Name: Soils An Introduction
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ISBN: 9780131190191

Preface	p. XVII
Introduction	p. 1
Soil	p. 2
Soil and Sustainability	p. 2
What Is Soil?	p. 3
How Do Soils Form?	p. 4
Minerals and Organic Matter	p. 4
Size and Organization of Particles	p. 5
Soil Pores	p. 6
Surface Reactions and Transfer Processes	p. 6
Soil as an Ecosystem	p. 6
Soil Morphology	p. 8
Soil Formation	p. 9
Soil Classification	p. 11
Soil Taxonomy	p. 11
Soil Series	p. 12
Soil Management	p. 12
Summary	p. 14
Questions	p. 14
Solids and Pores	p. 15
Particle Sizes	p. 16
The Coarse Fraction	p. 16
The Fine-Earth Fraction	p. 18
Soil Texture	p. 18
Particle Size Analysis	p. 18
Particle Arrangement	p. 20
Aggregate Shape	p. 22
The Revelance of Soil Texture, Structure and Depth	p. 23
Aggregate Size	p. 23
Aggregate Grade	p. 23
Mode of Formation	p. 23
Soil Minerals	p. 24
General Properties	p. 24
Silicate Minerals of Sand and Silt	p. 28
Minerals of the Clay Fraction	p. 28
Common Use of Clay Minerals	p. 35
Soil Organic Matter and Humus	p. 38
Coarse Organic Materials	p. 38
Colloidal Fraction	p. 38
Soil Color and Consistence	p. 39
Pores	p. 41
Summary	p. 44
Questions	p. 44
Further Reading	p. 44
Web Resources	p. 44
Additional Particle Size Classifications and Methods to Display Data	p. 45
Stokes' Law	p. 45
Mineral Formulas and Structures	p. 46
Charge in lons	p. 49
Liquids and Gases	p. 50
Soil Air	p. 51
Composition	p. 51
Air Movement	p. 52
Air-Water Relationships	p. 53
Porosity	p. 53
Bulk Density and Void Ratio	p. 54
Soil Water	p. 55
Characteristics of Water	p. 55
Soil Density	p. 56
Pore Water Composition	p. 56
Soil Water Amounts	p. 58
Solid-Liquid Interactions	p. 59
Ion Exchange	p. 60
Specific Adsorption Reactions	p. 62
Weak Sorption Reactions	p. 64
Organic Chemicals and Their Adsorption	p. 64
Nonpolar Substances	p. 65
Polar Nonionic Substances	p. 65
Adsorption Isotherms	p. 66
Pore Retention	p. 66
Summary	p. 67
Questions	p. 67
Further Reading	p. 67
Measuring CEC	p. 67
Example CEC Calculations	p. 68
pH	p. 68
Partial Pressure and Gas Solubility	p. 69
Measuring Bulk Density	p. 69
Organic Electrolytes	p. 69
Soil Climate	p. 71
Sunshine: Irradiation and Heating	p. 72
Radiant Energy	p. 72
Radiant Heating and Heat Dissipation	p. 73
Movement of Heat through Soil and Other Media	p. 76
Conduction (Diffusive Transfer)	p. 76
Consequences of Exchanges Between the Air and Ground Surface	p. 77
Heat Capacity, Conductivity, and Temperature Gradients	p. 78
Turbulence and Heat Flow in Air and Water	p. 79
Principles in Action: Controlling Soil Climates	p. 80
Summary of Principles	p. 80
Seasonal and Geographic Variations in Soil Climate	p. 80
Management of Soil Temperature	p. 81
Summary	p. 84
Questions	p. 84
Further Reading	p. 84
Forms of Radiation	p. 85
Movement of Heat, Water, Gases, and Solutes	p. 85
Water in the Soil-Plant System	p. 87
Water Storage in Soil	p. 88
Water Retention and Capacity	p. 88
Water Content and Water Potential	p. 89
Modes of Water Movement	p. 92
Vapor Flow and Liquid Flow	p. 92
Saturated and Unsaturated Liquid Flow in Soil	p. 92
Water Flow in Stratified Soils	p. 93
Preferential Flow	p. 94
Principles of Water Movement	p. 95
Forces That Move Water	p. 95
Water Potential and Water Movement	p. 95
Pollutant Transport in Soils	p. 97
Factors Affecting Water Potentials	p. 99
Potential Differences and Gradients	p. 100
Constraints to Water Movement	p. 101
Conductivity in Soil	p. 101
Conductivity in Soil-Plant Systems	p. 104
Water Stress in Plants	p. 104
Evapotranspiration	p. 106
Factors Controlling Evaporation and Transpiration	p. 106
Measurement of Water Use	p. 106
Water Movement and Environment	p. 107
Summary	p. 108
Questions	p. 108
Further Reading	p. 109
Capillarity	p. 110
Managing Soil Water	p. 111
Water Management Concepts	p. 112
Nonirrigated Land	p. 113
Irrigated Agriculture	p. 113
Water Extraction and Infiltration Patterns	p. 114
Extraction by Plants	p. 114
Infiltration	p. 115
Irrigation Methods	p. 117
Flood and Furrow Irrigation	p. 118
Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation	p. 125
Drainage	p. 126
Water Use Efficiency	p. 131
Biomass-Transpiration Ratio	p. 131
Biomass-Evapotranspiration Ratio	p. 131
Growth per Unit of Water Applied (or Available)	p. 131
Land and Water Management	p. 132
Yield Efficiency and Economic Efficiency	p. 133
Summary	p. 133
Questions	p. 133
Further Reading	p. 134
Soil Organisms	p. 135
Soil Communities	p. 136
Kinds of Organisms in Soil	p. 136
Proliferation, Spread, and Survival	p. 137
Requirements and Adaptations of Microbes	p. 138
Large Organisms	p. 140
Plants and Their Roots	p. 140
Soil Animals	p. 142
Soil Microorganisms	p. 144
Protozoa and Algae	p. 144
Nematodes	p. 144
Fungi	p. 145
Bacteria (Monera)	p. 145
Viruses	p. 146
Constraints and Adaptations	p. 147
Physical Constraints	p. 147
Acidity, Salinity, and Other Chemical Inhibitors	p. 148
Nutritional Constraints: Nitrogen	p. 148
Nutritional Constraints: Energy and Carbon	p. 149
Associations of Microorganisms with Plants	p. 149
Rhizosphere Organisms	p. 149
Root Pathogens and Parasites	p. 150
Symbioses between Plants and Soil Microorganisms	p. 150
Summary	p. 154
Questions	p. 154
Environmental Bugs	p. 155
Further Reading	p. 155
Web Resources	p. 155
Rhizobium-Legume Symbioses	p. 156
Mycorrhizae	p. 156
Nutritional Adaptations	p. 156
Miorobial Processes	p. 158
Decomposition of Organic Matter	p. 159
General Process of Organic-Matter Decay	p. 159
Carbon Dioxide Production and Oxygen Consumption	p. 163
Humus Formation	p. 164
Release and Immobilization of N and Other Nutrients	p. 166
Decay Rates and Controlling Factors	p. 166
Managing Soil Organic Matter	p. 168
Carbon Sequestration	p. 169
Oxidation of Ammonium, Sulfur, Iron, and Manganese	p. 170
Processes	p. 170
Requirements and Consequences	p. 170
Anoxic Processes	p. 171
Depletion of Oxygen: Reducing Conditions	p. 171
Flooded Soils	p. 172
Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles	p. 174
Carbon Cycling in the Soil-Plant System	p. 174
Nitrogen Cycling in the Soil-Plant System	p. 175
Nitrogen Cycling and Soil Fertility	p. 179
The Work of Microbes	p. 180
Biodegradation of Chemicals in Soil	p. 181
Biodegradation, Sorption, and Diffusion	p. 181
Bioremediation	p. 182
Summary	p. 183
Questions	p. 184
Further Reading	p. 184
Biological Compounds	p. 185
Oxidation and Reduction	p. 188
Mineral Nutrients in Soils and Plants	p. 190
Nutrient Elements in Plants	p. 191
Elemental Composition of Plants	p. 191
Forms and Functions of Nutrients in Plants	p. 192
Uptake and Movement of Nutrients within Plants	p. 193
Retention and Release of Nutrients in Soil	p. 196
Soil Solution and Solid Nutrient Reserves	p. 196
Release Processes	p. 197
Movement of Ions to Roots	p. 199
Significance and Processes	p. 199
Nutrient Transport Rates	p. 199
Nutrient Mobility in Soil	p. 200
Root Growth and Development	p. 201
Characteristics and Functions of Root Systems	p. 201
Factors Affecting Root Development	p. 202
Nutrient Availability and Deficiency	p. 204
Nutrients, Fertilizers, and Sustainable Land Use	p. 206
Summary	p. 206
Questions	p. 207
Further Reading	p. 207
Nutrient Elements in Plants	p. 207
Nutrient Reserves and Release in Soil	p. 208
Nutrient Availability and Soil pH	p. 210
Managing Plant Nutrients	p. 212
Fertilizers	p. 213
Common Fertilizer Materials	p. 213
Comparisons and Choices	p. 217
Determining Fertilizer Needs: Deficiency Diagnosis	p. 220
Kinds of Diagnoses	p. 220
Nutrient Response Summary	p. 236
Questions	p. 236
Experiments with Plants	p. 220
Supplemental Diagnostic Procedures	p. 224
Fertilizer Efficiency and Nutrient Conservation	p. 227
Methods and Timing of Fertilizer Application	p. 227
Nutrient Cycling and the Control of Losses	p. 227
Farming by Soil	p. 232
Improving Nutrient Efficiency of Plants	p. 235
Nutrients Efficiency, Energy Conservation and Soil Conservation	p. 236
Summary	p. 236
Questions	p. 236
Further Reading	p. 237
Web Resources	p. 237
Fertilizers: Specifications and Calculations	p. 237
Acidity and Salinity	p. 240
Acidity and Related Problems	p. 241
Nature and Causes	p. 241
Effects of Acidity, Al, and Mn	p. 242
Management of Soil Acidity	p. 245
Salinity and Related Problems	p. 249
Nature and Causes	p. 249
Effects of Salinity, Sodicity, and Alkalinity	p. 250
Management of Saline and Sodic Soils	p. 252
Acid Precipitation	p. 257
Summary	p. 257
Questions	p. 258
Further Reading	p. 258
Acids, Bases, and Exchangeable Bases	p. 259
Aluminum and Manganese Reactions	p. 260
Acidifying and Alkalinizing Reactions	p. 260
pH Buffering and Lime Requirements	p. 261
Diagnostic Tests	p. 263
Salt, Cations, and Colloid Dispersion	p. 264
Acid Precipitation in Cool, Humid Forests	p. 264
Soil Genesis	p. 267
Factors of Soil Formation	p. 268
Parent Material	p. 270
Soil Stability, Nuclear Plants, and Sustainable Agriculture	p. 272
Climate	p. 277
Dust	p. 273
Topography	p. 278
Biota	p. 279
Time	p. 280
People as Soil Formers	p. 280
A Soil Formation Equation	p. 281
Soil-Forming Factors: Some Interactions	p. 281
Wetlands	p. 282
Processes of Soil Formation	p. 285
Physical Weathering	p. 285
Chemical Weathering	p. 286
Translocation	p. 288
Clay Formation	p. 288
Products	p. 289
Mineral Soils	p. 289
Organic Soils	p. 295
Hydric Soils	p. 298
Summary	p. 298
Questions	p. 298
Further Reading	p. 299
Acidification	p. 299
Solution	p. 299
Clay Formation	p. 299
Soil Information	p. 301
Kinds of Soil Information	p. 302
Geographic Data	p. 302
Point Data	p. 306
Soil Variability	p. 307
Collecting and Displaying Information	p. 309
Making a Soil Map	p. 309
Remote Sensing	p. 310
Geographic Data Handling	p. 315
Summary	p. 318
Questions	p. 318
Soil Survey as Resource Base	p. 319
Further Reading	p. 319
Web Resources	p. 319
Section-Range System	p. 319
Orders of the Soil Survey	p. 320
Organizing Soils Information	p. 321
Natural Systems	p. 322
Why Organize Information?	p. 322
Kinds of Organization	p. 322
Soil Taxonomy	p. 322
Sustainable Agriculture	p. 338
Other Systems	p. 338
Interpretive Systems	p. 338
USDA Land Capability Classification	p. 338
Appropriate Land Use	p. 340
Timber and Range Site Indices	p. 341
Special-Purpose Groupings	p. 342
Summary	p. 346
Questions	p. 346
Further Reading	p. 347
Web Resources	p. 347
Suborders: An Example	p. 347
The Canadian and WRB Soil Classification Systems	p. 348
The Storie Index System	p. 349
Soil Degradation	p. 353
Soil Erosion	p. 354
Water Erosion	p. 354
Air and Water Quality	p. 356
Wind Erosion	p. 361
Gravity Erosion (Mass Wasting)	p. 363
Physical Degradation	p. 365
Surface Crusts and Seals	p. 365
Compaction	p. 366
Chemical Degradation	p. 367
Nature of the Problem	p. 367
Contaminant Interactions with Soil	p. 367
Treating Contaminated Soils	p. 370
The MTBE Story	p. 371
Degradation Control	p. 372
Erosion Control	p. 372
Control of Physical Degradation	p. 379
Special Problems	p. 381
Desertification	p. 381
Organic Soil Degradation	p. 382
Summary	p. 382
Questions	p. 383
Further Reading	p. 383
Web Resources	p. 384
Nonagricultural Uses of Sils	p. 385
Waste Disposal on Soils	p. 386
On-Site Disposal	p. 386
Off-Site Disposal	p. 389
Waste Disposal	p. 393
Engineering Properties	p. 394
Soil Strength	p. 394
Atterberg Limits	p. 394
Shrink-Swell	p. 396
Recreation and Construction	p. 398
Recreational Facilities	p. 398
Construction	p. 398
Reclaimed and Artificial Soils	p. 398
Polders	p. 398
Mine Soils	p. 400
Turf and Golf Greens	p. 402
Horticultural Mixes	p. 402
Urban Soils	p. 403
Summary	p. 404
Questions	p. 404
Further Reading	p. 405
Web Resources	p. 405
Perc Test	p. 405
Suitability Criteria for Recreation	p. 405
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Soils An Introduction

9780131190191

0131190199

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