9780444510013

Preface

vii

List of Contributors

Introduction to Abnormally Pressured Formations

(20)

E.C. Donaldson

G.V. Chilingar

J.O. Robertson Jr.

V. Serebryakov

Introduction

(1)

Abnormal pressures

(1)

Subpressures

(1)

Surpressures

(1)

Origin of vertical barriers resulting in abnormal formation pressures

(10)

Undercompaction

(1)

Tectonic compression

(2)

Faulting

(1)

Diapirism

(1)

Geothermal temperature

(2)

Phase changes that produce abnormal pressures

(1)

Osmosis as a factor for generation of abnormal pressure

(1)

Salinity of interstitial water

(1)

Reservoir engineering concepts in abnormal pressure environments

(1)

Economics in overpressure environments

(2)

Summary

(1)

Bibliography

(4)

Origin of Abnormal Formation Pressures

(48)

G.V. Chilingar

J.O. Robertson Jr.

H.H. Rieke III

Introduction

(3)

Definitions

(3)

Compaction process

(5)

Hydrostatic pressure

(1)

Information or interstitial fluid pressure

(1)

Sediment consolidation

(4)

State of stress in compacting shales

(14)

Resolution of the total stress field

(1)

Hydrostatic stress state

(1)

Deviatoric stress state

(1)

Total stress tensor

(1)

Spring models of compaction

(3)

Hooke's law

(1)

Load Transfer

(5)

Porosity-density variations with depth

(1)

Compaction models

(8)

Athy's compaction model

(1)

Hedberg's compaction model

(2)

Weller's compaction model

(1)

Power's compaction model

(2)

Teodrovich and Chenov's compaction model

(1)

Burst's compaction model

(1)

Beall's compaction model

(2)

Overton and Zanier's compaction model

(1)

Creation and maintenance of abnormal pressures

(4)

Mechanisms generating abnormal formation pressures

(9)

Undercompation

(1)

Tectonics

(1)

Growth faults

(1)

Transference

(1)

Effects of temperature increase on formation pressure (acquathermal pressuring)

(2)

Decomposition organic matter

(1)

Gas migration

(4)

Osmosis

(1)

Density contrast

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Bibliography

(5)

Origin of Formation Fluid Pressure Distributions

(28)

A. Gurevich

G.V. Chilingar

J.O. Robertson

F. Aminzadeh

Introduction

(1)

Factors causing fluid flow and pressure distributions

(5)

Factors of Fluid flow and pressure distribution and changes

(1)

Free convection of ground fluids

(1)

Forced convection of ground fluids

(2)

Role and distribution of formation permeability

(1)

Presentation of pressure as the additive sum of two components

(3)

Some major factors of underground fluid forced convection and characteristics for correlation

(15)

Compaction of granular sediments

(2)

Upward fluid migration

(1)

Correlation between porosity and pressure

(4)

Methods used in Azerbaijan to determine abnormal pressures

(1)

Distributions of abnormal pressures

(8)

Definitions of terms as used in this chapter

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

Bibliography

(3)

Smectite-Illite Transformations During Diagenesis and Catagenesis as Related to Overpressures

(36)

L.A. Buryakovsky

R.D. Djevanshir

G.V. Chilingar

H.H. Rieke III

J.O. Robertson, Jr

Introduction

(2)

Burst's compaction model

(1)

Origin of abnormally high formation pressure

100

(5)

Clay-mineral transformation

105

(5)

Effect of thermobaric conditions

110

(3)

Effect of hydrochemical factors

113

(3)

Discussion

116

(4)

Summary

120

(1)

Conclusions

121

(1)

Bibliography

121

(12)

Methods of Estimating and Predicting Abnormal Formation Pressures

133

(18)

G.V. Chilingar

V.A. Serebryakov

S.A. Katz

J.O. Robertson Jr.

Introduction

123

(3)

Prediction of abnormally high pressure in regions with nonequilibrium compaction

126

(4)

Abnormal pressure due to temperature variations

130

(1)

Estimation and prediction of abnormally low Pressures in basins in permafrost regions

130

(1)

Formation pressure in regions with upthrown and downthrown block (uplift and subsidence of sedimentary rocks)

131

(3)

Calculation of abnormal pore pressure during drilling

134

(6)

Methods of equivalent depth

135

(1)

Methods of normal compaction trend

136

(1)

Method compressional curves

137

(3)

Radioactivity study of zones with abnormally high formation pressure

140

(1)

Pulsed neutron capture logs

141

(5)

Quantitative pressure evaluation

145

(1)

Techniques A: empirical calibration charts

145

(1)

Method B: equivalent depth methods

146

(1)

Shale water influx-driving mechanism

146

(1)

Various geophysical well logging methods-a summary

147

(1)

Conclusions

148

(1)

Bibliography

148

(3)

Drilling Parameters

151

(18)

W.H. Fertl

G.V. Chilingar

J.O. Robertson Jr.

Drilling rate (penetration)

151

(5)

Normalized rate of penetration (d-exponent)

151

(2)

Effect of drilling hydraulics

153

(2)

Effect of drill hits

155

(1)

Overbalance

156

(1)

Drilling rate equations

156

(1)

Porosity and formation pressure logs

157

(2)

Logging while drilling

159

(1)

Torque

159

(1)

Drag

160

(1)

Drilling mud parameters

160

(3)

Mud-gas cutting

160

(1)

Flowline specific weight of drilling fluids

160

(1)

Pressure kicks

161

(1)

Flowline temperature

161

(1)

Resistivity, chloride ion content, and other methods

162

(1)

Pit level and total pit volume

163

(1)

Hole fill-up

163

(1)

Mud flow rate

163

(1)

Shale cuttings parameters

163

(2)

Shale hulk specific weight

163

(1)

Shale factor

164

(1)

Volume of shale cuttings

164

(1)

Shape and size of shale cuttings

164

(1)

Other pressure indicator methods

165

(1)

Drilling concepts in overpressured environments

165

(1)

Bibliography

165

(4)

Seismic Methods of Pressure Prediction

169

(22)

F. Aminzadeh

G.V. Chilingar

J.O. Robertson Jr.

Introduction

169

(1)

Prediction of abnormal from geophysical data

169

(1)

Empirical relationships

170

(3)

Eaton's exponent of pore pressure determination from sonic data

170

(1)

Eaton's exponent for pore pressure determination from resistivity logs

171

(1)

Eaton's fracture pressure gradient equation

171

(1)

Dutta's methods

172

(1)

Fillippone formula

172

(1)

Modified Fillippone formula

172

(1)

Practical applications

173

(15)

South Caspian Basin

173

(2)

AVO effects of overpressure

175

(1)

Real Time pressure analysis

175

(1)

Lithology

176

(1)

Empirical relationship based on laboratory measurements

177

(1)

Velocity and acoustic impedance inversion of seismic data

178

(1)

Pore pressure and seismic amplitude versus offset (AVO)

179

(1)

Pore pressure estimation from seismic velocities

179

(4)

Deep-water prospects

183

(3)

Mapping reservoir fluid movement and dynamic changes of reservoir pressure using time lapse (4-D seismic)

186

(1)

Estimation of sonic velocity from resistivity logs

187

(1)

Bibliography

188

(3)

Tectonics and Overpressured Formations

191

(18)

G.V. Chilingar

W. Fertl

H. Rieke

J.O. Robertson Jr

Introduction

191

(1)

Faulting as a cause of overpressured formations

191

(7)

Shale diapirism (mud lumps, mud volcanoes)

198

(2)

Prediction of tectonically caused overpressures by using resistivity and density measurements of associated shales

200

(1)

Origin and distribution of overpressures in carbonate reservoirs

200

(5)

Conclusions

205

(1)

Bibliography

206

(3)

Prediction of Abnormally High Pressures in Petroliferous Salt-Bearing Sections

209

(14)

V.I. Zilberman

V.A. Serebryakov

M.V. Gorfunkel

G.V. Chilingar

J.O. Robertson Jr.

Introduction

209

(2)

Indicators of approaching the overpressured zones

211

(2)

Locating the areal positions of AHFP zones

213

(4)

Quantitative AHFP Forecast

217

(3)

Conclusions

220

(1)

Bibliography

220

(3)

Pore Water Compaction Chemistry as Related to Overpressures

223

(72)

H.H. Rieke

G.V. Chilingar

J.O. Robertson Jr.

Introduction

223

(1)

Overview and constraints

224

(11)

Thermodynamic and reaction models

225

(2)

Evolution of seawater into pore water

227

(2)

Reliability of water sampling

229

(4)

Palmer and Sulin water classifications

233

(1)

Palmer's classification

233

(1)

Sulin's classification

234

(1)

Chemical composition of subsurface brines

235

(16)

Salinity variations in compacting sandstones and associated shales

236

(2)

Field case studies

238

(2)

Hackberry and Manchester fields, Louisiana, U.S.A.

240

(3)

Global reconnaissance

243

(2)

Bengal and Kutch basins, India

245

(3)

Songliao Basin, China

248

(2)

South Caspian Basin

250

(1)

Laboratory experiments

251

(21)

Early laboratory experiments

251

(10)

Effect of rate of loading (experiments)

261

(3)

Smectite to illite transformation

264

(6)

Experiments involving mixtures of oil and seawater

270

(2)

Fluid chemistry' compaction models

272

(10)

Non-thermodynamic approaches

273

(1)

Warner's double-layer model

273

(2)

Kotova and Pavlov's empirical model

275

(1)

Pol'ster's capillary model

276

(1)

Thermodynamic approach

277

(1)

Bolt's pressure filtrate model

277

(2)

Appelo's Donnan equilibrium model

279

(2)

Smith's Gibbs equilibrium model

281

(1)

Isotope studies of interstitial fluids

282

(3)

Geological observations and evaluation

282

(1)

Isotope studies of shales in the Gulf Coast

283

(2)

Summary and conclusions

285

(3)

Bibliography

288

(7)

Abnormally Low Formation Pressures

295

(16)

V.A. Serebryakov

G.V. Chilingar

J.O. Robertson Jr

Introduction

295

(1)

Origin of abnormal pressures

296

(4)

Estimation of the effects of temperature change and erosion on pore pressure

300

(8)

Summary

308

(1)

Bibliography

308

(3)

Mathematical Modeling of Abnormally High Formation Pressures

311

(42)

M.R. Islam

L. Khilyuk

G.V. Chilingar

S. Katz

J.O. Robertson Jr.

A. Gurevich

F. Aminzadeh

L. Buryakovsky

Introduction

311

(1)

Methodology of simulation of dynamic systems

312

(1)

Analytical approach

312

(2)

Analytical models

314

(4)

Simulation of pore-fluid (formation) pressure

316

(2)

Numerical models

318

(4)

Tectonic and lithological modeling

322

(5)

Numerical criterion and sensitivity analysis for time-dependent formation pressure in a sealed layer

327

(4)

Modeling of mean value for time-dependent formation pressure

329

(2)

Formation pressure in the case of constant fluid flow through the lower boundary of the formation

331

(8)

Criterion for the type: of time-dependent variation of formation pressure

333

(1)

Box-type fluid flow

333

(1)

Sensitivity analysis for the mean value of the formation pressure in the sealed permeable layer

334

(2)

Criterion B/A and relaxation coefficient for the Western Kuban region in the southern part of Russia

336

(1)

Examples of formation pressure development

337

(1)

Discussion

338

(1)

Identification of conductivity function for petroleum reservoirs

339

(9)

Basic mathematical model of the pressure Distribution in petroleum reservoirs

340

(1)

Indirect evaluation of the conductivity function

341

(1)

Determination of the piezoconductivity coefficient layer by layer

342

(1)

Model example of determining the conductivity Function

343

(1)

Discussion

344

(1)

Framework of a comprehensive model

344

(1)

Overpressurization due to rapid loading

344

(2)

Shear deformations aided by overpressures

346

(1)

Fluid generation at depth

347

(1)

Diagenesis

348

(1)

Conclusions

348

(1)

Nomenclature used in this chapter

348

(1)

Bibliography

349

(4)

Interrelationship among Fluid Production, Subsidence and Reservoir Pressure

353

(8)

V.A. Serebryakov

G.V. Chilingar

J.O. Robertson Jr.

Introduction

353

(1)

Compaction of rocks

353

(5)

Conclusions

358

(1)

Bibliography

358

(3)

Author Index

361

(8)

Subject Index

369

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Origin and Prediction of Abnormal Formation Pressures

044451001X

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