardized Services	p. 76
Scalability	p. 82
Reliability	p. 84
Quality of Service	p. 85
Standardized Management	p. 86
Carrier Ethernet: Field Realities	p. 92
Current Challenges in Delivering Carrier Ethernet	p. 93
Recent Industry Response to Challenges	p. 95
Intelligent Ethernet Demarcation	p. 96
The MEF Certification Program	p. 98
Other Carrier Ethernet requirements - One Service Provider's perspective	p. 100
References	p. 103
The Ethernet Market Opportunity	p. 105
Ethernet Service Providers and Their Offerings	p. 106
Carrier Plans for Ethernet	p. 109
The Effect of Worldwide CAPEX Patterns on Ethernet Adoption	p. 112
The Carrier Ethernet Equipment Market	p. 114
Ethernet Runs on Many Technologies	p. 115
Carrier Ethernet Switches and Routers	p. 116
DSL	p. 116
Metro Ethernet Manufacturer Revenue	p. 118
Technologies and Trends	p. 118
Solutions
The Solution Framework	p. 123
Background	p. 123
The Reference Model	p. 125
The Landscape of Solutions	p. 126
A Solution Framework	p. 129
References	p. 130
Copper	p. 131
Technology Description	p. 131
2BASE-TL	p. 132
10PASS-TS	p. 133
Spectral Compatibility and International Applications	p. 134
Transporting Ethernet Packets over Copper	p. 134
Multipair Aggregation	p. 135
Drivers for This Solution	p. 136
Ubiquity of IP	p. 136
Economics of Ethernet	p. 137
Cost and Complexity of Deploying Fiber	p. 137
When Does This Solution Fit	p. 138
Triple Play with 10PASS-TS	p. 138
Riser Extensions with 10PASS-TS	p. 138
Metro Ethernet Business Services with 2BASE-TL	p. 139
Wireless and DSLAM Backhaul with 2BASE-TL	p. 139
When Does This Solution Not Fit	p. 139
Target Carriers	p. 139
Optical End-Game	p. 140
Mid-Band Ethernet's Dynamic Rate Adaptation	p. 140
Limitations of 10PASS-TS	p. 140
Limitations of 2BASE-TL	p. 141
Benefits and Shortcomings	p. 141
Typical Deployment Scenarios	p. 141
Ongoing Developments	p. 142
Economic Assessment	p. 144
Vendors Promoting This Solution	p. 145
References	p. 146
Hybrid Fiber-Coax	p. 147
Technology Description	p. 147
DOCSIS Standards	p. 148
The Hybrid Fiber-Coax Cable Infrastructure	p. 149
Cable Modems	p. 151
Communications Protocols	p. 151
Provisioning	p. 153
Management	p. 154
Security and Privacy	p. 154
Bandwidth Efficiency	p. 154
Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks	p. 155
TOM Emulation	p. 155
Carrier Ethernet Attributes	p. 155
Drivers for This Solution	p. 157
When Does This Solution Fit?	p. 158
When Does This Solution Not Fit?	p. 158
Benefits and Shortcomings	p. 158
Typical Deployment Scenarios	p. 159
Ongoing Developments	p. 160
Economic Assessment	p. 161
Vendors Promoting This Solution	p. 161
References	p. 162
Passive Optical Networks (PONs)	p. 163
Technology Description	p. 164
Administration and Maintenance in EPONs	p. 165
Drivers for This Solution	p. 172
When Does This Solution Fit?	p. 175
When Does This Solution Not Fit?	p. 176
Benefits and Shortcomings	p. 177
Typical Deployment Scenarios	p. 177
Downstream Transmission in EPON Systems	p. 178
Upstream Transmission	p. 179
Ongoing Developments	p. 181
Wavelength Upgrade	p. 181
Raw Data-rate Upgrade	p. 184
Mixed Upgrade Scenarios	p. 185
Initial Stages of Development of 10G EPONs	p. 185
Security Mechanisms for EPONs	p. 187
Economic Assessment	p. 191
Overall Installation Cost per Subscriber	p. 191
Cost of the CPE	p. 192
EPON vs. Other PON Solutions	p. 192
EPON vs. Alternate Architectures	p. 193
Evolving Service Models and Revenue-Stream Replacement	p. 194
Vendors Promoting This Solution	p. 194
References	p. 195
Fiber and WDM	p. 197
Technology Description	p. 198
Advances in Optical Component Technologies	p. 198
Optical Network Architectures	p. 202
Optical Ethernet Interfaces	p. 209
Optical Network Control	p. 211
Network and Services Management	p. 212
Drivers for This Solution	p. 214
When Does This Solution Fit?	p. 216
Ethernet Private Line (EPL) Services	p. 216
Ethernet Private LAN Services (EPLAN)	p. 219
Benefits and Shortcomings	p. 220
Benefits	p. 221
Shortcomings	p. 222
Typical Deployment Scenarios	p. 223
Corporate Extension Scenarios	p. 223
Storage Area Networks (SAN) Scenarios	p. 224
Residential and Backhaul Scenarios	p. 225
Point-of-Presence (PoP) Scenarios	p. 226
Ongoing Developments	p. 226
Advances in WDM Networking	p. 226
Ethernet Interface Evolutions	p. 227
New Control Protocol Frameworks	p. 227
Economic Assessment	p. 228
Vendors Promoting This Solution	p. 231
References	p. 232
Optical Wireless Mesh Networks	p. 235
Technology/Solution Description	p. 235
The Technology	p. 236
Understanding Link Margin and Atmospheric Effects	p. 243
Wireless Mesh Networking Technology	p. 246
Carrier-Class Ethernet with Optical Wireless Mesh	p. 251
Applications	p. 252
Drivers for This Solution	p. 254
When Does This Solution Fit?	p. 255
When Does This Solution Not Fit?	p. 255
Benefits and Shortcomings	p. 256
Benefits	p. 256
Shortcomings	p. 257
Typical Deployment Scenarios	p. 257
Deployment of Carrier Ethernet Services	p. 257
Deployment of Wireless Access Network	p. 258
Ongoing Developments	p. 259
Economic Assessment	p. 260
Vendors Promoting This Solution	p. 260
Point-to-Point Optical Wireless (FSO) Vendors	p. 261
Optical Wireless Mesh Vendors	p. 262
References	p. 263
Circuit Bonding	p. 265
Technology Description	p. 266
Access Network Issues	p. 267
Circuit Bonding Technology	p. 268
Carrier Ethernet	p. 275
Drivers for This Solution	p. 278
The Need for a New Transport Solution	p. 279
Circuit Bonding Standards Development	p. 279
Networked Solutions	p. 280
Future Applications for Circuit Bonding	p. 280
Packet Network Benefits	p. 281
Transmission Benefits	p. 281
Where This Solution Fits?	p. 282
Ethernet Transport Applications	p. 283
Existing Ethernet Services	p. 284
Transport Solution Using Circuit Bonding	p. 285
Circuit Bonding Functions	p. 286
Benefits and Shortcomings	p. 287
100 percent Ethernet Reach	p. 287
Highly Efficient	p. 288
Ability to Grow	p. 289
Quality of Service and Protection	p. 290
Shortcomings	p. 290
Typical Deployment Scenarios	p. 290
Ongoing Developments	p. 294
Economic Assessment	p. 294
Vendors Promoting This Solution	p. 297
SONET/MSPP	p. 299
Technology Description	p. 299
SONET Overview	p. 300
EoS Overview	p. 302
The Multi-Service Provisioning Platform (MSPP)	p. 307
How Much Ethernet Is in an MSPP?	p. 308
Drivers for This Solution	p. 308
When Does This Solution Fit?	p. 310
When Does This Solution Not Fit?	p. 311
Benefits and Shortcomings	p. 312
Benefits	p. 312
Shortcomings	p. 313
Typical Deployment/Scenarios	p. 313
E-Line Service Delivery	p. 314
Ethernet Access to Ethernet or IP Services	p. 315
Dedicated EoS Networks	p. 316
Ongoing Developments	p. 317
Increasing EoS Integration	p. 317
EoS Protocol Enhancements	p. 318
Control Plane Enhancements	p. 320
Economic Assessment	p. 321
Vendors Promoting This Solution	p. 324
References	p. 326
Resilient Packet Ring (RPR)	p. 327
Technology Description	p. 329
Layer Model	p. 331
Ring Structure	p. 332
The RPR MAC Specification	p. 332
The MAC Reference Model	p. 334
Topology Discovery and Protection	p. 340
Protection Hierarchy	p. 343
Oam	p. 346
Data Path	p. 347
Frame Formats	p. 351
Physical Interface	p. 353
Drivers for This Solution	p. 355
No Support for Ring Topologies	p. 355
Slow and Non-deterministic Restoration	p. 355
No Control of Delay and Delay Variation from Switch to Switch	p. 356
No Fairness Control Mechanism	p. 356
When Does this Solution Fit?	p. 357
Restoration	p. 357
QoS	p. 358
Fairness	p. 358
When Does This Solution Not Fit?	p. 358
Applications Don't Require It	p. 358
Existing SONET/SDH Transport	p. 359
Over-provisioning Alternative	p. 359
Typical Deployment Scenarios	p. 359
Ongoing Developments	p. 360
Economic Assessment	p. 361
More Bandwidth	p. 361
Lower Capex	p. 362
Fiber Route Savings	p. 362
Optical Port and Equipment Savings	p. 364
Vendors Promoting This Solution	p. 365
Organizations Adopting RPR Solutions	p. 368
References	p. 372
Ethernet Bridging	p. 375
Technology Description	p. 376
Redundancy and Spanning Trees	p. 378
In-band Signaling	p. 380
Bridging versus Routing	p. 380
Virtual LANs	p. 381
VLAN and MAC Address Pruning	p. 382
Priority	p. 383
Provider Bridges - Q-in-Q	p. 383
Provider Bridge Solutions and Challenges	p. 392
Backbone Bridges - MAC-in-MAC	p. 395
Using Spanning Tree Effectively	p. 399
Spanning Tree Alternatives	p. 404
Ethernet OAM and Connectivity Fault Management	p. 408
Drivers for This Solution	p. 411
When Does This Solution Fit?	p. 411
When Does This Solution Not Fit?	p. 412
Benefits and Shortcomings	p. 412
Typical Deployment Scenarios	p. 414
Ethernet Backbone Services	p. 414
Sparse Wide Area Business Services	p. 414
Metro Area Business Services	p. 415
ISP Access Services	p. 415
Ongoing Developments	p. 415
IEEE Project P802.1aq Shortest Path Bridging	p. 416
ITU-T Protection Switching	p. 416
Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering	p. 417
Ietf Trill	p. 418
Economic Assessment	p. 418
Vendors Promoting this Solution	p. 419
References	p. 420
MPLS	p. 421
Technology Description	p. 421
Connectionless and Connection-Orientated Forwarding	p. 421
MPLS Forwarding	p. 422
MPLS Signalling	p. 424
MPLS Protection	p. 427
MPLS Scaling	p. 431
MPLS QoS	p. 432
MPLS Applications	p. 434
Pseudowires	p. 435
VPLS	p. 443
How Ethernet over MPLS Meets the Carrier Ethernet Attributes	p. 449
Drivers for This Solution	p. 450
Ethernet Services over IP WANs	p. 450
Scaling Metro Ethernet Deployments	p. 450
Network Convergence	p. 451
When Does This Solution Fit?	p. 452
Inter-regional Support of Ethernet Services over Any L2 Transport	p. 452
Ethernet Access to MPLS-based Metro Core Network	p. 452
Metro Core for Ethernet over Multiple Access Networks	p. 453
Multiple Services on One Network (Not Just Ethernet)	p. 454
Inter-provider Handoffs Are Required	p. 454
Large Numbers of Carrier-class Services Need to be Supported	p. 455
Carriers Wish to Backhaul Residential Broadband Traffic	p. 455
When Does This Solution Not Fit?	p. 455
When Access Speed Is Equal to Trunk Speed	p. 456
Deployment of a Small Number of Ethernet Services Where Alternative Infrastructure Is Available	p. 456
To Extend LANs Across Regions	p. 456
Benefits and Shortcomings	p. 456
Benefits of Ethernet over MPLS	p. 457
Shortcomings of Ethernet over MPLS	p. 458
Typical Deployment Scenarios	p. 459
MPLS in the Access	p. 459
Triple Play Aggregation	p. 460
Scaling Metro Ethernet	p. 462
Business Ethernet Services	p. 463
Ongoing Developments	p. 464
Dynamic Multi-Segment Pseudowires	p. 464
Solving the VPLS Ingress Replication Problem	p. 465
Economic Assessment	p. 466
Vendors Promoting This Solution	p. 467
WiMAX	p. 469
Technology Description	p. 470
Mac	p. 470
Security	p. 477
Phy	p. 478
Smart Antenna Technology	p. 482
WiMAX Mesh	p. 482
Carrier Ethernet Services over WiMAX	p. 485
Drivers for This Solution	p. 486
When Does This Solution Fit?	p. 486
Fiber Extension: Commercial Broadband Service	p. 486
Backhaul for Cellular/WiFi Hotspot and Muni-Networks	p. 488
Rural Broadband Services	p. 488
Urban Fixed and Mobile Broadband Services	p. 489
When Does This Solution Not Fit?	p. 491
Benefits and Shortcomings	p. 491
Technical Benefits	p. 491
Nontechnical Benefits	p. 493
Shortcomings	p. 493
Typical Deployment Scenarios	p. 493
Ongoing Development	p. 494
Economic Assessment	p. 495
Vendors Promoting This Solution	p. 497
A Look into the Future
Evolution of Carrier Ethernet Solutions	p. 501
Delivering Carrier Ethernet: A Summary of the Solutions	p. 502
An Assessment of Carrier Ethernet Delivery Solutions	p. 503
An Assessment Using Carrier Ethernet Attributes	p. 505
How Service Providers are Employing Carrier Ethernet Solutions Today	p. 513
Scenario 1	p. 513
Scenario 2	p. 515
Scenario 3	p. 515
Scenario 4	p. 516
Competitiveness in Delivering Carrier Ethernet	p. 516
Key Conclusions on the Current State of Carrier Ethernet Solutions	p. 517
A Look into the Future of Delivering Carrier Ethernet	p. 518
Understanding the Future Demand for Carrier Ethernet	p. 519
Conclusions on Carrier Ethernet Demand	p. 528
Evolution of Solutions Delivering Carrier Ethernet	p. 528
References	p. 530
Final Thoughts	p. 531
Index	p. 533
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Delivering Carrier Ethernet: Extending Ethernet Beyond the LAN

0071487476

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