Foreword | |
Introduction | |
Rationale, potentials and promise of systematic review | |
Systematic reviews of controlled trials | |
Principles and procedures | |
Problems and limitations | |
Identifying randomised trials | |
Assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials | |
Obtaining individual patient data from randomised controlled trials | |
Assessing the quality of reports of systematic reviews | |
Investigating variability within and between studies | |
Going beyond the grand mean | |
Why and how sources of heterogeneity should be investigated | |
Analysing the relationship between treatment benefit and underlying risk | |
Investigating and dealing with publication and other biases | |
Systematic review of observational studies | |
Systematic reviews of observational studies | |
Systematic reviews of prognostic studies | |
Systematic reviews of evaluations of diagnostic studies | |
Statistical method and computer software | |
Statistical methods of examining heterogeneity and combining results from several studies | |
Choice of effect measure for binary outcomes | |
Meta-analysis software | |
Meta-analysis in STATA | |
Using systematic reviews in practice | |
Applying the results of systematic reviews at the bedside | |
Numbers needed to treat derived from meta-analysis: pitfalls and cautions | |
Using systematic reviews in clinical guidelines development | |
Using systematic reviews for evidence based policy making | |
Using systematic reviews for economic evaluation | |
Using systematic reviews and registers of ongoing trials for scientific and ethical trial design | |
The Cochrane Collaboration | |
The Cochrane Collaboration in the 20th Century | |
The Cochrane Collaboration in the 21st Century: ten challenges and one reason whey they must be met | |
Future challenges | |
Unresolved issues and future developments | |
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