Name: Landforming An Environmental Approach to Hillside Development, Mine Reclamation and Watershed Restoration
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ISBN: 9780471721796

Preface	p. xiii
Introduction to Landform Grading and Revegetation	p. 1
Form and Function in Nature	p. 1
Human Impact on Landforms	p. 3
Historical Development	p. 5
Objectives and Challenges	p. 10
References	p. 12
Surficial Erosion and Mass Wasting of Slopes	p. 13
Introduction	p. 13
Definitions	p. 13
Surficial Erosion	p. 13
Mass Wasting	p. 14
Salient Characteristics and Differences	p. 14
Nature of Surficial Erosion	p. 15
Agents and Types of Erosion	p. 15
Mechanics of Erosion	p. 16
Principal Determinants of Erosion	p. 16
Rainfall Erosion	p. 16
Wind Erosion	p. 18
Types of Water Erosion	p. 18
Soil Loss Predictions	p. 21
Historical Development	p. 21
Applications of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)	p. 22
Limitations of USLE	p. 24
Erosion Control Principles	p. 25
Nature of Mass Wasting	p. 26
Types of Slope Movement	p. 26
Causes of Slope Failure	p. 27
Indicators of Slope Instability	p. 28
Slope Stability Predictions	p. 28
Approaches to Analysis	p. 28
Limit-Equilibrium Analysis	p. 29
Shear-Strength Parameters	p. 31
Translational Slope Failures	p. 32
Control of Mass Wasting	p. 35
Slope-Stability and Channel-Erosion Thresholds	p. 36
Significance	p. 36
Approaches	p. 36
Slope-Stability Threshold	p. 36
Threshold of Erosion by Saturation Overland Flow	p. 48
Stability Fields and Threshold Boundaries	p. 51
Summary	p. 52
References	p. 54
Influence of Vegetation on Hillside Stability	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
Influence on Surficial Erosion	p. 58
Stabilizing Functions	p. 58
Vegetation Cover Factor	p. 58
Recommended Vegetation	p. 59
Influence on Mass Stability	p. 60
Hydromechanical Effects	p. 60
Beneficial Effects	p. 60
Detrimental Effects	p. 62
Root Morphology and Strength	p. 63
Introduction	p. 63
Depth and Distribution of Root Systems	p. 63
Root Strength	p. 67
Root and Fiber Soil Reinforcement	p. 69
Force-Equilibrium Models	p. 69
In Situ Direct-Shear Tests	p. 69
Stability Analyses	p. 70
Guidelines for Maximizing Benefits of Vegetation	p. 73
General Observations	p. 73
Selection Strategies	p. 73
Placement Strategies	p. 74
Grading and Site Preparation	p. 75
Optimizing Compaction	p. 78
Management Strategies	p. 85
Summary	p. 88
References	p. 89
Influence of Topography on Slope Stability and Hydrology	p. 93
Introduction	p. 93
Modeling Approaches and Assumptions	p. 94
Conceptual Modeling	p. 95
General	p. 95
Mass Stability	p. 96
Surficial Erosion	p. 97
Physical-Mathematical Models	p. 98
General	p. 98
Mass Stability	p. 99
Surficial Erosion	p. 102
Laboratory and Field Tests	p. 107
General	p. 107
Mass Stability	p. 107
Surficial Erosion	p. 107
Equilibrium Profiles of Natural Slopes	p. 110
Summary	p. 112
Role of Drainage Networks and Drainage Densities	p. 113
Drainage Density and Zero-Order Watershed	p. 113
References	p. 117
Geomorphic Evolution of Slopes	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
Role of Geologic Processes	p. 120
Geomorphology	p. 121
Slope Attributes and Characteristics	p. 121
Classification of Slopes	p. 121
Slope Profiles and Elements	p. 122
Slope Processes	p. 123
Approaches to Slope Evolution Prediction	p. 124
Traditional approach	p. 124
Morphometric approach	p. 125
Process approach	p. 125
Empirical approach	p. 125
Anthropogenic Slopes and Landforms	p. 125
Slope Evolution and Long-Term Stability	p. 126
Evolution and Morphometry of Spoil Mounds	p. 126
Evolution and Morphometry of Natural Slopes	p. 127
Effect of Climate on Hillslope Form	p. 132
Digital Terrain Models	p. 134
Salient Characteristics of Digital Terrain Models	p. 134
Example of a Linked, Digital Terrain Model-SIBERIA	p. 136
Applications of Digital Terrain Modelling	p. 139
Design of Stable Landforms	p. 140
References	p. 143
Hillside Grading Fundamentals	p. 146
Introduction	p. 146
Purpose of Grading	p. 146
Grading Considerations	p. 147
Major Stakeholders	p. 147
Selection of Grading Equipment	p. 148
Importance of Subsurface Conditions	p. 151
Elements of Hillside Grading	p. 153
Preparatory Operations	p. 153
Clearing and grubbing	p. 153
Preapplication of water	p. 153
Removal of deleterious materials	p. 154
Special Conditions and Precautions	p. 155
Groundwater removal	p. 155
Surface drainage control	p. 157
Unstable slopes and landslides	p. 158
Faults	p. 161
Volume changes	p. 161
Hard, well-indurated rock	p. 162
Cuts and Fills	p. 163
Cuts and Cut Slopes	p. 166
Cut construction	p. 166
Selective grading	p. 166
Cut slope construction and remediation	p. 166
Fills	p. 171
Fill slope construction	p. 171
Deep fills	p. 171
Fill slope remediation	p. 171
Erosion Control During Grading	p. 173
Economics of Grading	p. 173
References	p. 178
Principles of Landform Grading	p. 179
Introduction	p. 179
The Traditional Method	p. 179
Conventional Slopes and Their Design Elements	p. 179
Slope plan and profile shape	p. 179
Drainage devices	p. 179
Building Pads	p. 180
Landscaping	p. 180
Historical Use and Observations	p. 181
The Improved Method	p. 184
Contour Slopes and Their Design Elements	p. 184
Slope plan and profile shape	p. 184
Drainage devices	p. 184
Building Pads	p. 184
Landscaping	p. 185
Historical Use and General Observations	p. 185
The Environmentally Responsive New Technique	p. 186
Landform Slopes and Their Design Elements	p. 186
Slope plan and profile shape	p. 186
Drainage devices	p. 186
Plateaus and Building Pads	p. 188
Revegetation Landscaping	p. 189
Repair and Rejuvenation Techniques for Either Man-Made or Damaged Natural Landscapes	p. 192
General Observations	p. 192
Direct Slope Replication	p. 192
Complete or Partial In Situ Landform Restoration	p. 193
Creation of New Physiographic Landforms	p. 196
Slope-Form Restoration via Landform Grading	p. 196
Landform Restoration after Mass Grading and Fining	p. 198
Surface Mining Reclamation	p. 199
Impact of Surface Mining	p. 199
Importance of Replicating Original Topography and Hydrology	p. 202
Elements of Critical Concern	p. 203
Design Alternatives	p. 204
The shape of the footprint	p. 204
The orientation of the footprint	p. 206
Slope profile in cross section	p. 206
The slope in frontal and plan view	p. 207
Revegetation and reforestation	p. 209
Summary and Conclusions	p. 210
References	p. 210
Essential Design Elements for Slope Forms and Landforms	p. 211
Introduction	p. 211
Natural Landscape Elements	p. 211
Origin of Natural Slope Forms	p. 211
Natural Drainage Forms	p. 213
Natural Vegetation Patterns	p. 213
Basic Slope Forms-"The Architecture of Slopes"	p. 214
General Observations	p. 214
Ridges and Swales-Perpendicular to the Slope Crest	p. 214
Ridges and Swales-Diagonally across the Slope Face	p. 215
Ridges and Swales-Curvilinear across the Slope Face	p. 218
Elbow Shapes across the Slope Face	p. 218
Pyramid- and Cone-Shaped Slope-Face Elements	p. 218
Wishbone Configurations	p. 218
Convex Ridges and Concave-Foot Slopes	p. 220
Compound and Composite Shapes	p. 220
Degree of roundness or angularity	p. 222
Width	p. 223
Height	p. 223
Proportion	p. 223
The Rock Element as Part of the Natural Landscape	p. 224
Reference	p. 224
Implementation of the Landform Grading Plan	p. 225
Requirements for Successful Implementation	p. 225
Obstacles to Implementation	p. 225
Implementation Strategies	p. 226
Land Planning and Initial Site Design	p. 226
Meetings with Regulatory Agency	p. 226
Allaying Engineering Concerns	p. 227
Geotechnical Engineering	p. 228
Introduction of Concept to Grading Designers	p. 228
Planning and Surveying Requirements	p. 229
Planning Requirements	p. 229
Surveying Requirements	p. 229
The Grading Phase	p. 231
Retraining of Grading Personnel	p. 231
Ground Preparation	p. 233
Slope Construction	p. 233
Fill Construction and Compaction Control	p. 233
Construction of Valley or "Daylight" Fills	p. 233
Slope-Drainage Devices	p. 234
Terrace Drains	p. 234
Down-Drains	p. 235
Interceptor Drains	p. 236
Toe Drains	p. 237
Hardened Drain Limitations	p. 237
Revegetation	p. 238
Conventional Landscaping vs. Revegetation	p. 238
Landform Revegetation	p. 238
The Application of Water on the Slope Face through Irrigation	p. 241
High-Pressure Spray Method	p. 241
Low-Pressure Spray Method	p. 241
Placement of Rocks and Boulders	p. 241
Cost Considerations and Analyses	p. 245
Land-Planning Costs	p. 245
Design Engineering Costs	p. 245
Surveying Costs	p. 245
Landscape Architect Costs	p. 247
Construction and Grading Costs	p. 247
Public and Regulatory Response to Landform Grading	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
The Development Process	p. 249
Overall Governing Agency or Authority	p. 249
The Land-Planner's Perspective	p. 249
The Civil Engineer's Perspective	p. 250
Regulatory Agencies' Perspectives	p. 250
Owners' and Developers' Perspectives	p. 251
Interdisciplinary Team Approaches	p. 251
Standards and Codes	p. 252
Difficulties with Promulgation	p. 252
"Prescriptive" vs. "Performance" Standards	p. 253
Project-Approval Benefits of Landform Grading	p. 253
Agencies that have Adopted or Implemented Landform Grading	p. 254
Future Applications of Landform Grading	p. 262
References	p. 264
Landforming Projects-Watershed Restoration and Mining Reclamation	p. 265
Introduction	p. 265
School Girl's Glen	p. 265
Project Type	p. 265
Project Location	p. 266
Client and Project Owner	p. 266
Site Conditions and Problems	p. 266
Repair and Restoration Goals	p. 267
Treatment Considerations	p. 267
Selected Treatments	p. 269
Performance Evaluation	p. 272
References	p. 274
Asaayi Lake Northwest Drainage-Landform Restoration	p. 274
Type of Project	p. 274
Location	p. 274
Client	p. 275
Repair and Restoration Goals	p. 275
Site Conditions and Problems	p. 275
Treatment Considerations	p. 276
Selected Treatment	p. 277
Initial design concept	p. 278
Final design configuration	p. 279
Performance Evaluation	p. 282
Postscript	p. 285
References	p. 285
Oil Sands Mining Reclamation, Syncrude Canada	p. 286
Project Type	p. 286
Project Location	p. 286
Client	p. 286
Site History	p. 286
Site Conditions and Potential Problems	p. 286
Repair and Restoration Goals	p. 290
Treatment Considerations	p. 290
Selected Demonstrations and Treatments	p. 291
Project no. 1-Landform demonstration site no. 1	p. 291
Project no. 2-Reconfiguration of an existing tailings dump through landform grading	p. 294
Project no. 3-"Delandform grading"	p. 295
Performance Evaluation	p. 297
Postscript	p. 298
Landforming Projects-Hillside Developments and Mass-Grading Applications	p. 299
Introduction	p. 299
Hollywood Hills Project	p. 299
Type of Project	p. 299
Location	p. 299
Clients	p. 300
Projects History	p. 300
Earthwork Disposal and Placement Considerations	p. 301
Environmental Mitigation Design Considerations	p. 302
Alternative Grading Studies	p. 303
Common Design Characteristics of Disposal Fills	p. 303
Final Design Configurations and Locations	p. 304
Fill F	p. 304
Fill B	p. 310
Fill C	p. 312
Fill A	p. 314
Post-Construction Evaluation and Observations	p. 319
Anaheim Hills, California	p. 322
Type of Project	p. 322
Location	p. 323
Clients	p. 323
Jurisdictional Issues	p. 323
Site Conditions and Development Constraints	p. 323
Initial Development Plan-Community Objections	p. 324
Adopted Plan-Landform Grading Alternative	p. 325
Highlights and Features of Landform Grading Plan	p. 325
Performance Evaluation	p. 327
Talega, California	p. 332
Type of Project	p. 332
Location	p. 332
Client	p. 332
Jurisdictional Issues	p. 332
Public and Regulatory Agency Responses	p. 333
City of San Clemente's response	p. 333
The County of Orange's Position	p. 335
Final resolution and agreement among stakeholders	p. 335
Highlights and Features of Project	p. 336
Conclusions	p. 339
Operational findings	p. 339
Economic considerations	p. 339
Appendix	p. 343
Index	p. 347
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Landforming An Environmental Approach to Hillside Development, Mine Reclamation and Watershed Restoration

9780471721796

0471721794

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