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| Anatomical, Electrophysiological and Clinical Considerations, and Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias | |
| Contents | |
| Introduction | |
| General references recommended | |
| Clinical aspects of arrhythmias | |
| Definition of arrhythmia | |
| Classification | |
| Clinical significance and symnptoms | |
| Arrhythmias and sudden death | |
| Arrhythmias and severe clinical complications:Syncope | |
| Arrhythmias and unpleasant, non severe symptoms: palpitations | |
| Asymptomatic arrhythmias | |
| The importance of the clinical history and physical examination, in thye diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias | |
| The ECG and other techniques | |
| Electrocardiographic diagnosis of arrhythmias: preliminary considerations | |
| Anatomical and electrophysiological basis | |
| Anatomical characteristics | |
| Ultrastructural characteristics of cardiac muscle cells | |
| Anatomy of specific conduction system | |
| Electrophysiological characteristics | |
| Slow and fast response cells | |
| Ion channels | |
| Transmembrane diastolic potential (TDP) and transmembrane action potential (TAP) of slow and fast response cells | |
| Automatism | |
| Conduction of stimulus | |
| Cardiac activation: ExcitationâÇôcontraction coupling | |
| From cellular electrogram to ECG in humans | |
| Electrophysiological mechanisms | |
| Mechanisms responsible for active cardiac arrhythmias | |
| Active cardiac arrhythmias with fixed coupling interval | |
| Abnormal generation of stimulus | |
| Reentry | |
| Other mechanisms | |
| Active cardiac arrhythmias with variable coupling interval: the parasystole | |
| Mechanisms leading to passive arrhythmias | |
| Depression of automaticity | |
| Depression of conduction | |
| Heart block | |
| Aberrant conduction | |
| Concealed conduction | |
| Electrocardiographic diagnosis of arrhythmias | |
| Active supraventricular arrhythmias | |
| Premature supraventricular complexes | |
| Sinus tachycardia | |
| Monomorphic atrial tachycardia: due to an ectopic focus (MATâÇôEF) and due to macroreentrey (MATâÇôMR) | |
| Junctional reentrant (reciprocating) tachycardia: paroxysmal and incessant | |
| AV junctional ectopic tachycardia due to ectopic focus | |
| Chaotic atrial tachycardia | |
| Atrial fibrillation (AF) | |
| Atrial flutter (AFL) | |
| Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and atrialâÇôwave morphology: monomorphic or polymorphic morphology | |
| Differential diagnosis of supraventricular arrhythmias with regular RR intervals and narrow QRS | |
| Electrocardiographic diagnosis of the paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias: A sequential approach | |
| Active ventricular arrhythmias | |
| Premature ventricular complexes | |
| Ventricular tachycardias | |
| Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia | |
| Classical sustained ventricular tachycardia | |
| Other monomorphic ventricular tachycardia | |
| Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia | |
| Ventricular flutter | |
| Ventricular fibrillation | |
| Passive arrhythmias | |
| Escape complex and escape rhythm | |
| Sinus bradycardia by depression of the automatism | |
| Sinoatrial blocks | |
| Atrial blocks | |
| Atrioventricular blocks | |
| Ventricular blocks | |
| Cardiac arrest | |
| The pacemakers ECG | |
| Clinical, prognostic, and therapeutic implications of the passive arrhythmias | |
| Analytical study of arrhythmias | |
| Determination of the presence of a dominant rhythm | |
| Atrial deflection analysis | |
| QRS complex analysis | |
| Atrioventricular relationship analysis | |
| Premature complexes analysis | |
| Pauses analysis | |
| Delayed complexes analysis | |
| Analysis of the variable morphology complexes | |
| Analysis of persistent or repetitive arrhythmias: Bigeminal rhythm | |
| Differential diagnosis between arrhythmias under particular conditions | |
| The ECG and arrhythmias and risk of sudden death in different heart diseases and situations | |
| Ventricular preâÇôexcitation | |
| Concept and types of preexcitation | |
| WPWâÇô type preexcitation: WPW syndrome | |
| Atpical preexcitation | |
| Preexcitation type short PR interval | |
| Inherited heart diseases | |
| Cardiomyopathies | |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | |
| Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia cardiomyopathy | |
| Spongiform or non compacted cardiomyopathy | |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | |
| Specific conduction system involvement: Lenegre syndrome | |
| Ionic channel disorders in the absence of apparent structural heart disease: channelopathies | |
| Long QT syndrome | |
| Short QT syndrome | |
| Brugada syndrome | |
| Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia | |
| Atrial fibrillation of genetic origin | |
| Familial torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia | |
| Other possible channelopathies | |
| Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation | |
| Other ECG patterns of risk | |
| Severe sinus bradycardia | |
| Advanced interatrial block with left atrial retrograde conduction | |
| High risk ventricular block | |
| Bundle branch block in patients with heart disease | |
| Bifascicular block | |
| Right bundle branch block plus alternating block in the two divisions of the left bundle branch | |
| Alternating bundle branch block | |
| Advanced atrioventricular block | |
| Presence of ventricular arrhythmias in chronic heart disease patients | |
| Acquired long QT | |
| Electrical alternans | |
| Other electrocardiographic patterns of sudden death risk | |
| Early repolarization pattern | |
| Other patterns | |
| Risk of serious arrhythmias and sudden death in people with normal or nearly normal ECG | |
| Arrhythmias in other heart diseases and specific situations | |
| Ischemic heart disease | |
| Heart failure | |
| Valvular heart disease | |
| Congenital heart disease | |
| Hypertensive heart disease | |
| Myocarditis | |
| Cor pulmonale | |
| Pericardial disease | |
| Sudden death in other heart diseases | |
| Sudden infant death syndrome | |
| Athletes | |
| Alcohol intake | |
| Special situations | |
| Administration of drugs | |
| Ionic alterations | |
| SleepâÇôdisorder breathing | |
| Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death related to other especific pathologies | |
| Sudden death in apparently healthy people | |
| Introduction | |
| Calculation of sensitivity, specificity and predictive value | |
| Diagnostic techniques | |
| Holter electrocardiographic monitoring and related techniques: Event analyzer | |
| Exercise test | |
| The intracavitary ECG and the electrophysiological studies | |
| TiltâÇôtable test | |
| Analysis of late potentials | |
| Body surface potential mapping | |
| Other surface techniques to register the electrical cardiac activity: vectorcardiography; amplified and filtering techniques and recording especial leads | |
| Other non electrocardiographic techniques | |
| Therapeutic techniques | |
| Cardioversion | |
| Pacemakers: resynchronization therapy (CRT) | |
| Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator | |
| Percutaneous transcatheter ablation | |
| Surgery | |
| Antiarrhythmic agents: classification, effects on the ECG, relative efficacy,doses and future of AAA | |
| Classification of the recommendations for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and its level of evidence (AHA/ESC/ACC) | |
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