9780933452282

When ethnohistorians Garrick and Roberta Bailey arrived in Farmington, New Mexico, in 1977 to conduct field research on the Navajos, they soon realized the truth of what they had been told by members of other tribes: Navajos weren't like other Indians. While many Native Americans have subordinated their tribal identity to their identity as Indians, unique historical circumstances have allowed the Navajos to maintain their uniqueness. A History of the Navajos examines these circumstances over the century and more that the tribe has lived on the reservation.

Garrick Bailey is professor of anthropology at the University of Tulsa.

List of Illustrations

xi

List of Tables

xii

List of Photographs

xiii

Preface

xv

Preface to the First Edition

xxi

Acknowledgements

xxv

Introduction

5

(4)

The Early Navajos

9

(16)

The Navajos Before 1696

11

(3)

The Developmental Herding Period: 1696 to about 1800

14

(3)

The Herding and Raiding Period: 1800-1863

17

(8)

The Early Reservation Years: 1868-1900

25

(80)

Administration and Control of the Navajos

28

(8)

Recovery of the Subsistence Economy

36

(14)

Rebuilding the Herds

37

(8)

Farming

45

(2)

Hunting and Gathering

47

(2)

Economic Recovery

49

(1)

Craft Production

50

(6)

Trade

56

(6)

``Civilizing'' the Navajos

62

(11)

Schools and Education

63

(3)

Missionary Activities

66

(1)

Dwellings

67

(2)

Clothing

69

(4)

The Navajos and their Neighbors: 1868-1892

73

(21)

Land and Sheep

77

(5)

The Development of the Cattle Industry

82

(6)

The Navajos and the Public Domain

88

(6)

Discussion: The Navajos about 1890

94

(6)

Economic Collapse: 1893-1900

100

(5)

The Reorientation of Navajo Culture: 1900-1930

105

(76)

The Government Takes Control (More or Less)

106

(6)

The Navajos and the White Man

112

(12)

Land

112

(6)

World War I

118

(2)

Oil

120

(2)

The Land Question Renewed

122

(2)

The Reorientation of the Navajo Economy

124

(41)

Livestock

124

(15)

Farming

139

(6)

Hunting and Gathering

145

(2)

Trade

147

(3)

The Commercialization of Crafts

150

(5)

Wage Labor

155

(6)

Entrepreneurs

161

(2)

Economic Recovery and Change

163

(2)

The Erosion of Cultural Isolation

165

(14)

Roads and Transportation

165

(3)

Education

168

(3)

Missionary Activity

171

(2)

Changes in Material Culture

173

(6)

The Navajos during the Early Twentieth Century

179

(2)

The End of Independence: 1930-1949

181

(50)

The Depression

182

(2)

The Navajos and the New Deal

184

(13)

Livestock Reduction

185

(8)

The Land Question

193

(3)

The Restructuring of Navajo Administration

196

(1)

World War II

197

(4)

Changes in the Navajo Economy and the Postwar Collapse

201

(20)

Navajo Attitudes towards Anglo-Americans

221

(10)

The Modern Navajos: 1950-1975

231

(78)

The Navajo-Hopi Long Range Rehabilitation Act

233

(2)

Development of Mineral Resources and Tribal Revenue

235

(2)

Navajo Political Growth

237

(7)

The Changing Economy of the Navajos

244

(19)

Livestock

244

(4)

Farming

248

(2)

Craft Income

250

(3)

Wage Labor

253

(3)

On-Reservation Wage Work

256

(4)

Welfare Programs

260

(1)

Individual Income from Mineral Rights

261

(1)

Changes in the Relative Importance of Income Sources

262

(1)

The End of Isolation

263

(23)

Roads and Motor Vehicles

264

(4)

The Decline of Trading Posts

268

(4)

Growth in Education

272

(5)

Religious Practices

277

(4)

Changes in Material Culture and Life-Style

281

(1)

Changes in Settlement Pattern

282

(4)

Patterns of Change in Navajo Culture

286

(3)

Conclusion: Why the Navajos are Different

289

(10)

Appendixes

A. Livestock Estimates: 1868-1975

299

(7)

B. Market Values of Wool, Stock Sheep, Sheep, and Lambs; and Consumer Price Index: 1869-1970

306

(3)

Notes

309

(14)

Key to Abbreviations Used in Citations

323

(2)

Archival Materials

325

(2)

References

327

(26)

Index

353

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History of the Navajos

0933452284

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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