9780971046412

Preface

Symbols, abbreviations and units

Introduction

(9)

History of the problem

(50)

Wilson's hypothesis

(3)

First on-ground experiments performed in the 1930s to verify Wilson's hypothesis

(18)

First searches for penetrating radiation enhancement inside thunderstorm clouds

(1)

Further on-ground experiments performed before the 1960s to search for penetrating radiation from thunderstorms

(7)

First laboratory evidence for runaway electrons at atmospheric gas density

(19)

References

(2)

Contemporary status of the general theory of runaway electrons in electron-neutral collision dominated plasmas

(57)

Two basic approaches to the runaway phenomenon

(1)

Deterministic description of a runaway electron swarm in a weakly ionized gas

(10)

Retarding force

(3)

Bistability of an electron swarm in a dense gas with external electric field; the runaway energy threshold

(5)

Nonrelativistic energies; the case of limited space domains

(2)

Kinetic equation approach

(22)

Stationary solutions for an infinite plasma; flux of runaway electrons

(3)

Time-dependent solution for an infinite plasma

(7)

Stationary spatially dependent solution

(3)

Runaway electron production frequency

(7)

Stochastic approach to an electron avalanche with runaway electrons

(22)

References

115

(2)

Fundamentals of breakdown and discharges in dense gases governed by runaway electrons

117

(40)

General principles of classical breakdown models; the effect of high overvoltages

117

(4)

Fundamentals of the nonlocal breakdown model

121

(10)

Ionizing wave with runaway electrons: the kinetic equation treatment

131

(5)

Self-acceleration of runaway electrons in front of a streamer-like channel

136

(18)

The concept of polarizing self-acceleration

136

(4)

Mechanism of ``pure'' acceleration self-consistent with the propagation of a polarizing ionized trail

140

(3)

Criterion for precise synchronism

143

(2)

The case of polarization without participation of electron avalanches

145

(1)

The case of polarization controlled by electron avalanches

146

(2)

Restrictions on the polarizing self-acceleration of electrons

148

(6)

References

154

(3)

High-energy phenomena in laboratory pulsed discharges

157

(150)

Breakdown and discharges in dense gases at high overvoltages governed by runaway electrons

157

(19)

Idle-running high voltage waveforms (HVW)

157

(5)

Basic data on discharges in the air: spatial forms, voltage and current pulses

162

(7)

Spectra and space-time evolution of the optical radiation from volumetric diffuse discharges

169

(7)

Runaway electrons in dense gases at high overvoltages

176

(21)

Number and energy distributions of runaway electrons

176

(6)

Anomalous energy electrons

182

(3)

Space-time characteristics of runaway electron beams

185

(4)

The origin of anomalous energy electrons

189

(7)

Runaway electrons originating from breakdown induced in air at normal conditions by microsecond HVW

196

(1)

X-ray emission of runaway electrons at high overvoltages

197

(26)

Dependence of the total X-ray energy on the gas pressure and reduced electric field E/P; X-ray spectra

197

(13)

X-ray emission produced by anomalous energy electrons

210

(5)

X-ray emission from volumetric diffuse discharges

215

(4)

Bremsstrahlung of electrons in dense media with strong external quasi-static electric fields

219

(4)

Participation of runaway electrons in the dynamics of electrical discharges in dense gases

223

(36)

On the validity of the drift approximation at the initial stage of streamer propagation

223

(3)

Diffuse volumetric discharges, high-energy conductivity, and contraction

226

(7)

Displacement of the U(Pd) minimum

233

(5)

On the characteristic time scales of breakdown governed by runaway electrons

238

(3)

Inversion of the polarity effect

241

(5)

The effect of the utmost self-breakdown voltage

246

(2)

Numerical simulation of the overall dynamics of the discharge governed by runaway electrons

248

(11)

High-energy phenomena in very long gas discharge gaps with highly inhomogeneous and strong electric fields; microchannels

259

(14)

Observations of X-ray emission

259

(5)

Generation of runaway electrons correlated with the filamentation of discharge channels

264

(5)

Interpretation of the electron acceleration process

269

(4)

High-energy phenomena in gas discharges sliding along a solid dielectric surface

273

(15)

Experimental studies of sliding discharges producing X-ray emission

273

(9)

Numerical modeling of X-ray emission from sliding discharges

282

(6)

Production of neutrons by gas discharges at high overvoltages

288

(12)

References

300

(7)

High-energy phenomena associated with thunderstorm activity

307

(45)

Runaway electrons and X-rays from thunderstorms and lightning: on-ground experiments

307

(7)

Runaway electrons and X-rays from thunderstorms: flight experiments within thunderstorms

314

(22)

Observations of X-ray enhancement inside thunderclouds

314

(6)

Fundamentals of the thunderstorm X-ray production model

320

(8)

The origin of primary electrons

328

(6)

The effect of relativistic runaway electron avalanches on the 334modulation of penetrating radiation inside thunderstorms

334

(2)

Production of neutrons by lightning

336

(13)

Scaling from laboratory discharges

336

(5)

Search for neutrons generated by natural lightning

341

(8)

References

349

(3)

Afterword

352

(3)

Index

355

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High-Energy Phenomena in Electric Discharges in Dense Gases : Theory, Experiment and Natural Phenomena

0971046417

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