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Preface | p. xv |
Acknowledgments | p. xix |
Philosophical Introduction: Philosophy of Science and Physical Theory | p. xxi |
The Heliocentric Theory | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
Aristotle: The Physical Foundation for the Geocentric Universe | p. 13 |
Aristarchus: An Early Version of Heliocentrism | p. 26 |
Claudius Ptolemy: The Case for Geocentrism | p. 29 |
Nicholaus Copernicus: First Thoughts on Heliocentrism | p. 38 |
Nicholaus Copernicus: The Heliocentric Theory | p. 42 |
Tycho Brahe: The Supernova of 1572 | p. 66 |
Tycho Brahe: Observational Evidence against the Aristotelian Cosmology | p. 69 |
Johannes Kepler: The Sun as the Source of Planetary Motions | p. 70 |
Galileo Galilei: Telescopic Observations in Support of Copernicus | p. 81 |
Johannes Kepler: The Superiority of the Copernican System | p. 99 |
Galileo Galilei: The Coherence of the Copernican Theory | p. 109 |
Isaac Newton: The Physical Foundations of Heliocentrism | p. 114 |
John Herschel: The Discovery of Stellar Parallax | p. 128 |
Selected Bibliography | p. 129 |
Electromagnetic Field Theory | p. 131 |
Introduction | p. 133 |
William Gilbert: The Properties of Magnets | p. 145 |
Charles Coulomb: The Law of Electric Force | p. 151 |
Hans Christian Oersted: The Effect of a Current of Electricity on a Magnetic Needle | p. 153 |
Andre Marie Ampere: A Positivist Approach to Electromagnetism | p. 157 |
Isaac Newton: The Particle Theory of Light | p. 162 |
Christiaan Huygens: The Wave Theory of Light | p. 167 |
Thomas Young: The Vindication of the Wave Theory of Light | p. 179 |
Augustin Fresnel and Dominique Arago: The Transverse Nature of Light Waves | p. 201 |
Michael Faraday: Electromagnetic Induction | p. 209 |
Michael Faraday: The Concept of an Electromagnetic Field | p. 214 |
James Clerk Maxwell: The Theory of the Electromagnetic Field | p. 224 |
James Clerk Maxwell: The Electromagnetic Theory of Light | p. 232 |
James Clerk Maxwell: The Medium for Electromagnetic Action | p. 235 |
Heinrich Hertz: The Production of Electromagnetic Waves | p. 245 |
Selected Bibliography | p. 251 |
The Theory of Relativity | p. 253 |
Introduction | p. 255 |
James Clerk Maxwell: The Ether | p. 265 |
Albert Michelson: The Ether and Optical Experiments | p. 273 |
George F. Fitzgerald: The Contraction Hypothesis | p. 285 |
Hendrik A. Lorentz: The Contraction Hypothesis | p. 286 |
Henri Poincare: A Prelude to Relativity | p. 289 |
Albert Einstein: The Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity | p. 299 |
Herman Minkowski: The Space-Time Continuum | p. 304 |
Albert Einstein: The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity | p. 308 |
Albert Einstein: The Ramifications of the Special and General Theories of Relativity | p. 313 |
Arthur Eddington: The Bending of Light Rays | p. 330 |
Albert Einstein: Ether and Relativity | p. 340 |
Albert Einstein: Later Comments on General Relativity | p. 347 |
Albert Einstein: E = MC[superscript 2] | p. 350 |
Selected Bibliography | p. 355 |
Quantum Theory | p. 357 |
Introduction | p. 359 |
Historical and Conceptual Development | p. 371 |
Max Planck: The Quantum Hypothesis | p. 373 |
Albert Einstein: The Photon | p. 380 |
Niels Bohr: The Quantum Character of the Atom | p. 383 |
Louis de Broglie: The Wave Nature of the Electron | p. 387 |
Niels Bohr: Complementarity and the New Quantum Theory | p. 392 |
Niels Bohr: The Debate with Einstein | p. 406 |
Albert Einstein: Response to Bohr | p. 432 |
Werner Heisenberg: A Brief History of Quantum Theory | p. 437 |
Werner Heisenberg: The Copenhagen Interpretation | p. 446 |
Erwin Schrodinger: The Fundamental Idea of Wave Mechanics | p. 454 |
Erwin Schrodinger: Are There Quantum Jumps? | p. 465 |
P.A.M. Dirac: The Conceptual Difficulties of Quantum Theory | p. 472 |
John A. Wheeler: Observer-Created Reality | p. 484 |
The Completeness Debate | p. 493 |
Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen: The EPR Paradox | p. 495 |
Albert Einstein: The Argument for Incompleteness | p. 501 |
Niels Bohr: Response to EPR | p. 507 |
David Bohm: The Hidden Variables Hypothesis | p. 515 |
J. Stewart Bell: Comment on the Hidden Variables Hypothesis | p. 526 |
J. Stewart Bell: A conceptual Analysis of the EPR Thought Experiment of David Bohm | p. 532 |
Abner Shimony: Philosophical Reflections on the Completeness Debate | p. 540 |
Selected Bibliography | p. 544 |
Big Bang Cosmological Theory | p. 545 |
Introduction | p. 547 |
Henrietta Leavitt: Variables in the Magellanic Clouds | p. 556 |
Henrietta Leavitt: The Variability-Luminosity Relationship | p. 559 |
Vesto Slipher: The Radial Velocity of the Andromeda Nebula | p. 561 |
Vesto Slipher: The Discovery of the Red Shift of Nebulae | p. 564 |
Harlow Shapley: The Measurement of Great Distances | p. 567 |
Willem de Sitter: Relativity and Cosmology | p. 573 |
Edwin Hubble: The Structure of the Universe | p. 592 |
Edwin Hubble: The Velocity-Distance Relation | p. 602 |
Arthur Eddington: The Expanding Universe | p. 611 |
Georges Lemaitre: The Beginning of Big Bang Cosmology | p. 625 |
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson: The Discovery of Background Radiation | p. 640 |
R. H. Dicke, P.J.E. Peebles, P. G. Roll, D. T. Wilkinson: An Explanation of the Penzias and Wilson Discovery | p. 642 |
Steven Weinberg: The Cosmic Microwave Radiation Background | p. 646 |
Alan Guth and Paul Steinhardt: The Inflationary Universe | p. 652 |
George Smoot and Keay Davidson: Wrinkles in Time | p. 666 |
Stephen Hawking: The Edge of Spacetime | p. 677 |
Selected Bibliography | p. 684 |
Epilogue | p. 685 |
Helge Kragh: Physical Theory: Present and Future | p. 685 |
Sources of the Readings | p. 693 |
Index of Names | p. 699 |
Index of Concepts | p. 707 |
Permissions Acknowledgments | p. 709 |
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