Flexible and Wearable Electronics for Smart Clothing

Gang Wang is a Professor of materials science and engineering, at State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University (DHU) from the Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning. He is a joint-Ph.D between Donghua University and Georgia Institute of Technology. From 2016-2019, he worked as postdoc at Northwestern University (USA) with Prof. Tobin J Marks and Prof. Antonio Facchetti. His current research interests include multiscale alignment of flexible semiconductor materials, shear print strategy and instruments, andtThe applications of electro-fibers in soft robotics and smart fabrics. He has been published first author/corresponding in international peer-reviewed journals such as PNAS, JACS,Nature Communications, Angewandte  Chemie, Advanced Energy Materials, and ACS Nano in the past 3 years. He has 7 Chinese Invention Patents to his name, edited one book on soft electronics (Wiley-VCH), and served as organizer and invited speakers in ACS National Conferences amongst other things.

Chengyi Hou is Associate Professor of materials science and engineering, at State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University (DHU), under DHU Distinguished Young Professor Program. He received his Ph.D. degree at the department of materials science and engineering, Donghua University in 2014. He worked as a Marie Curie Postdoc at the department of chemistry, Technical University of Denmark from 2015 to 2017. He has engaged in the development of innovative methods and experimental approaches to address the key scientific and technical challenges related to scalable synthesis, processing, and assembly of nanomaterial-based soft electronics. He has explored the potential applications of a series of nanomaterials as electronic skin, micro-reactors, artificial muscle and three-dimensional biological scaffolds. He has published over 40 peer-review journal articles, with several publications on Science Advances, Nature Communications, Advanced Materials, Advanced Functional Materials, amongst others.

Hongzhi Wang is Professor of materials science and engineering, at State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University. He received his Ph.D in 1998 at Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. From 2000 to 2005, he worked as postdocr at Micro-space Chemistry Lab., National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan. In 2005, he joined Donghua University as a Full Professor . His main research topics are devoted to  macroscopic-ordered 2D materials, flexible materials for wearable applications,  functional fibers and textiles, and smart clothing. He has published over 200 papers in international  peer-review journals, and granted over 80 patents, two of which have been commercialized in functional fiber industry in China.

Preface xiii

Part I Sensing 1

1 Wearable Organic Nano-sensors 3
Wei Huang, Liangwen Feng, Gang Wang, and Elsa Reichmanis

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Wearable Organic Sensors Based on Different Device Architectures 4

1.2.1 Resistor-Based Sensors 5

1.2.1.1 Definitions and Important Parameters 5

1.2.1.2 Materials and Applications 5

1.2.2 Organic Field-Effect Transistor Based Sensors 11

1.2.2.1 Definitions and Important Parameters 11

1.2.2.2 Strategy and Applications 11

1.2.3 Electrochemical Sensors 17

1.2.3.1 Definitions and Important Parameters 17

1.2.3.2 Strategy and Applications 17

1.2.4 Diode-Based Sensors 20

1.2.4.1 Definitions and Important Parameters 20

1.2.4.2 Strategy and Applications 20

1.2.5 Other Devices and System Integration 21

1.3 Summary and Perspective 24

References 25

2 Stimuli-Responsive Electronic Skins 29
Zhouyue Lei and Peiyi Wu

2.1 Introduction 29

2.2 Materials for Electronic Skins 29

2.2.1 Liquid Metals 30

2.2.2 Hydrogels 30

2.2.3 Ionogels 33

2.2.4 Elastomers 33

2.2.5 Conductive Polymers 34

2.2.6 Inorganic Materials 34

2.3 Stimuli-Responsive Behaviors 35

2.3.1 Electrical Signals in Response to Environmental Stimuli 35

2.3.2 Stimuli-Responsive Self-healing 37

2.3.3 Stimuli-Responsive Optical Appearances 38

2.3.4 Stimuli-Responsive Actuations 40

2.3.5 Improved Processability Based on Stimuli-Responsive Behaviors 40

2.4 Understanding the Mechanism of Stimuli-Responsive Materials Applied for Electronic Skins 41

2.5 Conclusion 44

References 45

3 Flexible Thermoelectrics and Thermoelectric Textiles 49
Fei Jiao

3.1 Introduction 49

3.2 Thermoelectricity and Thermoelectric Materials 49

3.3 Thermoelectric Generators 51

3.4 Wearable Thermoelectric Generators for Smart Clothing 53

3.4.1 Flexible Thermoelectrics 54

3.4.1.1 Inorganic Thermoelectric Materials Related 54

3.4.1.2 Organic Thermoelectric Materials Related 56

3.4.1.3 Carbon-Based Thermoelectric Materials Related 58

3.4.2 Fiber and Textile Related Thermoelectrics 60

3.5 Prospects and Challenges 63

References 64

Part II Energy 67

4 Textile Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting 69
Xiong Pu

4.1 Introduction 69

4.2 Fundamentals of Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs) 70

4.2.1 Theoretical Origin of TENGs 70

4.2.2 Four Working Modes 71

4.2.3 Materials for TENGs 72

4.3 Progresses in Textile TENGs 73

4.3.1 Materials for Textile TENGs 74

4.3.2 Fabrication Processes for Textile TENGs 74

4.3.3 Structures of Textile TENGs 75

4.3.3.1 1D Fiber TENGs 75

4.3.3.2 2D Fabric TENGs 77

4.3.3.3 3D Fabric TENGs 80

4.3.4 Washing Capability 81

4.3.5 Self-charging Power Textiles 83

4.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 83

References 85

5 Flexible and Wearable Solar Cells and Supercapacitors 87
Kai Yuan, Ting Hu, and Yiwang Chen

5.1 Introduction 87

5.2 Flexible and Wearable Solar Cells 88

5.2.1 Flexible and Wearable Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 88

5.2.2 Flexible and Wearable Polymer Solar Cells 93

5.2.3 Flexible and Wearable Perovskite Solar Cells 98

5.2.4 Flexible and Wearable Supercapacitors 104

5.2.5 Flexible and Wearable Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLCs) 108

5.2.6 Flexible and Wearable Pseudocapacitor 111

5.2.7 Integrated Solar Cells and Supercapacitors 115

5.3 Conclusions and Outlook 118

Acknowledgments 119

References 120

6 Flexible and Wearable Lithium-Ion Batteries 131
Zhiwei Zhang, PengWang, Xianguang Miao, Peng Zhang, and Longwei Yin

6.1 Introduction 131

6.2 Typical Lithium-Ion Batteries 131

6.3 Electrode Materials for Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries 133

6.3.1 Three-Dimensional (3D) Electrodes 133

6.3.2 Two-Dimensional (2D) Electrodes 134

6.3.2.1 Conductive Substrate-Based Electrodes 134

6.3.2.2 Freestanding Film-Based Electrodes 136

6.3.2.3 Graphene Papers 136

6.3.2.4 CNT Papers 137

6.3.2.5 Fabrication of Carbon Films by Vacuum Filtration Process 138

6.3.2.6 Fabrication of Carbon Nanofiber Films by Electrospinning 140

6.3.2.7 Fabrication of Carbon Films by Vapor-Phase Polymerization 141

6.3.3 One-Dimensional (1D) Electrodes 141

6.4 Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Electrolytes 143

6.4.1 Liquid-State Electrolytes 143

6.4.1.1 Aprotic Organic Solvent 143

6.4.1.2 Lithium Salts 144

6.4.1.3 Additives 144

6.4.2 Solid-State Electrolytes 144

6.4.2.1 Inorganic Electrolytes 145

6.4.2.2 Organic Electrolytes 145

6.4.2.3 Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Electrolytes 146

6.5 Inactive Materials and Components of Flexible LIBs 148

6.5.1 Separators 148

6.5.1.1 Types of Separators 148

6.5.1.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Separators 149

6.5.1.3 Manufacture of Separators 150

6.5.2 Casing/Packaging 151

6.5.2.1 Casing/Package Components 152

6.5.2.2 Casing/Packaging Structure 152

6.5.3 Current Collectors 152

6.5.4 Electrode Additive Materials 153

6.5.4.1 Binders 153

6.5.4.2 Conductive Additives 155

6.6 Conclusions and Prospects 155

References 156

Part III Interacting 163

7 Thermal and Humidity Management for Next-Generation Textiles 165
Junxing Meng, Chengyi Hou, Chenhong Zhang, Qinghong Zhang, Yaogang Li, and Hongzhi Wang

7.1 Introduction 165

7.2 Passive Smart Materials 166

7.3 Energy-Harvesting Materials 171

7.4 Active Smart Materials 177

7.5 Conclusion 180

References 180

8 Functionalization of Fiber Materials for Washable Smart Wearable Textiles 183
Yunjie Yin, Yan Xu, and Chaoxia Wang

8.1 Introduction 183

8.1.1 Conductive Textiles 183

8.1.2 Waterproof Conductive Textiles 184

8.1.3 Washable Conductive Textiles 184

8.1.4 Evaluation of Washable Conductive Textiles 184

8.2 Fiber Materials Functionalization for Conductivity 185

8.2.1 Conductive Fiber Substrates Based on Polymer Materials 185

8.2.1.1 Dip Coating 185

8.2.1.2 Graft Modification 186

8.2.1.3 In Situ Chemical Polymerization 188

8.2.1.4 Electrochemical Polymerization 190

8.2.1.5 In Situ Vapor Phase Polymerization 190

8.2.2 Conductive Fiber Substrates Based on Metal Materials 191

8.2.2.1 Electroless Plating 191

8.2.2.2 Metal Conductive Ink Printing 196

8.2.3 Conductive Fiber Substrates Based on Carbon Material 197

8.2.3.1 Vacuum Filtration 197

8.2.3.2 Dip Coating 197

8.2.3.3 Printing 201

8.2.3.4 Dyeing 202

8.2.3.5 Ultrasonic Depositing 202

8.2.3.6 Brushing Coating 203

8.2.4 Conductive Fiber Substrates Based on Graphene Composite Materials 203

8.2.4.1 Dip Coating 203

8.2.4.2 In Situ Polymerization 204

8.3 Waterproof Modification for Conductive Fiber Substrates 204

8.3.1 Dip-Coating Method 205

8.3.2 Sol–Gel Method 205

8.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 206

8.4 Washing Evaluations of Conductive Textiles 206

8.5 Conclusions 208

References 209

9 Flexible Microfluidics for Wearable Electronics 213
Dachao Li, Haixia Yu, Zhihua Pu, Xiaochen Lai, Chengtao Sun, Hao Wu, and Xingguo Zhang

9.1 Introduction 213

9.2 Materials 213

9.3 Fabrication Technologies 215

9.3.1 Layer Transfer and Lamination 215

9.3.2 Soft Lithography 217

9.3.3 Inkjet Printing 218

9.3.4 3D Printing 218

9.3.4.1 3D Printing Sacrificial Structures 219

9.3.4.2 3D Printing Templates 220

9.3.5 Fabrication of Open-Surface Microfluidics 220

9.3.5.1 Fabrication of Paper-Based Microfluidic Device 220

9.3.5.2 Fabrication of Textile-Based Microfluidic Device 223

9.4 Applications 223

9.4.1 Wearable Microfluidics for Sweat-Based Biosensing 224

9.4.2 Wearable Microfluidics for ISF-Based Biosensing 226

9.4.3 Wearable Microfluidics for Motion Sensing 228

9.4.4 Other Flexible Microfluidics 229

9.4.4.1 Soft Robotics 229

9.4.4.2 Drug Delivery 229

9.4.4.3 Implantable Devices 231

9.4.4.4 Flexible Display 232

9.5 Challenges 234

References 234

Part IV Integrating and Connecting 237

10 Piezoelectric Materials and Devices Based Flexible Bio-integrated Electronics 239
Xinge Yu

10.1 Introduction 239

10.2 Piezoelectric Materials 240

10.3 Piezoelectric Devices for Biomedical Applications 242

10.4 Conclusion 247

References 247

11 Flexible and Printed Electronics for Smart Clothes 253
Yu Jiang and Nan Zhu

11.1 Introduction 253

11.2 Printing Technology 253

11.2.1 Non-template Printing 253

11.2.2 Template-Based Printing 256

11.3 Flexible Substrates 257

11.3.1 Commercially Available Polymers 257

11.3.1.1 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) 257

11.3.1.2 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 258

11.3.1.3 Polyimide (PI) 260

11.3.1.4 Polyurethane (PU) 261

11.3.1.5 Others 262

11.3.2 Printing Papers 262

11.3.3 Tattoo Papers 265

11.3.4 Fiber Textiles 265

11.3.5 Others 268

11.4 Application 268

11.4.1 Wearable Sensors/Biosensors 269

11.4.2 Noninvasive Biofuel Cells 272

11.4.3 Wearable Energy Storage Devices 275

11.5 Prospects 281

References 281

12 Flexible and Wearable Electronics: from Lab to Fab 285
Yuanyuan Bai, Xianqing Yang, Lianhui Li, Tie Li, and Ting Zhang

12.1 Introduction 285

12.2 Materials 286

12.2.1 Substrates 286

12.2.2 Functional Materials 286

12.3 Printing Technologies 287

12.3.1 Jet Printing 287

12.3.1.1 Inkjet Printing 288

12.3.1.2 Aerosol Jet Printing 288

12.3.1.3 Electrohydrodynamic Jet (e-Jet) Printing 289

12.3.2 Screen Printing 290

12.3.3 Other Printing Techniques 291

12.4 Flexible and Wearable Electronic Products 292

12.4.1 Flexible Force Sensors 292

12.4.2 Paper Battery 294

12.4.3 Flexible Solar Cell 295

12.4.4 Flexible Display 298

12.5 Strategy Toward Smart Clothing 299

12.6 Summary and Perspective 300

References 300

13 Materials and Processes for Stretchable and Wearable e-Textile Devices 305
Binghao Wang and Antonio Facchetti

13.1 Introduction 305

13.2 Materials for e-Textiles 306

13.2.1 Conducting Materials 306

13.2.1.1 Metal Nanomaterials 306

13.2.1.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 307

13.2.1.3 Conducting Polymers 307

13.2.2 Passive Textile Materials 308

13.3 Device Applications 309

13.3.1 Interconnects and Electrodes 309

13.3.2 Strain Sensors 312

13.3.3 Heaters 318

13.3.4 Supercapacitors 319

13.3.5 Energy Generators 322

13.3.5.1 Thermoelectric Generators 322

13.3.5.2 Triboelectric Generators 323

13.4 Summary and Perspectives 325

References 327

Index 335

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.