The Oxford Handbook of AI Governance

As the capabilities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) have increased over recent years, so have the challenges of how to govern its usage. Consequently, prominent stakeholders across academia, government, industry, and civil society have called for states to devise and deploy principles, innovative policies, and best practices to regulate and oversee these increasingly powerful AI tools. Developing a robust AI governance system requires extensive collective efforts throughout the world. It also raises old questions of politics, democracy, and administration, but with the new challenges posed by AI's growing influence on markets, governing structures, international relations, healthcare, science, and political activism.

The Oxford Handbook of AI Governance delineates the scope of these issues and addresses the key questions of AI governance. Across forty-nine chapters, organized in nine major sections, the Handbook covers the theoretical and ethical foundations of AI governance, different frameworks for developing a governance structure for AI, practical perspectives on AI governance in different policy domains, economic analyses of AI governance, and concrete lessons about the impact of AI governance domestically and internationally. Chapter authors come from a wide set of disciplines, areas of study, and cultural backgrounds, providing a global perspective on AI governance.

Justin B. Bullock is an Associate Professor Affiliate of Governance at the Evans School of Governance at the University of Washington.

Yu-Che Chen is Isaacson Professor and Professor in the School of Public Administration at the University of Nebraska at Omaha.

Johannes Himmelreich is Assistant Professor of Public Administration and International Affairs and Faculty Affiliate in Philosophy at Syracuse University.

Valerie M. Hudson is University Distinguished Professor and George H.W. Bush Chair in the Department of International Affairs of the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University.

Anton Korinek is Professor of Economics at the University of Virginia, David M. Rubenstein Fellow at Brookings, and Economics of AI Lead at the Centre for the Governance of AI.

Matthew M. Young is Assistant Professor of Public Administration at Leiden University.

Baobao Zhang is Maxwell Dean Assistant Professor of the Politics of AI at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University and a Research Affiliate at the Centre for the Governance of AI.

List of Contributors
Introduction to The Oxford Handbook of AI Governance
Justin B. Bullock, Yu-Che Chen, Johannes Himmelreich, Valerie M. Hudson, Anton Korinek, Matthew M. Young, and Baobao Zhang
I. Section 1: Introduction and Overview
Justin B. Bullock
1. AI Governance: Overview and Theoretical Lenses
Allan Dafoe
2. AI Challenges for Society and Ethics
Jess Whittlestone and Sam Clarke
3. Aligned with Whom? Direct and Social Goals for AI Systems
Anton Korinek and Avital Balwit
4. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence: A Historical Perspective
Ben Garfinkel
5. AI Governance Multi-Stakeholder Convening
K. Gretchen Greene
II. Section 2: Value Foundations of AI Governance
Johannes Himmelreich
6. Fairness
Kate Vredenburgh
7. Governing Privacy
Carissa Veliz
8. The Concept of Accountability in AI Ethics and Governance
Theodore M. Lechterman
9. Governance via Explainability
David Danks
10. Power and AI: Nature and Justification
Seth Lazar
11. AI and Structural Injustice: Foundations for Equity, Values, and Responsibility
Johannes Himmelreich and Désirée Lim
12. Beyond Justice: Artificial Intelligence and the Value of Community
Juri Viehoff
III. Section 3: Developing an AI Governance Regulatory Ecosystem
Valerie M. Hudson
13. Transnational Digital Governance and Its Impact on Artificial Intelligence
Mark Dempsey, Keegan McBride, Meeri Haataja, and Joanna J. Bryson
14. Standing Up a Regulatory Ecosystem for Governing AI Decision Making: Principles and Components
Valerie M. Hudson
15. Legal Elements of an AI Regulatory Permit Program
Brian Wm. Higgins
16. AI Loyalty by Design: A Framework for Governance of AI
Anthony Aguirre, Peter B. Reiner, Harry Surden, and Gaia Dempsey
17. Information Markets and AI Development
Jack Clark
18. Aligning AI Regulation to Sociotechnical Change
Matthijs M. Maas
IV. Section 4: Frameworks and Approaches for AI Governance
Yu-Che Chen and Matthew M. Young
19. The Challenge of AI Governance for Public Organizations
Justin B. Bullock, Hsini Huang, Kyoung-Cheol Kim, and Matthew M. Young
20. An Ecosystem Framework of AI Governance
Bernd W. Wirtz, Paul F. Langer, and Jan C. Weyerer
21. Governing AI Systems for Public Values: Design Principles and a Process Framework
Yu-Che Chen and Michael Ahn
22. System Safety and Artificial Intelligence
Roel I. J. Dobbe
V. Section 5: Assessment and Implementation of AI Governance
Matthew M. Young and Yu-Che Chen
23. Assessing AI-Automated Administration
Cary Coglianese and Alicia Lai
24. Transparency's Role in AI Governance
Alex Ingrams and Bram Klievink
25. The Anatomy of AI Audits: Form, Process, and Consequences
Inioluwa Deborah Raji
26. Mitigating Algorithmic Biases through Incentive-Based Rating Systems
Nicol Turner Lee
27. Role and Governance of Artificial Intelligence in Public Policy Cycle
David Valle-Cruz and Rodrigo Sandoval-Almazán
VI. Section 6: AI Governance from the Ground Up (Views from the Public, Impacted Communities, and Activists within the Tech Community)
Baobao Zhang
28. Public Opinion Toward Artificial Intelligence
Baobao Zhang
29. Adding Complexity to Advance AI Organizational Governance Models
Jasmine McNealy
30. The Role of Workers in AI Ethics and Governance
Nataliya Nedzhvetskaya and JS Tan
31. Structured Access: An Emerging Paradigm for Safe AI Deployment
Toby Shevlane
32. AI, Complexity, and Regulation
Laurin B. Weissinger
VII. Section 7: Economic Dimensions of AI Governance
Anton Korinek
33. Technological Unemployment
Daniel Susskind
34. Harms of AI
Daron Acemoglu
35. AI and the Economic and Informational Foundations of Democracy
Carles Boix
36. Governing AI to Advance Shared Prosperity
Katya Klinova
37. Preparing for the (Non-Existent?) Future of Work
Anton Korinek and Megan Juelfs
VIII. Section 8: Domestic Policy Applications of AI
Johannes Himmelreich
38. Artificial Intelligence for Adjudication: The Social Security Administration and AI Governance
Kurt Glaze, Daniel E. Ho, Gerald K. Ray, and Christine Tsang
39. Watching the Watchtower: A Surveillance AI Analysis and Framework
Stephen Caines
40. Smart City Technologies: A Political Economy Introduction to Their Governance Challenges
Beatriz Botero Arcila
41. Artificial Intelligence in Health Care
Nakul Aggarwal, Michael E. Matheny, Carmel Shachar, Samantha Wang, and Sonoo Thadaney-Israni
42. AI, Fintech, and the Evolving Regulation of Consumer Financial Privacy
Nikita Aggarwal
IX. Section 9: International Politics and AI Governance
Justin B. Bullock
43. Dueling Perspectives in AI and U.S.-China Relations: Technonationalism vs. Technoglobalism
Jeffrey Ding
44. Mapping State Participation in Military AI Governance Discussions
Elsa B. Kania and Justin Key Canfil
45. AI, the International Balance of Power, and National Security Strategy
Michael C. Horowitz, Shira Pindyck, and Casey Mahoney
46. The Ghost of AI Governance Past, Present, and Future: AI Governance in the European Union
Charlotte Stix
47. AI and International Politics
Sarah E. Kreps and Amelia C. Arsenault
48. The Critical Roles of Global South Stakeholders in AI Governance
Marie-Therese Png
49. NATO's Role in Responsible AI Governance in Military Affairs
Zoe Stanley-Lockman and Lena Trabucco
Index