Preface

xvii

Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

(22)

Materials and Engineering

(3)

Materials Science and Engineering

(2)

Types of Materials

(8)

Metallic materials

(2)

Polymeric Materials

(1)

Ceramic Materials

(2)

Composite Materials

(2)

Electronic Materials

(1)

Competition Among Materials

(2)

Recent Advances in Materials Science and Technology and Future Trends

(2)

Smart Materials

(1)

Nanomaterials

(1)

Design and Selection

(1)

Summary

(1)

Definitions

(1)

Problems

(1)

Materials Selection and Design Problems

(1)

Atomic Structure and Bonding

(48)

The Structure of Atoms

(1)

Atomic Numbers and Atomic Masses

(3)

Atomic Numbers

(1)

Atomic Masses

(3)

The Electronic Structure of Atoms

(12)

The Hydrogen Atom

(4)

Quantum Numbers of Electrons of Atoms

(2)

Electronic Structure of Multielectron Atoms

(4)

Electronic Structure and Chemical Reactivity

(2)

Types of Atomic and Molecular Bonds

(1)

Primary Atomic Bonds

(1)

Secondary Atomic and Molecular Bonds

(1)

Ionic Bonding

(7)

Ionic Bonding in General

(1)

Interionic Forces for an Ion Pair

(3)

Interionic Energies for an Ion Pair

(1)

Ion Arrangements in Ionic Solids

(1)

Bonding Energies of Ionic Solids

(1)

Covalent Bonding

(6)

Covalent Bonding in the Hydrogen Molecule

(1)

Covalent Bonding in Other Diatomic Molecules

(1)

Covalent Bonding in Carbon

(2)

Covalent Bonding in Carbon Containing Molecules

(1)

Benzene

(2)

Metallic Bonding

(4)

Secondary Bonding

(3)

Fluctuating Dipoles

(1)

Permanent Dipoles

(1)

Mixed Bonding

(2)

Ionic-Covalent Mixed Bonding

(1)

Metallic-Covalent Mixed Bonding

(1)

Metallic-Ionic Mixed Bonding

(1)

Summary

(1)

Definitions

(1)

Problems

(4)

Materials Selection and Design Problems

(2)

Crystal and Amorphous Structure in Materials

(52)

The Space Lattice and Unit Cells

(1)

Crystal Systems and Bravais Lattices

(1)

Principal Metallic Crystal Structures

(8)

Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) Crystal Structure

(3)

Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Crystal Structure

(1)

Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Crystal Structure

(2)

Atom Positions in Cubic Unit Cells

(1)

Directions in Cubic Unit Cells

(4)

Miller Indices for Crystallographic Planes in Cubic Unit Cells

(5)

Crystallographic Planes and Directions in Hexagonal Crystal Structure

(3)

Indices for Crystal Planes in HCP Unit Cells

(1)

Direction Indices in HCP Unit Cells

(2)

Comparison of FCC, HCP, and BCC Crystal Structures

(2)

FCC and HCP Crystal Structures

(2)

BCC Crystal Structure

(1)

Volume, Planar, and Linear Density Unit-Cell Calculations

(4)

Volume Density

(1)

Planar Atomic Density

(2)

Linear Atomic Density

101

(1)

Polymorphism or Allotropy

102

(1)

Crystal Structure Analysis

103

(10)

X-Ray Sources

104

(1)

X-Ray Diffraction

105

(2)

X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Crystal Structures

107

(6)

Amorphous Materials

113

(1)

Summary

114

(1)

Definitions

115

(1)

Problems

116

(6)

Materials Selection and Design Problems

122

(2)

Solidification and Crystalline Imperfections

124

(48)

Solidification of Metals

125

(9)

The Formation of Stable Nuclei in Liquid Metals

127

(5)

Growth of Crystals in Liquid Metal and Formation of a Grain Structure

132

(1)

Grain Structure of Industrial Castings

133

(1)

Solidification of Single Crystals

134

(4)

Metallic Solid Solutions

138

(5)

Substitutional Solid Solutions

139

(2)

Interstitial Solid Solutions

141

(2)

Crystalline Imperfections

143

(8)

Point Defects

143

(1)

Line Defects (Dislocations)

144

(3)

Planar Defects

147

(3)

Volume Defects

150

(1)

Experimental Techniques for Identification of Microstructure and Defects

151

(15)

Optical Metallography, ASTM Grain Size, and Grain Diameter Determination

151

(5)

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

156

(2)

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

158

(1)

High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM)

159

(2)

Scanning Probe Microscope and Atomic Resolution

161

(5)

Summary

166

(1)

Definitions

166

(2)

Problems

168

(2)

Materials Selection and Design Problems

170

(2)

Thermally Activated Processes and Diffusion in Solids

172

(28)

Rate Processes in Solids

173

(4)

Atomic Diffusion in Solids

177

(7)

Diffusion in Solids in General

177

(1)

Diffusion Mechanisms

177

(3)

Steady-State Diffusion

180

(2)

Non-Steady-State Diffusion

182

(2)

Industrial Applications of Diffusion Processes

184

(7)

Case Hardening of Steel by Gas Carburizing

184

(4)

Impurity Diffusion into Silicon Wafers for Integrated Circuits

188

(3)

Effect of Temperature on Diffusion in Solids

191

(4)

Summary

195

(1)

Definitions

195

(1)

Problems

196

(2)

Materials Selection and Design Problems

198

(2)

Mechanical Properties of Metals I

200

(70)

The Processing of Metals and Alloys

201

(11)

The Casting of Metals and Alloys

201

(2)

Hot and Cold Rolling of Metals and Alloys

203

(5)

Extrusion of Metals and Alloys

208

(1)

Forging

209

(2)

Other Metal-Forming Processes

211

(1)

Stress and Strain in Metals

212

(5)

Elastic and Plastic Deformation

213

(1)

Engineering Stress and Engineering Strain

213

(3)

Poisson's Ratio

216

(1)

Shear Stress and Shear Strain

216

(1)

The Tensile Test and the Engineering Stress-Strain Diagram

217

(10)

Mechanical Property Data Obtained from the Tensile Test and the Engineering Stress-Strain Diagram

220

(5)

Comparison of Engineering Stress-Strain Curves for Selected Alloys

225

(1)

True Stress and True Strain

225

(2)

Hardness and Hardness Testing

227

(2)

Plastic Deformation of Metal Single Crystals

229

(13)

Slipbands and Slip Lines on the Surface of Metal Crystals

229

(3)

Plastic Deformation in Metal Crystals by the Slip Mechanism

232

(2)

Slip Systems

234

(1)

Critical Resolved Shear Stress for Metal Single Crystals

235

(2)

Schmid's Law

237

(3)

Twinning

240

(2)

Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals

242

(5)

Effect of Grain Boundaries on the Strength of Metals

242

(2)

Effect of Plastic Deformation on Grain Shape and Dislocation Arrangements

244

(2)

Effect of Cold Plastic Deformation on Increasing the Strength of Metals

246

(1)

Solid-Solution Strengthening of Metals

247

(2)

Recovery and Recrystallization of Plastically Deformed Metals

249

(8)

Structure of a Heavily Cold-Worked Metal before Reheating

250

(1)

Recovery

251

(1)

Recrystallization

252

(5)

Superplasticity in Metals

257

(2)

Nanocrystalline Metals

259

(2)

Summary

261

(1)

Definitions

262

(1)

Problems

263

(5)

Materials Selection and Design Problems

268

(2)

Mechanical Properties of Metals II

270

(40)

Fracture of Metals

271

(10)

Ductile Fracture

272

(1)

Brittle Fracture

273

(3)

Toughness and Impact Testing

276

(1)

Ductile to Brittle Transition Temperature

276

(3)

Fracture Toughness

279

(2)

Fatigue of Metals

281

(7)

Cyclic Stresses

285

(1)

Basic Structural Changes that Occur in a Ductile Metal in the Fatigue Process

286

(1)

Some Major Factors that Affect the Fatigue Strength of a Metal

287

(1)

Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate

288

(6)

Correlation of Fatigue Crack Propagation with Stress and Crack Length

288

(2)

Fatigue Crack Growth Rate versus Stress-Intensity Factor Range Plots

290

(2)

Fatigue Life Calculations

292

(2)

Creep and Stress Rupture of Metals

294

(4)

Creep of Metals

294

(2)

The Creep Test

296

(1)

Creep-Rupture Test

297

(1)

Graphical representation of Creep- and Stress-Rupture Time-Temperature Data Using the Larsen-Miller Parameter

298

(2)

A Case Study in Failure of Metallic Components

300

(3)

Recent Advances and Future Directions in Improving the Mechanical Performance of Metals

303

(2)

Improving Ductility and Strength Simultaneously

303

(2)

Fatigue Behavior in Nanocrystalline Metals

305

(1)

Summary

305

(1)

Definitions

306

(1)

Problems

307

(2)

Materials Selection and Design Problems

309

(1)

Phase Diagrams

310

(48)

Phase Diagrams of Pure Substances

311

(2)

Gibbs Phase Rule

313

(1)

Cooling Curves

314

(1)

Binary Isomorphous Alloy Systems

315

(3)

The Lever Rule

318

(4)

Nonequilibrium Solidification of Alloys

322

(4)

Binary Eutectic Alloy Systems

326

(7)

Binary Peritectic Alloy Systems

333

(5)

Binary Monotectic Systems

338

(1)

Invariant Reactions

339

(2)

Phase Diagrams with Intermediate Phases and Compounds

341

(4)

Ternary Phase Diagrams

345

(3)

Summary

348

(1)

Definitions

349

(2)

Problems

351

(4)

Materials Selection and Design Problems

355

(3)

Engineering Alloys

358

(110)

Production of Iron and Steel

360

(3)

Production of Pig Iron in a Blast Furnace

360

(1)

Steelmaking and Processing of Major Steel Product Forms

361

(2)

The Iron-Iron-Carbide System

363

(10)

The Iron--Iron-Carbide Phase Diagram

363

(1)

Solid Phases in the Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram

363

(1)

Invariant Reactions in the Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram

364

(2)

Slow Cooling of Plain-Carbon Steels

366

(7)

Heat Treatment of Plain-Carbon Steels

373

(19)

Martensite

373

(5)

Isothermal Decomposition of Austenite

378

(5)

Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagram for a Eutectoid Plain-Carbon Steel

383

(3)

Annealing and Normalizing of Plain-Carbon Steels

386

(1)

Tempering of Plain-Carbon Steels

387

(4)

Classification of Plain-Carbon Steels and Typical Mechanical Properties

391

(1)

Low-Alloy Steels

392

(9)

Classification of Alloy Steels

392

(2)

Distribution of Alloying Elements in Alloy Steels

394

(1)

Effects of Alloying Elements on the Eutectoid Temperature of Steels

395

(1)

Hardenability

396

(5)

Typical Mechanical Properties and Applications for Low-Alloy Steels

401

(1)

Aluminum Alloys

401

(17)

Precipitation Strengthening (Hardening)

403

(7)

General Properties of Aluminum and Its Production

410

(1)

Wrought Aluminum Alloys

411

(5)

Aluminum Casting Alloys

416

(2)

Copper Alloys

418

(6)

General Properties of Copper

418

(1)

Production of Copper

419

(1)

Classification of Copper Alloys

419

(3)

Wrought Copper Alloys

422

(2)

Stainless Steels

424

(5)

Ferritic Stainless Steels

424

(1)

Martensitic Stainless Steels

425

(2)

Austenitic Stainless Steels

427

(2)

Cast Irons

429

(7)

General Properties

429

(1)

Types of Cast Irons

429

(1)

White Cast Iron

429

(2)

Gray Cast Iron

431

(1)

Ductile Cast Irons

432

(3)

Malleable Cast Irons

435

(1)

Magnesium, Titanium, and Nickel Alloys

436

(5)

Magnesium Alloys

436

(2)

Titanium Alloys

438

(2)

Nickel Alloys

440

(1)

Special-Purpose Alloys and Applications

441

(7)

Intermetallics

441

(1)

Shape-Memory Alloys

442

(4)

Amorphous Metals

446

(2)

Metals in Biomedical Applications-Biometals

448

(4)

Stainless Steels

449

(1)

Cobalt-Based Alloys

449

(2)

Titanium Alloys

451

(1)

Some Issues in the Orthopedic Application of Metals

452

(2)

Summary

454

(1)

Definitions

455

(2)

Problems

457

(8)

Materials Selection and Design Problems

465

(3)

Polymeric Materials

468

(104)

Introduction

469

(2)

Polymerization Reactions

471

(13)

Covalent Bonding Structure of an Ethylene Molecule

471

(1)

Covalent Bonding Structure of an Activated Ethylene Molecule

472

(1)

General Reaction for the Polymerization of Polyethylene and the Degree of Polymerization

473

(1)

Chain Polymerization Steps

473

(2)

Average Molecular Weight for Thermoplastics

475

(1)

Functionality of a Monomer

476

(1)

Structure of Noncrystalline Linear Polymers

476

(2)

Vinyl and Vinylidene Polymers

478

(1)

Homopolymers and Copolymers

479

(3)

Other Methods of Polymerization

482

(2)

Industrial Polymerization Methods

484

(2)

Crystallinity and Stereoisomerism in Some Thermoplastics

486

(5)

Solidification of Noncrystalline Thermoplastics

486

(1)

Solidification of Partly Crystalline Thermoplastics

486

(2)

Structure of Partly Crystalline Thermoplastic Materials

488

(1)

Stereoisomerism in Thermoplastics

489

(1)

Ziegler and Natta Catalysts

490

(1)

Processing of Plastic Materials

491

(7)

Processes Used for Thermoplastic Materials

492

(4)

Processes Used for Thermosetting Materials

496

(2)

General-Purpose Thermoplastics

498

(13)

Polyethylene

500

(3)

Polyvinyl Chloride and Copolymers

503

(2)

Polypropylene

505

(1)

Polystyrene

505

(1)

Polyacrylonitrile

506

(1)

Styrene-Acrylonitrile (SAN)

507

(1)

ABS

507

(2)

Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)

509

(1)

Fluoroplastics

510

(1)

Engineering Thermoplastics

511

(10)

Polyamides (Nylons)

512

(3)

Polycarbonate

515

(1)

Phenylene Oxide-Based Resins

516

(1)

Acetals

517

(1)

Thermoplastic Polyesters

518

(1)

Polyphenylene Sulfide

519

(1)

Polyetherimide

520

(1)

Polymer Alloys

521

(1)

Thermosetting Plastics (Thermosets)

521

(10)

Phenolics

523

(2)

Epoxy Resins

525

(2)

Unsaturated Polyesters

527

(2)

Amino Resins (Ureas and Melamines)

529

(2)

Elastomers (Rubbers)

531

(8)

Natural Rubber

531

(3)

Synthetic Rubbers

534

(2)

Properties of Polychloroprene Elastomers

536

(1)

Vulcanization of Polychloroprene Elastomers

536

(3)

Deformation and Strengthening of Plastic Materials

539

(7)

Deformation Mechanisms for Thermoplastics

539

(2)

Strengthening of Thermoplastics

541

(4)

Strengthening of Thermosetting Plastics

545

(1)

Effect of Temperature on the Strength of Plastic Materials

545

(1)

Creep and Fracture of Polymeric Materials

546

(6)

Creep of Polymeric Materials

546

(1)

Stress Relaxation of Polymeric Materials

547

(3)

Fracture of Polymeric Materials

550

(2)

Polymers in Biomedical Applications---Biopolymers

552

(5)

Cardiovascular Applications of Polymers

553

(1)

Ophthalmic Applications

554

(1)

Drug-Delivery Systems

555

(1)

Suture Materials

556

(1)

Orthopedic Applications

556

(1)

Summary

557

(1)

Definitions

558

(2)

Problems

560

(10)

Materials Selection and Design Problems

570

(2)

Ceramics

572

(76)

Introduction

573

(2)

Simple Ceramic Crystal Structures

575

(20)

Ionic and Covalent Bonding in Simple Ceramic Compounds

575

(1)

Simple Ionic Arrangements Found in Ionically Bonded Solids

576

(3)

Cesium Chloride (CsCl) Crystal Structure

579

(1)

Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Crystal Structure

580

(4)

Interstitial Sites in FCC and HCP Crystal Lattices

584

(2)

Zinc Blende (ZnS) Crystal Structure

586

(2)

Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) Crystal Structure

588

(2)

Antifluorite Crystal Structure

590

(1)

Corundum (Al2O3) Crystal Structure

590

(1)

Spinel (MgAl2O4) Crystal Structure

590

(1)

Perovskite (CaTiO3) Crystal Structure

590

(1)

Carbon and Its Allotropes

591

(4)

Silicate Structures

595

(3)

Basic Structural Unit of the Silicate Structures

595

(1)

Island, Chain, and Ring Structures of Silicates

595

(1)

Sheet Structures of Silicates

595

(2)

Silicate Networks

597

(1)

Processing of Ceramics

598

(8)

Materials Preparation

599

(1)

Forming

599

(5)

Thermal Treatments

604

(2)

Traditional and Engineering Ceramics

606

(5)

Traditional Ceramics

606

(3)

Engineering Ceramics

609

(2)

Mechanical Properties of Ceramics

611

(7)

General

611

(1)

Mechanisms for the Deformation of Ceramic Materials

611

(1)

Factors Affecting the Strength of Ceramic Materials

612

(1)

Toughness of Ceramic Materials

613

(2)

Transformation Toughening of Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ)

615

(1)

Fatigue Failure of Ceramics

615

(2)

Ceramic Abrasive Materials

617

(1)

Thermal Properties of Ceramics

618

(2)

Ceramic Refractory Materials

619

(1)

Acidic Refractories

620

(1)

Basic Refractories

620

(1)

Ceramic Tile Insulation for the Space Shuttle Orbiter

620

(1)

Glasses

620

(12)

Definition of a Glass

622

(1)

Glass Transition Temperature

622

(1)

Structure of Glasses

623

(1)

Composition of Glasses

624

(2)

Viscous Deformation of Glasses

626

(2)

Forming Methods for Glasses

628

(2)

Tempered Glass

630

(1)

Chemically Strengthened Glass

630

(2)

Ceramic Coatings and Surface Engineering

632

(2)

Silicate Glasses

632

(1)

Oxides and Carbides

632

(2)

Ceramics in Biomedical Applications

634

(3)

Alumina in Orthopedic Implants

634

(2)

Alumina in Dental Implants

636

(1)

Ceramic Implants and Tissue Connectivity

636

(1)

Nanotechnology and Ceramics

637

(2)

Summary

639

(1)

Definitions

640

(2)

Problems

642

(4)

Materials Selection and Design Problems

646

(2)

Composite Materials

648

(70)

Introduction

649

(2)

Fibers for Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials

651

(6)

Glass Fibers for Reinforcing Plastic Resins

651

(2)

Carbon Fibers for Reinforced Plastics

653

(1)

Aramid Fibers for Reinforcing Plastic Resins

654

(1)

Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Carbon, Aramid, and Glass Fibers for Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials

655

(2)

Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials

657

(10)

Matrix Materials for Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composite Materials

657

(1)

Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials

658

(4)

Equations for Elastic Modulus of a Lamellar Continuous-Fiber-Plastic Matrix Composite for Isostrain and Isostress Conditions

662

(5)

Open-Mold Processes for Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials

667

(5)

Hand Lay-Up Process

667

(1)

Spray-Up Process

667

(1)

Vacuum Bag-Autoclave Process

668

(2)

Filament-Winding Process

670

(2)

Closed-Mold Processes for Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composite Materials

672

(2)

Compression and Injection Molding

672

(1)

The Sheet-Molding Compound (SMC) Process

672

(2)

Continuous-Prorusion Process

674

(1)

Concrete

674

(10)

Portland Cement

675

(3)

Mixing Water for Concrete

678

(1)

Aggregates for Concrete

679

(1)

Air Entrainment

679

(1)

Compressive Strength of Concrete

679

(1)

Proportioning of Concrete Mixtures

679

(3)

Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete

682

(1)

Prestressed Concrete

683

(1)

Asphalt and Asphalt Mixes

684

(1)

Wood

685

(10)

Macrostructure of Wood

685

(3)

Microstructure of Softwoods

688

(1)

Microstructure of Hardwoods

689

(1)

Cell-Wall Ultrastructure

690

(2)

Properties of Wood

692

(3)

Sandwich Structures

695

(1)

Honeycomb Sandwich Structure

695

(1)

Cladded Metal Structures

695

(1)

Metal-Matrix and Ceramic-Matrix Composites

696

(7)

Metal-Matrix Composites (MMCs)

696

(4)

Ceramic-Matrix Composites (CMCs)

700

(3)

Ceramic Composites and Nanotechnology

703

(1)

Bone: A Natural Composite Material

703

(5)

Composition

703

(1)

Macrostructure

703

(2)

Mechanical Properties

705

(1)

Biomechanics of Bone Fracture

706

(1)

Viscoelasticity of the Bone

707

(1)

Bone Remodeling

707

(1)

Nanotechnology and Bone Repair

708

(1)

Summary

708

(1)

Definitions

709

(3)

Problems

712

(4)

Materials Selection and Design Problems

716

(2)

Corrosion

718

(60)

General

719

(1)

Electrochemical Corrosion of Metals

720

(4)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

720

(2)

Standard Electrode Half-Cell Potentials for Metals

722

(2)

Galvanic Cells

724

(11)

Macroscopic Galvanic Cells with Electrolytes That Are One Molar

724

(2)

Galvanic Cells with Electrolytes That Are Not One Molar

726

(1)

Galvanic Cells with Acid or Alkaline Electrolytes with No Metal Ions Present

727

(2)

Microscopic Galvanic Cell Corrosion of Single Electrodes

729

(1)

Concentration Galvanic Cells

730

(3)

Galvanic Cells Created by Differences in Composition, Structure, and Stress

733

(2)

Corrosion Rates (Kinetics)

735

(10)

Rate of Uniform Corrosion or Electroplating of a Metal in an Aqueous Solution

736

(3)

Corrosion Reactions and Polarization

739

(3)

Passivation

742

(1)

The Galvanic Series

743

(2)

Types of Corrosion

745

(14)

Uniform or General Attack Corrosion

745

(1)

Galvanic or Two-Metal Corrosion

745

(1)

Pitting Corrosion

746

(3)

Crevice Corrosion

749

(2)

Intergranular Corrosion

751

(2)

Stress Corrosion

753

(3)

Erosion Corrosion

756

(1)

Cavitation Damage

756

(1)

Fretting Corrosion

757

(1)

Selective Leaching

757

(1)

Hydrogen Damage

758

(1)

Oxidation of Metals

759

(5)

Protective Oxide Films

759

(2)

Mechanisms of Oxidation

761

(1)

Oxidation Rates (Kinetics)

762

(2)

Corrosion Control

764

(6)

Materials Selection

764

(1)

Coatings

765

(1)

Design

766

(1)

Alteration of Environment

767

(1)

Cathodic and Anodic Protection

768

(2)

Summary

770

(1)

Definitions

770

(1)

Problems

771

(5)

Materials Selection and Design Problems

776

(2)

Electrical Properties of Materials

778

(74)

Electrical Conduction in Metals

779

(11)

The Classical Model for Electrical Conduction in Metals

779

(2)

Ohm's Law

781

(4)

Drift Velocity of Electrons in a Conducting Metal

785

(1)

Electrical Resistivity of Metals

786

(4)

Energy-Band Model for Electrical Conduction

790

(2)

Energy-Band Model for Metals

790

(2)

Energy-Band Model for Insulators

792

(1)

Intrinsic Semiconductors

792

(7)

The Mechanism of Electrical Conduction in Intrinsic Semiconductors

792

(1)

Electrical Charge Transport in the Crystal Lattice of Pure Silicon

793

(1)

Energy-Band Diagram for Intrinsic Elemental Semiconductors

794

(1)

Quantitative Relationships for Electrical Conduction in Elemental Intrinsic Semiconductors

795

(2)

Effect of Temperature on Intrinsic Semiconductivity

797

(2)

Extrinsic Semiconductors

799

(10)

n-Type (Negative-Type) Extrinsic Semiconductors

799

(2)

p-Type (Positive-Type) Extrinsic Semiconductors

801

(2)

Doping of Extrinsic Silicon Semiconductor Material

803

(1)

Effect of Doping on Carrier Concentrations in Extrinsic Semiconductors

803

(3)

Effect of Total Ionized Impurity Concentration on the Mobility of Charge Carriers in Silicon at Room Temperature

806

(1)

Effect of Temperature on the Electrical Conductivity of Extrinsic Semiconductors

807

(2)

Semiconductor Devices

809

(7)

The pn Junction

810

(3)

Some Application for pn Junction Diodes

813

(2)

The Bipolar Junction Transistor

815

(1)

Microelectronics

816

(12)

Microelectronic Planar Bipolar Transistors

818

(1)

Microelectronic Planar Field-Effect Transistors

819

(2)

Fabrication of Microelectronic Integrated Circuits

821

(7)

Compound Semiconductors

828

(3)

Electrical Properties of Ceramics

831

(10)

Basic Properties of Dielectrics

831

(3)

Ceramic Insulator Materials

834

(1)

Ceramic Materials for Capacitors

835

(1)

Ceramic Semiconductors

836

(2)

Ferroelectric Ceramics

838

(3)

Nanoelectronics

841

(1)

Summary

842

(1)

Definitions

843

(3)

Problems

846

(4)

Materials Selection and Design Problems

850

(2)

Optical Properties and Superconductive Materials

852

(36)

Introduction

853

(1)

Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

853

(3)

Refraction of Light

856

(3)

Index of refraction

856

(1)

Snell's Law of Light Refraction

857

(2)

Absorption, Transmission, and Reflection of Light

859

(4)

Metals

859

(1)

Silicate Glasses

859

(3)

Plastics

862

(1)

Semiconductors

862

(1)

Luminescence

863

(3)

Photoluminescence

864

(1)

Cathodoluminescence

864

(2)

Stimulated Emission of Radiation and Lasers

866

(4)

Types of Lasers

868

(2)

Optical Fibers

870

(5)

Light Loss in Optical Fibers

870

(1)

Single-Mode and Multimode Optical Fibers

871

(1)

Fabrication of Optical Fibers

872

(2)

Modern Optical-Fiber Communication Systems

874

(1)

Superconducting Materials

875

(8)

The Superconducting State

875

(1)

Magnetic Properties of Superconductors

876

(2)

Current Flow and Magnetic Fields in Superconductors

878

(1)

High-Current, High-Field Superconductors

879

(2)

High Critical Temperature (Tc) Superconducting Oxides

881

(2)

Definitions

883

(1)

Problems

884

(2)

Materials Selection and Design Problems

886

(2)

Magnetic Properties

888

(49)

Introduction

889

(1)

Magnetic Fields and Quantities

889

(5)

Magnetic Fields

889

(3)

Magnetic Induction

892

(1)

Magnetic Permeability

892

(2)

Magnetic Susceptibility

894

(1)

Types of Magnetism

894

(5)

Diamagnetism

895

(1)

Paramagnetism

895

(1)

Ferromagnetism

895

(2)

Magnetic Moment of a Single Unpaired Atomic Electron

897

(2)

Antiferromagnetism

899

(1)

Ferrimagnetism

899

(1)

Effect of Temperature on Ferromagnetism

899

(1)

Ferromagnetic Domains

900

(2)

Types of Energies That Determine the Structure of Ferromagnetic Domains

902

(5)

Exchange Energy

902

(1)

Magnetostatic Energy

903

(1)

Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy Energy

903

(1)

Domain Wall Energy

904

(1)

Magnetostrictive Energy

905

(2)

The Magnetization and Demagnetization of a Ferromagnetic Metal

907

(1)

Soft Magnetic Materials

908

(7)

Desirable Properties for Soft Magnetic Materials

909

(1)

Energy Losses for Soft Magnetic Materials

909

(1)

Iron-Silicon Alloys

910

(1)

Metallic Glasses

911

(1)

Nickel-Iron Alloys

912

(3)

Hard Magnetic Materials

915

(8)

Properties of Hard Magnetic Materials

915

(2)

Alnico Alloys

917

(2)

Rare earth Alloys

919

(2)

Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnetic Alloys

921

(1)

Iron-Chromium-Cobalt Magnetic Alloys

921

(2)

Ferrites

923

(5)

Magnetically Soft Ferrites

923

(5)

Magnetically Hard Ferrites

928

(1)

Summary

928

(1)

Definitions

929

(3)

Problems

932

(4)

Materials Selection and Design Problems

936

(1)

Appendix I Important Properties of Selected Engineering Materials

937

(55)

Appendix II Some Properties of Selected Elements

992

(2)

Appendix III Ionic Radii of the Elements

994

(3)

Appendix IV Selected Physical Quantities and Their Units

997

(2)

References for Further Study by Chapter

999

(3)

Glossary

1002

(11)

Answers

1013

(3)

Index

1016

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Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering w/ Student CD-ROM

9780073107639

0073107638

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