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9781560982845

Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity Standard Methods for Amphibians

by ; ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9781560982845

  • ISBN10:

    1560982845

  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 1994-02-17
  • Publisher: Smithsonian Books
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Supplemental Materials

What is included with this book?

Summary

Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversityis the first book to provide comprehensive coverage of standard methods for biodiversity sampling of amphibians, with information on analyzing and using data that will interest biologists in general. In this manual, nearly fifty herpetologists recommend ten standard sampling procedures for measuring and monitoring amphibian and many other populations. The contributors discuss each procedure, along with the circumstances for its appropriate use. In addition, they provide a detailed protocol for each procedure's implementation, a list of necessary equipment and personnel, and suggestions for analyzing the data. The data obtained using these standard methods are comparable across sites and through time and, as a result, are extremely useful for making decisions about habitat protection, sustained use, and restorationdecisions that are particularly relevant for threatened amphibian populations.

Author Biography

W. Ronald Heyer is a research zoologist for the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution. Maureen A. Donnelly is a research associate at the American Museum of Natural History. Roy W. McDiarmid is a research zoologist and curator of amphibians and reptiles for the US Fish and Wildlife Service at the National Museum of Natural History. Lee-Ann C. Hayek is the chief mathematical statistician at the National Museum of Natural History. Mercedes S. Foster is a research zoologist and curator of birds for the US Fish and Wildlife Service at the National Museum of Natural History.

Table of Contents

Figures
ix
Tables
xi
Authors and Contributors xiii
Foreword xv
David B. Wake
Preface xvii
Antecedents xvii
Authorship xviii
Acknowledgments xviii
Introduction
1(4)
Previous Work
2(1)
Intended Audience
3(2)
Amphibian Diversity and Natural History: An Overview
5(12)
Roy W. McDiarmid
Introduction
5(2)
Order Gymnophiona (Caecilians)
7(1)
Order Caudata (Salamanders)
7(5)
Order Anura (Frogs)
12(1)
Amphibian Larvae
13(4)
Essentials of Standardization and Quantification
17(4)
Introduction
17(1)
Study Questions
18(1)
Sampling Considerations
18(2)
Scale
18(1)
Randomization and Bias
19(1)
Replication and Assumptions
19(1)
Reporting Data
20(1)
Research Design for Quantitative Amphibian Studies
21(20)
Lee-Ann C. Hayek
Introduction
21(1)
Project Design
21(7)
The Research Question
21(3)
Formulating the Research Hypothesis
24(1)
Validity
25(3)
Field Observation and Statistical Design
28(13)
Data Accuracy
28(1)
Measurement Scales and Statistical Analysis
29(1)
Randomness
30(4)
Independence
34(1)
Sample Size
35(1)
Testing Errors
35(3)
Statistical versus Substantive Significance
38(3)
Keys to a Successful Project: Associated Data and Planning
41(34)
Introduction
41(1)
Climate and Environment
42(5)
Martha L. Crump
Basic Weather Data
43(1)
Additional Environmental Data
44(1)
Measuring Weather Variables
45(2)
Automated Data Acquisition
47(10)
Charles R. Peterson
Michael E. Dorcas
Data Loggers
47(2)
Environmental Sensors
49(4)
Thermal Environment
53(1)
Recording Frog Calls
54(1)
Recording Radiotelemetry Signals
55(2)
Data Standards
57(3)
Roy W. McDiarmid
Geographic Characterization
58(1)
Habitat
58(2)
Sampling Methodology
60(1)
Microhabitat Description
60(6)
Robert F. Inger
Characteristics of a Microhabitat Checklist
61(2)
Basic Descriptors for a Microhabitat Checklist
63(3)
Field Methods
66(1)
Voucher Specimens
66(6)
Robert P. Reynolds
Ronald I. Crombie
Roy W. McDiarmid
Field Identifications
67(1)
Sample Size
68(1)
Specimen Data
69(1)
Call Vouchers
70(1)
Selection of a Specimen Repository
70(2)
Permits
72(3)
Roy W. McDiarmid
Robert P. Reynolds
Ronald I. Crombie
Standard Techniques for Inventory and Monitoring
75(68)
Selection of Techniques
75(1)
Standard Techniques
76(67)
Complete Species Inventories
78(6)
Norman J. Scott, Jr.
Visual Encounter Surveys
84(8)
Martha L. Crump
Norman J. Scott, Jr.
Audio Strip Transects
92(5)
Barbara L. Zimmerman
Quadrat Sampling
97(6)
Robert G. Jaeger
Robert F. Inger
Transect Sampling
103(4)
Robert G. Jaeger
Patch Sampling
107(2)
Robert G. Jaeger
Straight-Line Drift Fences and Pitfall Traps
109(9)
Paul Stephen Corn
Surveys at Breeding Sites
118(7)
Norman J. Scott, Jr.
Bruce D. Woodward
Drift Fences Encircling Breeding Sites
125(5)
C. Kenneth Dodd, Jr.
David E. Scott
Quantitative Sampling of Amphibian Larvae
130(13)
H. Bradley Shaffer
Ross A. Alford
Bruce D. Woodward
Stephen J. Richards
Ronald G. Altig
Claude Gascon
Supplemental Approaches to Studying Amphibian Biodiversity
143(40)
Introduction
143(1)
Artificial Habitats
143(7)
Sampling with Artificial Pools
144(2)
Claude Gascon
Sampling with Artificial Cover
146(4)
Gary M. Fellers
Charles A. Drost
Acoustic Monitoring at Fixed Sites
150(2)
A. Stanley Rand
George E. Drewry
Target Organisms and Habitats
151(1)
Background
151(1)
Research Design
152(1)
Special Considerations
152(1)
Tracking
152(11)
Thread Bobbins
153(2)
W. Ronald Heyer
Radio Tracking
155(3)
Stephen J. Richards
Ulrich Sinsch
Ross A. Alford
Tracking with Radioactive Tags
158(5)
Ray E. Ashton, Jr.
Night Driving
163(3)
H. Bradley Shaffer
J. Eric Juterbock
Target Organisms and Habitats
163(1)
Background
164(1)
Research Design
165(1)
Field Methods
165(1)
Personnel and Materials
166(1)
Data Treatment and Interpretation
166(1)
Special Considerations
166(1)
Geographic Information Systems
166(9)
GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques
166(5)
Lee-Ann C. Hayek
Roy W. McDiarmid
Manual GIS Application for Habitat Specialists
171(4)
J. Eric Juterbock
Samuel S. Sweet
Roy W. McDiarmid
Group Activities and Field Trips
175(8)
Roy W. McDiarmid
Maureen A. Donnelly
Target Organisms and Habitats
175(1)
Background
175(1)
Research Design
176(1)
Personnel and Materials
176(1)
Data Treatment and Interpretation
176(1)
Special Considerations
176(1)
Examples of Group Activities
177(6)
Estimating Population Size
183(24)
Introduction
183(1)
Mark-Recapture
183(18)
Maureen A. Donnelly
Craig Guyer
Objectives
183(1)
Target Organisms and Habitat
184(1)
Background
184(1)
Research Design and Field Methods
185(1)
Data Analysis and Interpretation
186(1)
Personnel and Materials
186(1)
Population Estimators
186(14)
Capture-Resight
200(1)
Bayesian Approach to Mark-Recapture Data
200(1)
Removal Sampling
201(6)
Lee-Ann C. Hayek
Target Organisms and Habitats
201(1)
Background
201(1)
Research Design and Field Methods
202(1)
Data Analysis and Interpretation
203(2)
Special Considerations
205(2)
Analysis of Amphibian Biodiversity Data
207(64)
Lee-Ann C. Hayek
Introduction
207(1)
Species Richness
207(25)
Presence-Absence Data
207(2)
Measures of Association
209(23)
Species Abundance
232(11)
Individual Counts and Proportions
232(3)
Interrelationships of Standard Tests
235(1)
Model-Based Methods
236(1)
Advice about Tests for R x C Tables
237(2)
Advice about Tests for 2 x 2 Tables
239(2)
Summary and Recommendations
241(2)
Species Density and Continuously Distributed Data
243(1)
Graphical Representation
243(1)
Descriptive Statistics
244(1)
Species Diversity
244(8)
Inventories and Richness
245(1)
Monitoring, Richness, and Evenness
246(5)
Summary and Recommendations
251(1)
Notes
252(3)
Appendix: Properties of Association Measures
255(16)
Examples for Invariance
255(1)
Examples for Linearity Conditions
255(6)
Range Conditions
261(10)
Conclusions and Recommendations
271(4)
The Importance of Inventory Data
271(1)
Flexibility and Insight
272(1)
Modification of Techniques
272(1)
Comparisons with Previous Studies
273(1)
Epilogue
273(2)
Appendix 1: Handling Live Amphibians 275(2)
Gary M. Fellers
Charles A. Drost
W. Ronald Heyer
Philosophy
275(1)
Handling
275(1)
Anesthesia
276(1)
Measurement
276(1)
Appendix 2: Techniques for Marking Amphibians 277(8)
Maureen A. Donnelly
Craig Guyer
J. Eric Juterbock
Ross A. Alford
Marking Adult Amphibians
277(6)
Pattern mapping
277(1)
Marking and Tagging
278(5)
Marking Larval Amphibians
283(1)
Recommendations
283(2)
Appendix 3: Recording Frog Calls 285(4)
W. Ronald Heyer
Equipment
285(1)
Making the Recording
286(1)
Voucher Specimens
287(1)
Associated Data
287(2)
Appendix 4: Preparing Amphibians as Scientific Specimens 289(10)
Roy W. McDiarmid
Introduction
289(1)
Documentation
289(2)
Specimen Processing
291(4)
Procedures for Killing
291(1)
Preservatives
292(1)
Fixation
293(1)
Eggs and Larvae
294(1)
Special Preparations
295(1)
Packing and Shipping
295(1)
Field Equipment and Supplies
296(3)
Appendix 5: Collecting Tissue for Biochemical Analysis 299(4)
Jeremy F. Jacobs
W. Ronald Heyer
Freezing Tissues in the Field
299(1)
Protocol for Preparing Tissue Samples
300(1)
Sample Size
300(3)
Appendix 6: Vendors 303(10)
Equipment and Supplies
303(8)
Computer Programs
311(2)
Appendix 7: Table of Random Numbers 313(12)
Lee-Ann C. Hayek
Instructions for Use
313(1)
Example
314(2)
Table of Random Numbers
316(9)
Glossary 325(4)
Literature Cited 329(22)
Index 351(10)
Addresses of Authors and Contributors 361

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